Nutrition Chapter 13 Water Soluble vitamins
What is true about riboflavin?
60-65% is absorbed via active transport or facilitated diffusion in the small intestine Hydrochloric acid releases riboflavin from its bound forms In the blood, riboflavin is transported by protein carriers
Food sources of choline include
Milk, eggs, chicken, and beef
NAD and NADP are coenzyme forms of what B vitamin?
Niacin
Which B vitamin is sometimes prescribed by physicians to increase HDL-cholesterol and lower triglyceride levels?
Niacin
which B vitamin is part of the compound cyl carrier protein and essential in the formation of acetyl-CoA?
Pantothenic Acid
Which water-soluble vitamin is part of coenzyme A, transported bound to red blood cells and minimally stored?
Pantothenic acid
it is very rare to see a deficiency in _____________, in fact, deficiencies have only been seen when experimentally induced.
Pantothenic acid
which of the following is true about pantothenic acid?
Pantothenic is from the Greek word panthothen meaning "from every side" Present in all body cells and supplied by a variety of foods
Who is at risk for a vitamin B-12 deficiency?
People with a malabsorption syndrome elderly vegetarians
The deficiency diseases for Vitamin-B12 are called __________________.
Pernicious anemia, megaloblastic anemia.
What term is used to describe the when a phosphate group is added to a compound?
Phosphorylation
Why is there a loss of water-soluble vitamins when preparing foods?
The vitamins may leach into the cooking water.
Beriberi is a deficiency disease caused by a lack of
Thiamin
The B vitamin required as a coenzyme to release energy from carbohydrates and some amino acids
Thiamin
Which vitamin is required for normal functions of the nervous system?
Thiamin
Biotin functions as _____________ for several carboxylase enzymes that add carbon dioxide to various compounds.
coenzyme
Vitamin C may reduce cancer risk due to its __________ properties.
antioxidant
Megadoses of Vitamin C ______________.
are excreted from the body
Unlike most animals, humans ___________ able to synthesize vitamin C.
are not
The red blood cells of a folate-deficient person differ from a healthy person by
becoming very large and unable to divide due to the lack of DNA.
Vitamin C is involved in the conversion of cholesterol into ____________.
bile acids
This vitamin's discovery is linked to "egg-white injury."
biotin
Vitamin B-6 _____________ be recommended as a treatment for premenstrual syndrome.
cannot
Vitamin-like compounds include _____________.
carnitine taurine
Which vitamin deficiency shows no sign of a deficiency disease?
choline
The three symptoms of pellagra include
dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis
The American Heart Association has concluded that supplements of vitamin C ___________ prevent heart disease
do not
Enriched grain products remain low in___________.
fiber
Side effects of excessive intake of choline include
fishy body odor and low blood pressure
Which B vitamin is key to the formation of the neurotransmitters dopamine and norephinephrine in the brain?
folate
Which of the following are functions of vitamin C?
formation of collagen, wound healing
Food of animal origin are ___________ contributors of choline to the diet.
large
Food sources of riboflavin include
milk, eggs, enriched grains
smokers need more vitamin C daily than non-smokers because
of the greater stress placed on the lungs due to the oxidative damage.
What are some functions of taurine?
platelet aggregation photoreceptor activity in the eye
cow's milk is an excellent choice of ______________.
riboflavin
Where is thiamin absorbed?
small intestine
How do we get choline into the body?
synthesized by the body food intake
Pork, enriched grains, and whole-grain products are excellent sources of
thiamin
Where is folate excreted?
urine feces
What color does riboflavin impart in the urine when consumed in excessive amounts?
yellow
Why are megadoses of vitamin C not toxic?
Because it is a water-soluble vitamin and excesses are easily excreted.
Rich dietary sources of niacin include
Beef, poultry, fish
The protein called avidin in raw egg whites binds to _________, B vitamin, and inhibits its absorption.
Biotin
Vitamin B-12 is required to convert ___________ coenzymes to their active forms.
Folate
What B vitamin is critical for DNA synthesis and amino acid metabolism?
Folate
__________, a B vitamin, is important in DNA synthesis.
Folate
folic acid refers to the synthetic form of the B vitamin _________.
Folate
Why would consuming fresh fruits and vegetables contribute more folate?
Folate is destroyed by heat.
Name the B vitamin that is required to be added to refined grain products with the aim of preventing neural tube defects.
Folic Acid
The enrichment process enriches grain products with the four vitamins: thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and ________.
Folic acid
which of the food groups provide the highest levels of vitamin C in the body?
Fruits and vegetables
Which of the following accurately characterize the water-soluble vitamins?
Function primarily in energy metabolism the risk of toxicity is low organic compounds
Which are generally not good sources of vitamin C?
Grains, animal products
Choline functions as a part of
Acetylcholine Phospholipids
Why are alcoholics more susceptible to Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?
Alcohol increases thiamin excretion in urine Alcohol decreases thiamin absorption Alcoholics may consume a diet low in thiamin
The neural tube defects that result due to the lack of folate during pregnancy include
Anencephaly and Spina Bifida
vitamin B-12 is found naturally in _________ foods only.
Animal
How are B vitamins present in foods?
As coenzymes As vitamins bound to protein
A high folic acid intake may mask a vitamin ________ deficiency so the FDA limits the amount of this vitamin in nonprescription supplements.
B-12
The stomach produces the intrinsic factor that is necessary in order to absorb which vitamin?
B-12
The water soluble vitamin deficiency that may lead to decreased red blood cell synthesis and eventually megolablastic anemia, is due to the lack of the vitamin _____________.
B-12
which vitamin is also known as cobalamin?
B-12
Which of the following diets are associated with the condition known as Pellagra?
Corn-based diets
pellagra, the deficiency disease for niacin, is characterized by
Diarrhea dermatitis dementia
How are folate requirements expressed?
Dietary folate requirements
Good food sources of biotin include
Eggs, sunflower seeds, peanuts
In what function do all 8 B vitamins participate?
Energy metabolism
Which of the following are functions for all of the water soluble vitamins?
Energy metabolism, blood transformation and clotting, protein and amino acid metabolism
Functions of riboflavin include
Energy yielding metabolism Assisting antioxidant reactions
Vitamin C is necessary for the synthesis of the following compounds
Ephriniphrine Carnitine Thryoxine
Mary tells you that she is taking 1 gram of vitamin C daily to prevent a cold. Which of the following is true regarding megadoses of vitamin C?
Excess vitamin C is excreted from the body.
What happens to excess choline in the body?
Excreted in the urine converted to a related donor of single-carbon groups
What is true about riboflavin deficiency?
Long-term use of phenobarbital increases risk of deficiency Marginal deficiency may occur in people who do not drink milk
Older adults are are greater risk for pernicious anemia due to
Lowered production of stomach acid, reduced output of intrinsic factor.
What are good food sources of Vitamin B-6?
Meat, Fish, Poultry
Common food sources for pantothenic acid include
Meat, mushrooms, milk
What are the functions of Vitamin B-6?
Regulation of gene expression may prevent colon cancer helps support normal immune function
Decarboxylation is defined as the
Removal of 1 molecule of carbon dioxide from a compound
Which of the following are functions of Vitamin B-6?
Required for the release of glucose from glycogen Converts homocysteine to the amino acid cysteine Major role in amino acid metabolism
Ariboflavinosis primarily affects the mouth, skin and red blood cells causing inflammation of the throat, mouth, and tongue; cracking of the tissue around the mouth, and red, scaly skin is caused by a deficiency of ______________.
Riboflavin
Which B vitamin is a component of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)?
Riboflavin
A deficiency in which of the following vitamins may cause glossitis?
Riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B-6
The deficiency disease for vitamin C is called ____________.
Scurvy
Where does the absorption of vitamin C occur?
Small intestine
Where does the breakdown of biotin occur?
Small intestine
Identify the food sources high in vitamin C.
Strawberries Green peppers
The function sof vitamin B-6 include
Synthesis of nonessential amino acids synthesis of neurotransmitters homocysteine metabolism
Which is true about the transport and storage of thiamin?
Transported by red blood cells Little thiamin is stored in the body
Which vitamin deficiency leads to megaloblastic anemia?
Vitamin B-12
Seborrheic dermaitits, microcytic hypochromic anemia, convulsions, depression, and confusion are symptoms of __________ deficiency.
Vitamin B-6
What vitamin is used for the synthesis of the neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine?
Vitamin B-6
Which vitamin has been thought to prevent/cure the common cold but little research has confirmed this claim?
Vitamin C
____________ enhances iron absorption.
Vitamin C
The category of vitamins that need to be replaced daily are the _________-soluble vitamins.
Water
Megadoses of Vitamin C _____________ be toxic.
will not