Nutrition Ch.4

Hepatopancreatic/ Oddi sphincter

Control flow of bile from common bile duct into the small intestine

Bile storage is concentrated in the

Gallbladder

Experiencing ____________ two or more times per week may signal the more serious gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

Heartburn

The most common forms of ____________ are ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease.

Inflammatory bowel disease

Peptide YY

Inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretions

A probiotic food contains

Live microorganisms that colonize the large intestine

Which of the following is a potential benefit of the immune-enhancing effects of probiotics?

Reduced incidence of food allergies

Motilin

Regulates motility of the gastrointestinal tract

Secretin

Stimulates release of pancreatic bicarbonate

Gastrin

Triggers the stomach to release HCl and pepsinogen; stimulates gastric and intestinal motility

True or False: The presence of a large and varied population of bacteria in the large intestine supports immune function.

True

Bile is necessary for some nutrient digestion and absorption; bile is produced in the

Liver

A prebiotic food product contains

substances that stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria in the large intestine.

Probiotics

A probiotic contains specific types of bacteria that are intended to colonize the large intestine and thereby improve intestinal tract health.

Transport of a nutrient against a concentration gradient requires both a protein carrier and the input of energy. This type of transport is called

Active absorption

With ____________ , the inflammation and ulceration can extend throughout the GI tract and the ulcers can form fistulae between areas of intestine or even to organs outside the GI tract.

Crohn disease

Which of the following is the primary cause of death in children around the world?

Diarrhea

Located near the throat, the ____________ is the flap of tissue that prevents food from entering the trachea.

Epiglottis

The movement of a nutrient down a concentration gradient into the absorptive cells with the help of a protein carrier is

Facilitated diffusion

True or False: Bacterial fermentation of undigested carbohydrates (e.g., fiber) in the small intestine leads to the production of gases and short-chain fatty acids.

False

True or False: The presence of live and active cultures in a food product makes the product a probiotic.

False

____________ are caused by an individual's inability to digest certain food components, usually due to low amounts of specific enzymes.

Food Intolerances

__________ cause an immune response as a result of exposure to certain food proteins.

Food allergies

Somatostatin

Inhibits release of GI hormones; slows gastric emptying, GI motility, and blood flow to the intestine

The stomach also produces an important substance called ____________ that is important for the absorption of vitamin B-12.

Intrinsic factor

Bowel irregularity in ____________ is caused by abnormal intestinal motility; the abdominal pain is caused by a decreased pain threshold for abdominal distension.

Irritable bowel syndrome

The free movement of a nutrient from an area of higher concentration (in the lumen) to an area of lower concentration (in the absorptive cell) is called ____________ .

Passive diffusion

The throat is otherwise known as the ____________ , an organ that is located at the back of the oral and nasal cavities.

Pharynx

Ileocecal valve

Prevents contents from the large intestines from reentering the small intestine

Gastric inhibitory peptide

Signals the stomach to limit the release of of gastric juices and slows gastric motility

Cholecystokinin

Stimulates release of pancreatic enzymes and bile from the gallbladder

Put the digestive system organ or organ component in the proper order needed to digest and absorb nutrients from food.

Stomach, pyloric sphincter, duodenum, jejunum, ileum

What Protects Stomach from Acid?

The stomach is lined with a layer of mucus that protects it.

A good food probiotic

has good sensory qualities when incorporated into foods.

Infants and children taking probiotics may experience

reduced incidence of diarrheal disease.

With ____________ , recurring inflammation and ulceration occur in the innermost layer of the large intestine.

ulcerative colitis

In a type of transport called ____________ , absorptive cells engulf nutrients from the lumen of the GI tract and form a vesicle around the substance to bring it into the cell.

Endocytosis