Nutrition Chapter 1-5

Which of the following is appropriate dietary advice for reducing fat intake?

.Limit intake of all fried foods because they contain abundant fat.

How many hydrogen atoms are attached to each carbon adjacent to a double bond?

1

How much energy is required to raise the temperature of one kilogram (liter) of water 1° C

1 kilcalorie

A solution with a pH of 7 is how many times more alkaline than one with a pH of 6?

10

What is the highest total blood cholesterol concentration (mg/dL) that falls within the desirable range?

199

According to the American Dietetic Association, what is the recommended daily intake of dietary fiber?

20-35%

You have just arrived at a lunch buffet and are faced with many choices. Although each of the following portions provides about 200 kcalories, which is most nutrient dense? A. 16 ounce soda B. 6 Slices of avocado C. 8 ounce sports drink D. 3 slices of whole-wheat bread

3 slices of whole-wheat bread

According to the Dietary Guidelines, what should be the maximum daily intake of cholesterol on a 2500-kcalorie diet?

300 mg

According to the Dietary Guidelines, what should be the maximum total fat intake as a percentage of energy intake?

35

According to most dietary guidelines, what percentage of the day's total energy intake should be furnished by carbohydrates?

45%-65%

Describe MyPyramid.

An education tool that illustrates the concepts of the Dietary Guidelines and USDA Food Guide, A graphic image designed to encourage consumers to make healthy food and physical activity choices every day, A multi-colored pyramid that illustrates variety, with each color representative of the five food groups, plus one for oils

The process by which bile acts on fat so enzymes can attack the fat is known as what?

Emulsification

What are found on the microvilli and function to break apart small nutrients into the final products of digestions?

Enzymes

What type of fiber is readily digested by colonic bacteria?

Fermentable

What is the sweetest tasting simple carbohydrate in the diet?

Fructose

The "5 to 9 a Day" food campaign promotes increased consumption of what?

Fruits and Vegetables

Which sugars are found in plants?

Glucose, sucrose, fructose

How are the RDA for almost all vitamin and mineral intakes set

High, to cover virtually all healthy individuals

Therapy for constipation include what?

Increasing water intake, increasing physical activity, responding promptly to the defecation signal.

Characteristics of USDA food guide

It places most foods into one of five group, it can be used with great flexibility once its intent is understood, it specifies that a certain quantity of food be consumed from each group, based upon energy intake

What enzymes act on simple sugars?

Lactase, Sucrase, Maltase

What is the first organ to receive carbohydrates absorbed from the intestine?

Liver

Immediately after absorption what circulatory system carries the fat-soluble vitamins and large fats?

Lymphatic

What substance protects the stomach walls from digestions?

Mucus

Which of the following contains the least cholesterol per serving? A.Steamed fish B.Steamed corn C.Broiled chicken D.Very lean grilled steak

Steamed Corn

Where does a peptic ulcer reside?

Stomach or duodenum

What is one function of the gallbladder?

Stores bile

What are destinations of cholesterol?

Synthesized into bile , Excreted in the feces, Accumulates on walls of arteries

In the digestion of fats, emulsifiers function as

detergents

Absorption of nutrients by intestinal cells occurs by what?

diffusion, active transport, facilitate diffusion

Applying the principle of variety in food planning ensures the benefits of

dilution of harmful substances

Bile is known to assist in the absorption of

fat only

All of the following are classified as macronutrients

fat, proteins, carbohydrates

Most calcium dense food out of whole fat milk, fat-free milk, low fat milk, and cheddar cheese is what?

fat-free milk

All of the following foods contain liberal amounts of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid

fish, human milk

When blood glucose concentration falls, what pancreatic hormone is secreted to stimulate release of stored glucose?

glucagon

All of the following compounds may be synthesized from cholesterol

bile, vitamin D, sex hormones

All of the following features are shared by the RDA and the AI

both are included in the DRI, both serve as nutrient intake goals for individuals, neither covers 100% of the population's nutrient needs

The chemical reaction by which starch is split into monosaccharides is called what?

hydrolysis

In which form are most dietary lipids found?

Triglycerides

What are the components of pancreatic juice?

Water, Lipase, Sodium bicarbonate

Three most common causes of death today in the United States.

cancer, diabetes, diseases of the heart and blood vessels

In the process of fat hydrogenation, hydrogen atoms are added to which part of the molecule?

carbons

Chylomicrons are synthesized within the

intestinal cells

How is soluble fiber in the diet thought to help lower blood cholesterol level?

it enhances excretion of bile leading to increased cholesterol turnover

Important factors in the selection of a margarine product include all of the following

it should be trans fat free, it should be soft instead of hard, it should list liquid vegetable oil as the first ingredient

Which of the following lipids is an essential nutrient?

linoleic acid and linolenic acid

A high risk of heart attack correlates with high blood levels of

low-density lipoproteins

What is the primary function of insulin?

lower blood glucose level

What type of fatty acid is found in high amounts in olive oil?

monounsaturated

Enzyme digestion of starches takes place in the small intestine and where?

mouth

Your roommate Bob has just come back from the doctor where he was subjected to a blood lipid profile analysis. The doctor provided him with dietary changes because the cholesterol results put him at increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Which of the following results is consistent with the diagnosis?

.Low HDL and high LDL

An omega-3 fatty acid has its first double bond on the

.third carbon from the methyl end.

A diet provides a total of 2200 kcalories, of which 40% of the energy is from fat and 20% from protein. How many grams of carbohydrate are contained in the diet?

220

Approximately what minimum percentage of all grains consumed by a person should be whole grains?

50%

How many carbon atoms are found in the most common dietary monosaccharides?

6

Bob consumes about 2500 kcalories per day, which is apportioned as 150 g of fat, 140 g of carbohydrate, and 150 g of protein. What would be the appropriate revisions to help Bob adjust his nutrient intake so that it matches the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges

70 g fat, 156 g protein, 313 g carbohydrate

Approximately how much water (lbs) would be found in a 120-lb person?

72lbs

What is likely to result from the insufficient intake of fiber?

Constipation

For most of the world's population, what is the effect of aging on the activity of lactase?

Declines by 90-95%

What are the properties of fiber?

Delays gastric emptying, provides a feeling of satiety, and contributes about 1.5-2.5 kcalories per gram

What are the usual consequences of removing a diseased gallbladder?

Delivery of bile directly into the duodenum

Food exchange systems were originally developed for people with what>

Diabetes

What is the relationship between carbohydrate intake and dental health?

Eating a sugary dessert at the beginning of a meal, rather than the end, is less likely to promote dental caries

Gram for gram, which of the following provides the most energy?

Fats

Which of the following foods provide essential fatty acids?

Fish, Beef, and Plants

The colonic fermentation of certain fibers produces what?

Gas, water, vitamins

What is the primary storage form of carbohydrate in the body?

Glycogen

What is the function of lipoprotein lipase?

Hydrolyzes blood triglycerides for uptake into cells

Glycogen is stored mainly in which tissues?

Muscle and Liver

After swallowing, in wat order does food pass through the regions of the GI tract?

Stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon

What are the chief functions of the cholecystokinin?

Triggering the release of bile, slowing the GI tract motility, triggering release of pancreatic fluid

Which of the following breads has the highest fiber content? A.White B.Refined C.Enriched D.Whole-grain

Whole-grain

All of the following are minimum requirements for becoming a Registered Dietitian

earning an undergraduate degree, completing approximately 60 semester hours in nutrition and food science, passing a national examination administered by the American Dietetic Association.

All of the following are rich sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids

fish, sunflower, and sallflower oil

The addition of calcium to some orange juice products by food manufacturers is most properly termed nutrient

fortification

In the body, the chemical energy in food can be converted to any of the following

heat energy, electrical energy, mechanical energy.

In comparison to a low-density lipoprotein, a high-density lipoprotein contains

less lipid

Studies show that regular consumption of fatty fish leads to

lower blood pressure

A person who regularly consumes fish such as shark, king mackerel, and swordfish is at risk for ingesting potentially toxic amounts of

mercury

Which of the following describes a feature of cis-fatty acids and trans-fatty acids?

n the body, trans-fatty acids are metabolized more like saturated fats than like unsaturated fats

A child who developed a strong dislike of noodle soup after consuming some when she was sick with flu is an example of a food-related

negative association

According to the principles of the USDA Food Guide, the foundation of a healthful diet should consist of

nutrient dense foods

Which of the following is an example of a macronutrient

protein, fats, or carbs

Among the following, which is the major weakness of a laboratory-based study

results can not be applied to human beings

What is the primary absorption site for digestible carbohydrates?

small intestine

What part of the gastrointestinal tract is the predominant site of dietary fat hydrolysis?

small intestine

What is the name of the projections on the inner surface of the small intestine?

villi

Among the GI tract organs, which has the strongest muscles?

stomach

What are sources of dietary carbohydrates?

sugar, starches, and fiber

All of the following are recognized, credible sources of nutrition information

the Food and Drug Administration, the American Dietetic Association, the United States Department of Agriculture.

Where does the hepatic portal vein empty into?

the liver

Legumes are used as meat alternatives for all of the following reasons because

they are economical, they can be processed to look and taste like meat, they contribute the same key nutrients, including iron and protein.

A compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with 3 fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol would be known as a

triglyceride.

Which of the following contains the least amount of fiber? A. Apples B. Prunes C. Potatoes D. White Rice

white rice

What mineral is added in the enrichment process of refined flours?

Iron

What is the composition of sucrose?

One glucose and one fructose

What structure controls the release of material from the stomach in the into the small intestine?

Pyloric sphincter