Nutrition Ch. 6

The DRI for protein for healthy adults is _____ gram(s) per kilogram of body weight.​ ​ 0.5 ​ 0.8 ​1.0 ​1.5 ​2.0

0.8

The DRI Committee recommends _____ percent of total calories as the minimum amount of protein.​ ​ 5 ​ 10 ​15 ​20 ​35

10

A 135-pound woman who is 38 years old needs how much protein?​ ​ 49 grams/day ​ 56 grams/day ​86 grams/day ​ 110 grams/day ​135 grams/day

49 grams/day

How many amino acids are considered to be essential amino acids?​ ​ 5 ​7 ​9 ​13 ​20

9

An adolescent girl has decided to adhere to a vegetarian diet and has selected a tossed green salad, whole-wheat crackers, and apple juice for lunch. What would you advise her about her complementary protein sources?​ ​ She has made good choices of complementary protein foods. ​ Adding garbanzo beans to her salad would provide the protein combination she needs. ​ She has to include milk or cheese with her meal or there will not be enough protein. ​Adding rice to her meal will provide the necessary amino acids. ​She should not be following a vegetarian diet because it is not nutritionally adequate.

Adding garbanzo beans to her salad would provide the protein combination she needs.

When a person ingests a large dose of any single amino acid, absorption of others of its type may be limited.​ (T/F)

True

Without critical essential amino acids to perform their roles, many of the body's life-sustaining activities would come to a halt.​ (T/F)

True

The stomach lining is protected from the very strong acid of the stomach by:​ ​enzymes. ​ a coat of mucus. ​saliva. ​antibodies. ​peptides.

a coat of mucus

In making recommendations for protein intake, the committee on DRI took into consideration that the protein in a normal diet would be:​ ​primarily from animal sources. ​primarily from plant sources. ​a combination of animal and plant sources. ​ used with 100% efficiency by everyone. ​used only for muscle mass.

a combination of animal and plant sources.

An overemphasis on protein-rich foods can lead to:​ ​a low intake of iron. ​a low intake of vitamin B12. ​an excessive intake of vitamin C. ​a low intake of all vitamins. a low intake of folate.

a low intake of folate.

For the majority of exercisers, adding excess protein or amino acid supplements to an adequate diet will stimulate muscle building.​ (T/F)

False

Pre-digested proteins are easy to digest and can relieve the digestive system from overworking.​ (T/F)

False

The DRI for protein is determined using:​ height.​ ​activity level. ​body size. ​sex

body size

Compared to meat eaters, vegetarians tend to have:​ ​higher death rates from heart disease. ​lower intakes of phytochemicals. ​higher blood pressure. ​lower intakes of nuts and fruits. ​ healthier body weights.

healthier body weights

Cells will do all of the following to create their own working proteins from available amino acids except:​ ​synthesize nonessential amino acids that are missing for the protein that is being made. ​ obtain amino acids that are available in the cell's amino acid pool. ​ slow down protein synthesis until enough of the limiting amino acid is available again. ​hold partially completed proteins until the diet provides the missing amino acids. ​ break down their internal proteins to liberate the needed amino acids.

hold partially completed proteins until the diet provides the missing amino acids.

All of the following cause denaturation of proteins except:​ ​ bases. ​alcohol. ​heat. ​light. ​salts of heavy metals.

light

Which of the following food categories contribute an abundance of high-quality protein?​ ​ vegetables and fruits ​ milk and fruits ​meat alone; other categories provide low-quality protein ​grains and vegetables ​ milk and meat

milk and meat

Which of the following is found in protein but not in carbohydrate or fat?​ ​ carbon ​hydrogen ​nitrogen ​oxygen ​calories

nitrogen

Certain proteins act as buffers in the blood. In this role they are responsible for:​ ​providing immunity from foreign substances that invade the body. ​making sure that sodium is transported outside the cells. ​ ensuring that too much fluid in the cells doesn't cause edema. ​ picking up and releasing hydrogens in the blood to balance its pH. ​ ensuring that blood glucose is maintained within a specific range.

picking up and releasing hydrogens in the blood to balance its pH.

A 10-year-old boy is going through a growth spurt. Because he needs to build new muscle tissue, what should his nitrogen status be?​ ​ positive nitrogen balance ​negative nitrogen balance ​nitrogen equilibrium ​nitrogen deficiency ​nitrogen excess

positive nitrogen balance

Which of the following provides amino acids that are best absorbed by the body?​ ​ legumes ​poultry ​grains ​ vegetables ​fruits

poultry

The recycling system for amino acids in the body is primarily used to:​ ​provide fuel for the cells to spare glucose. ​convert nonessential amino acids into essential amino acids. ​provide the cells with materials to build body proteins. ​add protein to muscles when there is a shortage of energy from foods. ​ produce immune proteins.

provide the cells with materials to build body proteins.

​In times of energy shortage due to inadequate carbohydrates or fats in foods, the body uses protein in what way? ​decreases the breakdown of food proteins for energy and uses stored glycogen ​stores amino acids in the cells to be used later for energy ​ removes the nitrogen portion and uses the remaining fragments for energy ​ converts it to fat to provide more concentrated energy ​ strips off its acid groups so that they can be used elsewhere for energy

removes the nitrogen portion and uses the remaining fragments for energy

Removing the grain protein gluten from the diet has been shown to:​ ​ resolve digestive problems in people with celiac disease. ​help with weight loss in people trying to lose weight. ​reduce problems with insomnia. ​reduce cancer risk. ​ cause protein deficiency.

resolve digestive problems in people with celiac disease.

If amino acids are oversupplied:​ ​ the body stores them until they are needed. ​muscle tissue formation is accelerated. ​the body converts amino acid residues to extra blood proteins. ​they are filtered from the blood and excreted by the kidneys. ​ the body removes and excretes their amine groups

the body stores them until they are needed.

When amino acids are degraded for energy, their amine groups are stripped off and used elsewhere or incorporated by the liver into:​ bile. ​urea. ​glucose. ​urine. ​glycogen.

urea

For athletes, the path to bigger muscles includes​ ​extra protein without physical work. ​ well-timed meals, which directly stimulate protein synthesis. ​less protein and more carbohydrate than is recommended for non-athletes ​ vigorous physical training. ​small doses of protein supplements after workouts.

vigorous physical training.

The more animal protein you eat, the higher your intake of _____.​ vitamin B12​ ​vitamin A ​folate ​ vitamin C ​serotonin

vitamin B12​

Humans need to eat protein-containing foods regularly because:​ ​ we need essential amino acids that can only be provided by foods. ​ our bodies cannot make any amino acids needed for proteins. ​the function of protein is to maintain our muscle strength. ​ protein is broken down quickly during digestion and lost from the body. ​ protein is a good source of the essential nutrients iron, zinc, and B12.

we need essential amino acids that can only be provided by foods.

What is the DRI for protein for a 40-year-old male who is 6'4" tall and weighs 180 pounds?​ ​ 34 grams ​49 grams ​65 grams ​144 grams ​180 grams

​65 grams

Why should eggs be cooked, rather than eaten raw?​ ​ Raw egg proteins provide excessive amounts of the mineral iron. ​ Raw egg proteins speed up protein digestion. ​Raw egg proteins cannot be denatured in the human body. ​ Raw egg proteins are completely indigestible. ​Raw egg proteins bind the B vitamin biotin.

​Raw egg proteins bind the B vitamin biotin.

A woman who is on a vegan diet has become pregnant. What would be a health concern for her?​ ​She will need to increase her intake of soy products and seaweed to receive adequate B12. ​She may have difficulty gaining adequate weight during her pregnancy. ​ She may have too high an iron intake because of the high iron levels in plant foods. ​ Her diet will most likely be deficient in omega-6 fatty acids. ​ She may enter pregnancy overweight and deficient in vitamin C and folate.

​She may have difficulty gaining adequate weight during her pregnancy.

Which of the following is a health benefit of a vegetarian diet?​ ​ Eating small amounts of soy protein can contribute to a major decline in LDL cholesterol. ​Even though vegetarians may eat cheese, sour cream, and butter in their diets, their blood lipids do not reflect it. ​Lacto-ovo vegetarians have a lower rate of cancer than fish but not meat eaters. ​Vegetarians tend to have lower blood pressure than nonvegetarians. ​ A vegetarian diet correlates with increased energy intake and increased obesity.

​Vegetarians tend to have lower blood pressure than nonvegetarians.

Tim, who lost a large amount of weight during an illness, is thinking about taking amino acid supplements to help him regain muscle mass. What advice would you give him?​ ​ Amino acid supplements are an excellent way to quickly provide energy to muscles for rebuilding. ​ Taking amino acid supplements helps keep the digestive system from overworking while you recover from illness. ​Extra carbohydrate, but never extra protein, is needed for recovery. ​ He should also do plenty of exercise to promote muscle regain. ​ Whole protein is better handled by the digestive system and will better promote recovery.

​Whole protein is better handled by the digestive system and will better promote recovery.

Which of the following would have the highest protein DRI per unit of body weight?​ ​a 28-year-old woman ​a 6-year-old child ​a 40-year-old male ​a 34-year-old woman ​a 28-year-old male

​a 6-year-old child

Negative nitrogen balance occurs in:​ ​ a surgery patient. ​growing children. ​pregnant women. ​lactating women. ​a casual exerciser.

​a surgery patient.

What is the result of a dietary protein deficiency?​ increased synthesis of proteins​ ​decreased breakdown of body protein ​a weakened immune system ​enhanced nutrient absorption ​increased bone turnover

​a weakened immune system

The process of protein turnover includes:​ ​eating food sources of amino acids every day to grow new cells and replace worn-out ones. ​synthesizing intestinal cells, which live for 3 to 4 months. ​preserving all old amino acids in the body to be re-circulated. ​excreting old amino acids that are left from cell breakdown. ​circulating proteins in the bloodstream to replenish peptide chains.

​eating food sources of amino acids every day to grow new cells and replace worn-out ones.

Proteins use the process of active transport to move substances into or out of the cell by:​ ​ opening passages in the membrane and escorting substances into the cell. ​attaching to minerals to carry them throughout the bloodstream. ​decreasing the water content in cells to get rid of excess acid or base levels. ​sending antibodies to cells to carry excess proteins out to where they are needed. ​binding to insoluble molecules and moving them through osmosis.

​opening passages in the membrane and escorting substances into the cell.

The body normally makes tyrosine from the essential amino acid:​ ​ phenylalanine. ​leucine. ​valine. ​lysine. ​isoleucine.

​phenylalanine.

An athlete consumes large amounts of meat in an effort to build extra muscle tissue. This practice does not work because:​ ​ the body has only a limited capacity to store extra amino acids. ​the body will dismantle its tissue proteins in this situation. ​meat does not provide sufficient amino acids to build muscle tissue. ​a diet high in protein does not provide enough total energy to support growth. ​the body uses excess amino acids as fuel or stores them as fat

​the body uses excess amino acids as fuel or stores them as fat

Which of the following accounts for the differences among the various amino acids?​ ​ the amine group ​the side chain ​ the acid group ​ the presence or absence of nitrogen ​the type of bonds

​the side chain

When considering the digestion and absorption of proteins, it is important to know that:​ ​ proteins are broken down into individual amino acids and absorbed by all intestinal cell absorption sites at an equal rate. ​ larger peptide molecules must be completely broken down into amino acids to be absorbed into the bloodstream from the intestine. ​ cells in the small intestine absorb different types of amino acids at separate absorption sites, which causes competition by similar amino acids at these absorption sites. ​amino acids need a carrier in the bloodstream because they do not transport very well alone. ​ protein digestion and absorption requires simultaneous ingestion of some form of carbohydrate.

cells in the small intestine absorb different types of amino acids at separate absorption sites, which causes competition by similar amino acids at these absorption sites.

The strategy of combining two _____ plant protein sources permits the amino acids in one food to make up for those lacking in the other food.​ ​ complementary ​complete ​high-tryptophan ​indigestible ​whole-grain

complementary

Which of the following is a protein catalyst, which facilitates chemical reactions?​ ​hormone ​ antibody ​lipoprotein ​ enzyme ​amino acid

enzyme

Poorly-planned vegetarian diets typically lack all of the following except:​ ​calcium. ​vitamin B12. ​zinc. ​folate. ​iron

folate

Which of the following food groups does not provide significant protein?​ ​fruits ​ grains ​ vegetables ​ milk, yogurt, and cheese ​legumes

fruits

The sequences of amino acids that make up a protein molecule are specified by:​ ​ age. ​sex. ​gender. ​the diet. ​genes.

genes

Your mother is considering changing her diet to include only non-meat proteins to reduce her risk of developing heart disease or cancer. What evidence is available to support her decision?​ ​ Vegetarian diets contain greater amounts of heart-protective omega-3 fatty acids. ​ Plant-based diets are usually lower in saturated fat and higher in fiber, which reduces risk of heart disease. ​Substituting soy for meat proteins has resulted in a large decrease in heart disease risk. ​ Lung cancer never develops in people eating plant-based diets. ​ Intakes of fruit and vegetables decrease when meat consumption decreases.

Plant-based diets are usually lower in saturated fat and higher in fiber, which reduces risk of heart disease.

Legumes are a good source of protein, many B vitamins, iron, and other minerals, making them exceptionally nutritious foods.​ (T/F)

True