nutrition chap 8
20 different amino acids
proteins are made from what
protein synthesis
the process of building peptide chains and proteins from amino acids using information provided by genes; synthesis is a two-step process of transcription and translation.
proteases and intestinal lining cells
in the small intestine what breaks down large peptides into smaller peptides
Incomplete and Complementary Proteins
most plant proteins are what
peptide
short chain of amino acids attached together.
limiting amino acid
the amino acid in the shortest supply relative to its requirement for protein synthesis.
translation
the second step in protein synthesis; process by which the information in messenger RNA is translated into a protein.
messenger ribonucleic acid
the type of RNA that carries the genetic code for a specific protein from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where proteins are made.
1. maintain stable pH levels by acting as buffers 2. Acidosis or alkalosis occurs when proteins unable to fulfill buffer function
what are the Structural and Mechanical Functions of acid-base balance
1. Carbohydrates and fat are protein-sparing 2. Body readies protein for use as energy through deamination
what are the Structural and Mechanical Functions of energy and glucose
essential amino acids
the nine amino acids that cannot be produced by the human body and therefore must be obtained from food; they include histadine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.
acidic or alkalinity, high temperature, alcohol, oxidation, and agitation
Proteins can be denatured by
Protein synthesis halts and partially completed protein used elsewhere in the body
during protein synthesis what happens if and essential AA is unavailable
transcription
mRNA copies genetic info from DNA and carries it to a ribosome in the cytoplasm
celiac disease and cystic fibrosis
what are some diseases of the intestinal tract
Carbohydrates and fat, protein
Body prefers burning what for energy but Will resort to burning what for energy if necessary
Unique Shape
Each Protein has a Specific Function Determined by its
10% to 35% of total calories.
The Institute of Medicine has established that a safe range of protein intake is:
side chain
a component of an amino acid that distinguish one amino acid from another; they vary in length and composition.
phenylalanine
what is made from tyrosine
10-35% of total kcal
what is the AMDR for protein
deamination
what is the Removal of amino group from an amino acid
Edema
what is the Swelling caused by buildup of fluid between cells
Protein denaturation
what is the disruption of the stability of the protein
proteases
what is the protein digestive enzyme from the pancreas
Blood proteins
what maintains appropriate fluid levels in vascular system
side group
what makes each amino acid unique
10-20%
what part of digestion happens in the stomach
carbon skeleton
what remains after the amino group is removed from an amino acid
peptide bond
the bond that forms between two amino acids in the formation of a protein molecule.
energy, glucose, or fat
the carbon skeleton is made into what
0.8 gram per kilogram
what are Recommended Intakes of Protein for RDA
Amino Acids (AA)
Proteins are Sequences of what
kwashiorkor
a condition caused by an inadequate protein intake with reasonable caloric intake; it is characterized by a swollen belly, caused by edema and a fatty liver.
marasmus
a condition caused by inadequate intake of protein, calories, and other nutrients; it is characterized by emaciation.
Complete Proteins
most animal and soy proteins are what
protein turnover
the continuous breakdown and re-assembly of proteins in the body.
nonessential amino acids
the eleven amino acids that the body can make and therefore need not be obtained through diet.
amino group, and carboxylic acid group, a hydrogen atom, and a side group
Each amino acid has what
black beans.
Each of the following food choices is a source of complete proteins, EXCEPT:
enzymes
Every cell contains thousands of types of what
1. is not necessary because his intake is already in excess of the RDA. 2. provides additional calories that can contribute to fat stores.
Nick lifts weights and takes a daily protein supplement in addition to his 30% protein weight-maintenance diet. Taking the protein supplement:
can be manufactured in the body.
Nonessential amino acids:
Calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin D, and vitamin B12
Vegan diets may be low in some nutrients like what
1.2-1.7 g/kg body weight
optimal protein intake for performance advantage is what
niacin and serotonin
tryptophan converts to what
Amino Acid and Peptide Absorption
what Travel via portal vein to liver and then released into general circulation
9 essential amino acids
what are amino acids that the body cannot make so must get through diet and how many are there
neurotransmitters
what are chemicals that send signals from the nerve cells to other parts of the body
Most abundant Gives skin and bone their elastic strength
what are the Structural and Mechanical Functions of Collagen
Inside cells: intracellular fluid Outside cells: extracellular
what are the Structural and Mechanical Functions of Fluid Balance
absorption efficiency
Diseases of the intestinal tract cause problems with digestion by decreasing what
serving as a store of excess amino acids
Functions of protein do NOT include:
developing countries
Kwashiorkor is often seen in children where.
1. Some weight loss and muscle wasting 2. Edema resulting in distention of the belly 3. Enlarged fatty liver 4. Retarded growth and development
Kwashiorkor symptoms include what
nitrogen.
Like carbohydrates and fat, protein is composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Protein differs in that it also contains:
1. Severe wasting of muscle tissue 2. Stunted physical growth 3. Stunted brain development 4. Anemia
Marasmus symptoms include what
is characterized by deficiency in most nutrients, including protein.
Marasmus:
hydrochloric acid
Protein Digestion In the stomach are denatured by what
a change in shape of protein structure due to heat, light, motion, or change in pH.
Protein denaturation refers to:
translation.
The second step of protein synthesis in which the order of amino acids added to the growing protein chain is read from (or dictated by) the information in the mRNA is termed:
function
The shape of a protein is a determinant of its _______ in the body.
9; 11
There are 20 amino acids present in proteins; of these ______ are considered essential and are ______ considered nonessential amino acids.
carbon skeleton
a chain of carbon atoms that form the backbone of an organic molecule
protein
a large polymer made up of a chain of amino acids; consists of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
protein quality
a measure of how well a protein meets our needs for protein synthesis; based on the proportion of essential amino acids present.
amino acids
a molecule containing a central carbon atom, an amino group that contains an atom of nitrogen; an acid group, a hydrogen atom, and a side chain. Only the side chain differs for each amino acid, giving each its unique properties.
nitrogen balance
a reflection of protein (nitrogen) intake versus protein (nitrogen) breakdown; indicates if the body is gaining, losing, or maintaining protein.
polypeptide
an amino acid chain that contains many amino acids; several polypeptides can combine to form a protein.
tripeptide
an amino acid chain that contains three amino acids.
dipeptide
an amino acid chain that contains two amino acids.
pepsin
an enzyme produced by the cells lining the stomach that is involved in protein digestion.
deoxyribonucleic acid
nucleic acid that stores the body's genetic information; it is made of a double strand of nucleotide subunits.
transcription
the first step in protein synthesis; the process by which information encoded in genes (DNA) is used to make messenger RNA.
acid-base balance
the process by which the body maintains homeostasis of body pH; when this does not occur, the body cannot function normally, which can eventually lead to death.
denaturation
the process by which the shape of a protein is altered; this can be caused by exposure to heat, light, acid, or chemical reaction.
1. Increases kidney filtration rate, straining function 2. Link between high-protein diet and osteoporosis 3. Correlation with body fat 4. Increased saturated fat and cholesterol intake 5. Increased risk for certain types of cancer
what are some Health Effects of Excess Dietary Protein
Catalyze, or speed up, chemical reactions
what are the Structural and Mechanical Functions of enzymes
Regulate body processes
what are the Structural and Mechanical Functions of hormones
Primary constituent of hair and nails
what are the Structural and Mechanical Functions of keratin
Turn energy into mechanical work
what are the Structural and Mechanical Functions of motor proteins
1. Channels and pumps, allowing substances to flow through membranes 2. Carriers, transporting important substances in the blood stream
what are the Structural and Mechanical Functions of protein transport functions
1. arginine 2 cysteine 3. glutamine 4. proline 5. tyrosine
what are the conditionally essential AA
1. dipeptide (2AA) 2. oligopeptide (4-10) 3. polypeptide (11+)
what are the different types of peptide bonds
1. histidine 2. isoleucine 3. leucine 4. lysine 5. methionine 6. phenylalanine 7. theronine 8. tryptophan 9. valine
what are the essential AA
1. alanine 2. arginine 3. asparagine 4. aspartic acid 5. cysteine 6. glutamic acid 7. glutamine 8. glycine 9. proline 10. serine 11. tyrosine
what are the nonessential AA
0.7-0.8 g/kg of body weight/day
what are the protein needs of adults 50-65 years of age
1.2 g/kg of body weight/day
what are the protein needs of adults over 65 years of age
Interstitial fluid (between cells) Intravascular fluid (in the blood)
what are the types of outside cells (extracellular) fluids
pepsin
what begins the digestion process in the stomach
Kwashiorkor
what disease results from extremely low protein intake
Marasmus
what disease results from severely inadequate intakes of protein, energy, and other nutrients
Pass out of the body in feces
what happens to any undigested protein
heat, light, change in pH, alcohol, or motion
what is Denaturation Caused by
Edema
what results when diet lacks enough protein to maintain normal levels of blood proteins
phenylketonuria (PKU)
when a lack of enzyme to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine it builds up and can cause irreversible brain damage
1. liver converts ammonia to urea 2. kidney excretes urea
with the metabolism of amino acids the amino group is removed what happens next