nutrition chap 8

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20 different amino acids

proteins are made from what

protein synthesis

the process of building peptide chains and proteins from amino acids using information provided by genes; synthesis is a two-step process of transcription and translation.

proteases and intestinal lining cells

in the small intestine what breaks down large peptides into smaller peptides

Incomplete and Complementary Proteins

most plant proteins are what

peptide

short chain of amino acids attached together.

limiting amino acid

the amino acid in the shortest supply relative to its requirement for protein synthesis.

translation

the second step in protein synthesis; process by which the information in messenger RNA is translated into a protein.

messenger ribonucleic acid

the type of RNA that carries the genetic code for a specific protein from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where proteins are made.

1. maintain stable pH levels by acting as buffers 2. Acidosis or alkalosis occurs when proteins unable to fulfill buffer function

what are the Structural and Mechanical Functions of acid-base balance

1. Carbohydrates and fat are protein-sparing 2. Body readies protein for use as energy through deamination

what are the Structural and Mechanical Functions of energy and glucose

essential amino acids

the nine amino acids that cannot be produced by the human body and therefore must be obtained from food; they include histadine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.

acidic or alkalinity, high temperature, alcohol, oxidation, and agitation

Proteins can be denatured by

Protein synthesis halts and partially completed protein used elsewhere in the body

during protein synthesis what happens if and essential AA is unavailable

transcription

mRNA copies genetic info from DNA and carries it to a ribosome in the cytoplasm

celiac disease and cystic fibrosis

what are some diseases of the intestinal tract

Carbohydrates and fat, protein

Body prefers burning what for energy but Will resort to burning what for energy if necessary

Unique Shape

Each Protein has a Specific Function Determined by its

10% to 35% of total calories.

The Institute of Medicine has established that a safe range of protein intake is:

side chain

a component of an amino acid that distinguish one amino acid from another; they vary in length and composition.

phenylalanine

what is made from tyrosine

10-35% of total kcal

what is the AMDR for protein

deamination

what is the Removal of amino group from an amino acid

Edema

what is the Swelling caused by buildup of fluid between cells

Protein denaturation

what is the disruption of the stability of the protein

proteases

what is the protein digestive enzyme from the pancreas

Blood proteins

what maintains appropriate fluid levels in vascular system

side group

what makes each amino acid unique

10-20%

what part of digestion happens in the stomach

carbon skeleton

what remains after the amino group is removed from an amino acid

peptide bond

the bond that forms between two amino acids in the formation of a protein molecule.

energy, glucose, or fat

the carbon skeleton is made into what

0.8 gram per kilogram

what are Recommended Intakes of Protein for RDA

Amino Acids (AA)

Proteins are Sequences of what

kwashiorkor

a condition caused by an inadequate protein intake with reasonable caloric intake; it is characterized by a swollen belly, caused by edema and a fatty liver.

marasmus

a condition caused by inadequate intake of protein, calories, and other nutrients; it is characterized by emaciation.

Complete Proteins

most animal and soy proteins are what

protein turnover

the continuous breakdown and re-assembly of proteins in the body.

nonessential amino acids

the eleven amino acids that the body can make and therefore need not be obtained through diet.

amino group, and carboxylic acid group, a hydrogen atom, and a side group

Each amino acid has what

black beans.

Each of the following food choices is a source of complete proteins, EXCEPT:

enzymes

Every cell contains thousands of types of what

1. is not necessary because his intake is already in excess of the RDA. 2. provides additional calories that can contribute to fat stores.

Nick lifts weights and takes a daily protein supplement in addition to his 30% protein weight-maintenance diet. Taking the protein supplement:

can be manufactured in the body.

Nonessential amino acids:

Calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin D, and vitamin B12

Vegan diets may be low in some nutrients like what

1.2-1.7 g/kg body weight

optimal protein intake for performance advantage is what

niacin and serotonin

tryptophan converts to what

Amino Acid and Peptide Absorption

what Travel via portal vein to liver and then released into general circulation

9 essential amino acids

what are amino acids that the body cannot make so must get through diet and how many are there

neurotransmitters

what are chemicals that send signals from the nerve cells to other parts of the body

Most abundant Gives skin and bone their elastic strength

what are the Structural and Mechanical Functions of Collagen

Inside cells: intracellular fluid Outside cells: extracellular

what are the Structural and Mechanical Functions of Fluid Balance

absorption efficiency

Diseases of the intestinal tract cause problems with digestion by decreasing what

serving as a store of excess amino acids

Functions of protein do NOT include:

developing countries

Kwashiorkor is often seen in children where.

1. Some weight loss and muscle wasting 2. Edema resulting in distention of the belly 3. Enlarged fatty liver 4. Retarded growth and development

Kwashiorkor symptoms include what

nitrogen.

Like carbohydrates and fat, protein is composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Protein differs in that it also contains:

1. Severe wasting of muscle tissue 2. Stunted physical growth 3. Stunted brain development 4. Anemia

Marasmus symptoms include what

is characterized by deficiency in most nutrients, including protein.

Marasmus:

hydrochloric acid

Protein Digestion In the stomach are denatured by what

a change in shape of protein structure due to heat, light, motion, or change in pH.

Protein denaturation refers to:

translation.

The second step of protein synthesis in which the order of amino acids added to the growing protein chain is read from (or dictated by) the information in the mRNA is termed:

function

The shape of a protein is a determinant of its _______ in the body.

9; 11

There are 20 amino acids present in proteins; of these ______ are considered essential and are ______ considered nonessential amino acids.

carbon skeleton

a chain of carbon atoms that form the backbone of an organic molecule

protein

a large polymer made up of a chain of amino acids; consists of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

protein quality

a measure of how well a protein meets our needs for protein synthesis; based on the proportion of essential amino acids present.

amino acids

a molecule containing a central carbon atom, an amino group that contains an atom of nitrogen; an acid group, a hydrogen atom, and a side chain. Only the side chain differs for each amino acid, giving each its unique properties.

nitrogen balance

a reflection of protein (nitrogen) intake versus protein (nitrogen) breakdown; indicates if the body is gaining, losing, or maintaining protein.

polypeptide

an amino acid chain that contains many amino acids; several polypeptides can combine to form a protein.

tripeptide

an amino acid chain that contains three amino acids.

dipeptide

an amino acid chain that contains two amino acids.

pepsin

an enzyme produced by the cells lining the stomach that is involved in protein digestion.

deoxyribonucleic acid

nucleic acid that stores the body's genetic information; it is made of a double strand of nucleotide subunits.

transcription

the first step in protein synthesis; the process by which information encoded in genes (DNA) is used to make messenger RNA.

acid-base balance

the process by which the body maintains homeostasis of body pH; when this does not occur, the body cannot function normally, which can eventually lead to death.

denaturation

the process by which the shape of a protein is altered; this can be caused by exposure to heat, light, acid, or chemical reaction.

1. Increases kidney filtration rate, straining function 2. Link between high-protein diet and osteoporosis 3. Correlation with body fat 4. Increased saturated fat and cholesterol intake 5. Increased risk for certain types of cancer

what are some Health Effects of Excess Dietary Protein

Catalyze, or speed up, chemical reactions

what are the Structural and Mechanical Functions of enzymes

Regulate body processes

what are the Structural and Mechanical Functions of hormones

Primary constituent of hair and nails

what are the Structural and Mechanical Functions of keratin

Turn energy into mechanical work

what are the Structural and Mechanical Functions of motor proteins

1. Channels and pumps, allowing substances to flow through membranes 2. Carriers, transporting important substances in the blood stream

what are the Structural and Mechanical Functions of protein transport functions

1. arginine 2 cysteine 3. glutamine 4. proline 5. tyrosine

what are the conditionally essential AA

1. dipeptide (2AA) 2. oligopeptide (4-10) 3. polypeptide (11+)

what are the different types of peptide bonds

1. histidine 2. isoleucine 3. leucine 4. lysine 5. methionine 6. phenylalanine 7. theronine 8. tryptophan 9. valine

what are the essential AA

1. alanine 2. arginine 3. asparagine 4. aspartic acid 5. cysteine 6. glutamic acid 7. glutamine 8. glycine 9. proline 10. serine 11. tyrosine

what are the nonessential AA

0.7-0.8 g/kg of body weight/day

what are the protein needs of adults 50-65 years of age

1.2 g/kg of body weight/day

what are the protein needs of adults over 65 years of age

Interstitial fluid (between cells) Intravascular fluid (in the blood)

what are the types of outside cells (extracellular) fluids

pepsin

what begins the digestion process in the stomach

Kwashiorkor

what disease results from extremely low protein intake

Marasmus

what disease results from severely inadequate intakes of protein, energy, and other nutrients

Pass out of the body in feces

what happens to any undigested protein

heat, light, change in pH, alcohol, or motion

what is Denaturation Caused by

Edema

what results when diet lacks enough protein to maintain normal levels of blood proteins

phenylketonuria (PKU)

when a lack of enzyme to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine it builds up and can cause irreversible brain damage

1. liver converts ammonia to urea 2. kidney excretes urea

with the metabolism of amino acids the amino group is removed what happens next


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