Nutrition Chapter 2

A valid experiment requires both a treatment and _______ group

control

In a _______ study, epidemiologists collect and analyze various kinds of information about a large group of people over time

cohort

The RD credential indicates that the person

participates in continuing education, has completed rigorous classroom work in nutrition, has completed rigorous clinical training in nutrition

pseudoscience:

uses vague or un-provable claims, does not adhere to valid scientific methodology, is a presentation of inaccurate information

Experiments using whole, living organisms are classified as in ________, whereas "test tube" experiments are classified as in _________

vivo, vitro

A(n) ________ is a factor, such as a person's age, weight, or environment, that can change and influence an outcome

variable

Observational epidemiological studies cannot establish __________

causation

A possible explanation for an observation that guides scientific research is called a

hypothesis

A study is called _______ when the investigators are aware of which subjects are in the control group and which are in the treatment group

single-blind

A(n) _________ is a personal endorsement of a product. These endorsements are biased and often found in advertisements for various products

testimonial

The second step in the scientific method is developing a ___________

hypothesis

Pellagra

is a disease that was widespread in the United States during the early 1900s. People with this disease dealt with weakness, diarrhea, skin rashes, and mental confusion. Joseph Goldberger discovered that this disease was related to diet, rather than infection

A control group is important for which of the following reasons? • It allows scientists to determine if a treatment had an effect •It is important to the validity and accuracy of an experiment •It provides members with the treatment being tested •It enables scientists to control the influence of control variables unrelated to the study

options 1, 3, and 4

What will assist consumers in identifying sources of credible nutrition information?

reading peer-reviewed journals, looking for references to research articles

What are red flags that signal poor nutrition advice?

recommendations based on a single study, recommendations that promise a quick fix, claims that sound too good to be true

Researchers use findings from the _________ to establish national standards for assessing height, weight, and blood pressure

NHANES

Why do nutrition recommendations change?

Scientists change their recommendations in light of new research findings

What happens after the completion of an experiment?

Scientists figure out if the findings support or disprove the hypothesis, Scientists summarize the findings, Scientists seek to publish the results in scientific journals

True or False? Studying the different dietary practices and disease occurrences among populations, nutrition scientists may learn much about the influence of diet on health

True

A(n) _________ is a report of personal experiences

anecdote

A __________ is a relationship between two variables

correlation

The study of dietary and disease patterns among various populations is known as __________

epidemiology

Cohort studies can be retrospective or ________

prospective

Nutrition researchers rely on the _________ method, which involves making observations, asking questions, and developing hypotheses

scientific

Who are the subjects in a case-control study?

persons with the disease or condition under investigation, persons without the disease or condition under investigation

What are methods used to share credible nutrition information with consumers?

presented in peer-reviewed journals, presented at professional nutrition conferences

A person in a scientific experiment who receives a non-placebo drug is a member of the _________ group

treatment

A __________ is a college-trained health-care professional who has extensive knowledge of foods and nutrition.

registered dietician

A journal that enlists outside reviewers (not involved in the research) to provide critical analysis of each article is called a _______ ______ journal

peer reviewed

What are suggestions to help consumers make healthful and logical nutrition decisions?

read product labels carefully, apply healthy nutrition practices to confirm or disprove claims, avoid practitioners who prescribe unnecessary mega doses of nutrients, examine the scientific credentials of the individual or company making a claim

Some funding sources of scientific research can have certain expectations or ____________ about research outcomes, and as a result, are likely to finance studies of scientists whose research supports their interests

bias

What type of research is conducted when an investigation measures the frequency of diabetes in different populations?

epidemiology

A(n) ___________ is a systemic way of testing a hypothesis

experiment

Nutrition scientists conduct ___________ epidemiological studies to obtain information about health conditions that may result from specific dietary practices

experimental

A(n) _____________ is a possible explanation for an observation that guides scientific research

hypothesis