Nutrition Chapter 13 Water Soluble vitamins

What is true about riboflavin?

60-65% is absorbed via active transport or facilitated diffusion in the small intestine Hydrochloric acid releases riboflavin from its bound forms In the blood, riboflavin is transported by protein carriers

Food sources of choline include

Milk, eggs, chicken, and beef

NAD and NADP are coenzyme forms of what B vitamin?

Niacin

Which B vitamin is sometimes prescribed by physicians to increase HDL-cholesterol and lower triglyceride levels?

Niacin

which B vitamin is part of the compound cyl carrier protein and essential in the formation of acetyl-CoA?

Pantothenic Acid

Which water-soluble vitamin is part of coenzyme A, transported bound to red blood cells and minimally stored?

Pantothenic acid

it is very rare to see a deficiency in _____________, in fact, deficiencies have only been seen when experimentally induced.

Pantothenic acid

which of the following is true about pantothenic acid?

Pantothenic is from the Greek word panthothen meaning "from every side" Present in all body cells and supplied by a variety of foods

Who is at risk for a vitamin B-12 deficiency?

People with a malabsorption syndrome elderly vegetarians

The deficiency diseases for Vitamin-B12 are called __________________.

Pernicious anemia, megaloblastic anemia.

What term is used to describe the when a phosphate group is added to a compound?

Phosphorylation

Why is there a loss of water-soluble vitamins when preparing foods?

The vitamins may leach into the cooking water.

Beriberi is a deficiency disease caused by a lack of

Thiamin

The B vitamin required as a coenzyme to release energy from carbohydrates and some amino acids

Thiamin

Which vitamin is required for normal functions of the nervous system?

Thiamin

Biotin functions as _____________ for several carboxylase enzymes that add carbon dioxide to various compounds.

coenzyme

Vitamin C may reduce cancer risk due to its __________ properties.

antioxidant

Megadoses of Vitamin C ______________.

are excreted from the body

Unlike most animals, humans ___________ able to synthesize vitamin C.

are not

The red blood cells of a folate-deficient person differ from a healthy person by

becoming very large and unable to divide due to the lack of DNA.

Vitamin C is involved in the conversion of cholesterol into ____________.

bile acids

This vitamin's discovery is linked to "egg-white injury."

biotin

Vitamin B-6 _____________ be recommended as a treatment for premenstrual syndrome.

cannot

Vitamin-like compounds include _____________.

carnitine taurine

Which vitamin deficiency shows no sign of a deficiency disease?

choline

The three symptoms of pellagra include

dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis

The American Heart Association has concluded that supplements of vitamin C ___________ prevent heart disease

do not

Enriched grain products remain low in___________.

fiber

Side effects of excessive intake of choline include

fishy body odor and low blood pressure

Which B vitamin is key to the formation of the neurotransmitters dopamine and norephinephrine in the brain?

folate

Which of the following are functions of vitamin C?

formation of collagen, wound healing

Food of animal origin are ___________ contributors of choline to the diet.

large

Food sources of riboflavin include

milk, eggs, enriched grains

smokers need more vitamin C daily than non-smokers because

of the greater stress placed on the lungs due to the oxidative damage.

What are some functions of taurine?

platelet aggregation photoreceptor activity in the eye

cow's milk is an excellent choice of ______________.

riboflavin

Where is thiamin absorbed?

small intestine

How do we get choline into the body?

synthesized by the body food intake

Pork, enriched grains, and whole-grain products are excellent sources of

thiamin

Where is folate excreted?

urine feces

What color does riboflavin impart in the urine when consumed in excessive amounts?

yellow

Why are megadoses of vitamin C not toxic?

Because it is a water-soluble vitamin and excesses are easily excreted.

Rich dietary sources of niacin include

Beef, poultry, fish

The protein called avidin in raw egg whites binds to _________, B vitamin, and inhibits its absorption.

Biotin

Vitamin B-12 is required to convert ___________ coenzymes to their active forms.

Folate

What B vitamin is critical for DNA synthesis and amino acid metabolism?

Folate

__________, a B vitamin, is important in DNA synthesis.

Folate

folic acid refers to the synthetic form of the B vitamin _________.

Folate

Why would consuming fresh fruits and vegetables contribute more folate?

Folate is destroyed by heat.

Name the B vitamin that is required to be added to refined grain products with the aim of preventing neural tube defects.

Folic Acid

The enrichment process enriches grain products with the four vitamins: thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and ________.

Folic acid

which of the food groups provide the highest levels of vitamin C in the body?

Fruits and vegetables

Which of the following accurately characterize the water-soluble vitamins?

Function primarily in energy metabolism the risk of toxicity is low organic compounds

Which are generally not good sources of vitamin C?

Grains, animal products

Choline functions as a part of

Acetylcholine Phospholipids

Why are alcoholics more susceptible to Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

Alcohol increases thiamin excretion in urine Alcohol decreases thiamin absorption Alcoholics may consume a diet low in thiamin

The neural tube defects that result due to the lack of folate during pregnancy include

Anencephaly and Spina Bifida

vitamin B-12 is found naturally in _________ foods only.

Animal

How are B vitamins present in foods?

As coenzymes As vitamins bound to protein

A high folic acid intake may mask a vitamin ________ deficiency so the FDA limits the amount of this vitamin in nonprescription supplements.

B-12

The stomach produces the intrinsic factor that is necessary in order to absorb which vitamin?

B-12

The water soluble vitamin deficiency that may lead to decreased red blood cell synthesis and eventually megolablastic anemia, is due to the lack of the vitamin _____________.

B-12

which vitamin is also known as cobalamin?

B-12

Which of the following diets are associated with the condition known as Pellagra?

Corn-based diets

pellagra, the deficiency disease for niacin, is characterized by

Diarrhea dermatitis dementia

How are folate requirements expressed?

Dietary folate requirements

Good food sources of biotin include

Eggs, sunflower seeds, peanuts

In what function do all 8 B vitamins participate?

Energy metabolism

Which of the following are functions for all of the water soluble vitamins?

Energy metabolism, blood transformation and clotting, protein and amino acid metabolism

Functions of riboflavin include

Energy yielding metabolism Assisting antioxidant reactions

Vitamin C is necessary for the synthesis of the following compounds

Ephriniphrine Carnitine Thryoxine

Mary tells you that she is taking 1 gram of vitamin C daily to prevent a cold. Which of the following is true regarding megadoses of vitamin C?

Excess vitamin C is excreted from the body.

What happens to excess choline in the body?

Excreted in the urine converted to a related donor of single-carbon groups

What is true about riboflavin deficiency?

Long-term use of phenobarbital increases risk of deficiency Marginal deficiency may occur in people who do not drink milk

Older adults are are greater risk for pernicious anemia due to

Lowered production of stomach acid, reduced output of intrinsic factor.

What are good food sources of Vitamin B-6?

Meat, Fish, Poultry

Common food sources for pantothenic acid include

Meat, mushrooms, milk

What are the functions of Vitamin B-6?

Regulation of gene expression may prevent colon cancer helps support normal immune function

Decarboxylation is defined as the

Removal of 1 molecule of carbon dioxide from a compound

Which of the following are functions of Vitamin B-6?

Required for the release of glucose from glycogen Converts homocysteine to the amino acid cysteine Major role in amino acid metabolism

Ariboflavinosis primarily affects the mouth, skin and red blood cells causing inflammation of the throat, mouth, and tongue; cracking of the tissue around the mouth, and red, scaly skin is caused by a deficiency of ______________.

Riboflavin

Which B vitamin is a component of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)?

Riboflavin

A deficiency in which of the following vitamins may cause glossitis?

Riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B-6

The deficiency disease for vitamin C is called ____________.

Scurvy

Where does the absorption of vitamin C occur?

Small intestine

Where does the breakdown of biotin occur?

Small intestine

Identify the food sources high in vitamin C.

Strawberries Green peppers

The function sof vitamin B-6 include

Synthesis of nonessential amino acids synthesis of neurotransmitters homocysteine metabolism

Which is true about the transport and storage of thiamin?

Transported by red blood cells Little thiamin is stored in the body

Which vitamin deficiency leads to megaloblastic anemia?

Vitamin B-12

Seborrheic dermaitits, microcytic hypochromic anemia, convulsions, depression, and confusion are symptoms of __________ deficiency.

Vitamin B-6

What vitamin is used for the synthesis of the neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine?

Vitamin B-6

Which vitamin has been thought to prevent/cure the common cold but little research has confirmed this claim?

Vitamin C

____________ enhances iron absorption.

Vitamin C

The category of vitamins that need to be replaced daily are the _________-soluble vitamins.

Water

Megadoses of Vitamin C _____________ be toxic.

will not