Nutrition Chapter 2
Appropriate Uses of the DRIs
-Intended for diet planning -Should aim to meet any RDAs or AIs set -Do not exceed the upper level (UL) for a nutrient -Intended for healthy people: may not meet needs of people with chronic disease
Old vs. new nutrition label
-New label has bigger calorie font, includes added sugars, does NOT include summary of daily values, servings per container is listed first, serving size is under that in bigger, bold font -Serving size is more realistic (12 and 20 oz will both equal one serving)
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs)
-Not one of the five DRIs, but exist to complement the EERs -Percent of calories from each macronutrient: •Carbohydrate: 45-65% •Fat: 20-35% •Protein: 10-35%
Most important dietary standards to know
-Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA): Amount that meets needs for 97-98% of a group Adequate intake (AI): -Range that is known to be safe and provide adequate nutrition -Used when there is not enough evidence to provide a specific RDA Upper Level (UL): Highest amount that is safe in most people -Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) and Acceptable Macronutrient Density Ranges (AMDR) -Estimated need for energy (calories) derived from macronutrients (carbs, fat, protein, alcohol) -AMDR tells you how many calories to get from each nutrient -RDA, AI, UL and EER all vary based on life stage (child, adult, pregnancy, etc.)
Claims on Food Labels
-Reglated by FDA--MUST have sign. scientific agreement there is relationship b/w a nutrient, food or part of food & disease. MAY or MIGHT is a qualifier. -Legally defined claims about nutrient content per serving or compared to a reference food
Dietary Guidelines for Americans
-a set of recommendations about smart eating and physical activity for all Americans -Influences nutritional assistance programs -Reflect the most accurate and up-to-date scientific knowledge about: nutritious diets, physical activity, related healthy lifestyle choices -Designed to meet nutrient needs while reducing the risk of common diseases that are linked to diet -Premise is that nutrient needs should be met primarily by consuming foods, not supplement
What does the label "Natural" mean?
-A relatively nonspecific and unregulated claim -FDA is in the process of establishing guidelines
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (Upper Levels, or ULs)
-A conservative standard: only 2-3% will experience symptoms of toxicity at these amounts -Applies to chronic daily use -Not a nutrient goal, but a ceiling for intake
Estimated Energy Requirements (EERs)
-Used for energy-yielding nutrients -Average daily energy (calories) need for each life-stage group
Health Claims
Health claims-describe a relationship between a disease and a nutrient, food, or food constituent -Must have significant scientific agreement that they are true -Must use a may or might qualifier
What is the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range, and what are its specific values?
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) is a set of healthy ranges of intake for carbohydrate, fat, and protein set by the DRI committee. Recommendations for calories from each of the energy yielding nutrients are expressed as a percentage of the day's total calorie intake. The recommendation is 45 to 65 percent of total calories from carbohydrate, 20 to 35 percent from fat, and 10 to 35 percent from protein.
Why are only some nutrients listed on label
bc they tend to be the ones of greatest health concern. -Many people eat too much fat, saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, sodium, and sugar. -Many people are concerned that they don't get enough fiber, calcium, iron, potassium and vitamin D
Nutrient Density of Foods
describes what percent of RDA does a food provide relative to the number of calories
Empty calories
some foods supply energy but very few vitamins or minerals
How to put the Dietary Guidelines into action
•Take into account your current health status and family history •Identify specific changes you need to make •Develop a plan to incorporate these changes •See whether these changes are effective
According to AMDR values, fat should account for what percent of a person's total caloric intake?
20-35%
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs)
-Daily nutrient intake amounts that meet the needs of nearly all individuals (97.5%) -This amount will prevent acute symptoms of deficiency and also promote long-term health
MyPlate
-Designed by the USDA -Evolved from older guidelines such as the food pyramid -Reflects current Dietary Guidelines -MyPlate depicts the key elements of a healthy diet -Emphasizes the fruit, vegetable, grain, protein, and dairy food groups -Goal is to remind consumers to think about building a healthy plate at mealtimes.
How do Daily Values (DV) differ from Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)? A. DV are not sex-specific B. DV are the same for everyone above age 4, while RDA have more variability based on age C. DV are found on Nutrition Facts panels, while RDA are not D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Structure/function claims
Describe effect of a nutrient on body structure/function without referring to a specific disease
Adequate Intakes (AIs)
Nutrient intakes that should be used as a goal when no RDA exists. AI values are an approximation of the nutrient intake that sustains health.
What are dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
Recommendations from the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences (a non-government nonprofit) -NOT what is shown on food labels
Which is the most appropriate use of information on Daily Values?
The Daily Values are ideal for allowing comparisons among foods. For example a person can compare the calories between two types of cereals. -Generic standards developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) -Found on the Nutrition Facts panel on a food label -Compares the amount of nutrients in the food with a set of standards -Set for 4 groups (Infants, Toddlers, Pregnant and lactating women, People over age 4 years) -Highest RDA from all life groups was used (ex. women's iron # is used)