Nutrition Chapter 2
A valid experiment requires both a treatment and _______ group
control
In a _______ study, epidemiologists collect and analyze various kinds of information about a large group of people over time
cohort
The RD credential indicates that the person
participates in continuing education, has completed rigorous classroom work in nutrition, has completed rigorous clinical training in nutrition
pseudoscience:
uses vague or un-provable claims, does not adhere to valid scientific methodology, is a presentation of inaccurate information
Experiments using whole, living organisms are classified as in ________, whereas "test tube" experiments are classified as in _________
vivo, vitro
A(n) ________ is a factor, such as a person's age, weight, or environment, that can change and influence an outcome
variable
Observational epidemiological studies cannot establish __________
causation
A possible explanation for an observation that guides scientific research is called a
hypothesis
A study is called _______ when the investigators are aware of which subjects are in the control group and which are in the treatment group
single-blind
A(n) _________ is a personal endorsement of a product. These endorsements are biased and often found in advertisements for various products
testimonial
The second step in the scientific method is developing a ___________
hypothesis
Pellagra
is a disease that was widespread in the United States during the early 1900s. People with this disease dealt with weakness, diarrhea, skin rashes, and mental confusion. Joseph Goldberger discovered that this disease was related to diet, rather than infection
A control group is important for which of the following reasons? • It allows scientists to determine if a treatment had an effect •It is important to the validity and accuracy of an experiment •It provides members with the treatment being tested •It enables scientists to control the influence of control variables unrelated to the study
options 1, 3, and 4
What will assist consumers in identifying sources of credible nutrition information?
reading peer-reviewed journals, looking for references to research articles
What are red flags that signal poor nutrition advice?
recommendations based on a single study, recommendations that promise a quick fix, claims that sound too good to be true
Researchers use findings from the _________ to establish national standards for assessing height, weight, and blood pressure
NHANES
Why do nutrition recommendations change?
Scientists change their recommendations in light of new research findings
What happens after the completion of an experiment?
Scientists figure out if the findings support or disprove the hypothesis, Scientists summarize the findings, Scientists seek to publish the results in scientific journals
True or False? Studying the different dietary practices and disease occurrences among populations, nutrition scientists may learn much about the influence of diet on health
True
A(n) _________ is a report of personal experiences
anecdote
A __________ is a relationship between two variables
correlation
The study of dietary and disease patterns among various populations is known as __________
epidemiology
Cohort studies can be retrospective or ________
prospective
Nutrition researchers rely on the _________ method, which involves making observations, asking questions, and developing hypotheses
scientific
Who are the subjects in a case-control study?
persons with the disease or condition under investigation, persons without the disease or condition under investigation
What are methods used to share credible nutrition information with consumers?
presented in peer-reviewed journals, presented at professional nutrition conferences
A person in a scientific experiment who receives a non-placebo drug is a member of the _________ group
treatment
A __________ is a college-trained health-care professional who has extensive knowledge of foods and nutrition.
registered dietician
A journal that enlists outside reviewers (not involved in the research) to provide critical analysis of each article is called a _______ ______ journal
peer reviewed
What are suggestions to help consumers make healthful and logical nutrition decisions?
read product labels carefully, apply healthy nutrition practices to confirm or disprove claims, avoid practitioners who prescribe unnecessary mega doses of nutrients, examine the scientific credentials of the individual or company making a claim
Some funding sources of scientific research can have certain expectations or ____________ about research outcomes, and as a result, are likely to finance studies of scientists whose research supports their interests
bias
What type of research is conducted when an investigation measures the frequency of diabetes in different populations?
epidemiology
A(n) ___________ is a systemic way of testing a hypothesis
experiment
Nutrition scientists conduct ___________ epidemiological studies to obtain information about health conditions that may result from specific dietary practices
experimental
A(n) _____________ is a possible explanation for an observation that guides scientific research
hypothesis