Nutrition Chapter 5

In order to maintain a healthy balance in the body a dietary ratio of linoleic to alpha-linolenic acid is __:__ - __:__

5:1 -- 10:1 so 20 g linoleic acid : 2-4 g alpha linolenic acid

Medium chain fatty acids range from __-__ carbons

8-12

Fats and oils provide __kcal/g

9

Excess E consumed as carbs or protein must go first to ____ then to ___

First to the liver, where they are used to synthesize fatty acids which are assembled into TGs are transported to the adipose tissue in VLDLs

What other foods can lover LDL levels without lowering HDL levels

Flaxseed Soy protein

Canadians are advised to limit their intakes on which fish

Fresh or frozen tuna shark swordfish marlin orange roughy escolar

Omega 6 and Omega 3 acids and compounds derived from these fa service as regulators of what

Glucose and fatty acid metabolism

Monoglyceride

Glycerol with only one fatty acid attached

Diglyceride

Glyerol with two fatty acids

Reverse cholesterol transport is accomplished by

High density lipoproteins - HDLS

Emulsifiers

Substances that allow water and fat to mix by breaking large fat globules into smaller ones.

Atheroscleortic plaque

The cholesterol-rich material that is deposited in the arteries of individuals with atherosclerosis. It consists of cholesterol, smooth-muscle cells, fibrous tissue, and eventually calcium.

Hydrogenation

The process whereby hydrogen atoms are added to the carbon-carbon double bonds of unsaturated fatty acids, making them more saturated.

WHy are they in these foods?

They raise the melting point of the products, making them more solid at room temp

adipose

Tissue found under the skin and around body organs that is composed of fat-storing cells.

Lipid bilayer

Two layers of phosphoglyceride molecules oriented so that the fat-soluble fatty acid tails are sandwiched between the water-soluble phosphate-containing heads.

Phospholipids

Types of lipids containing phosphorous. The most common are the phosphoglycerides, which are composed of a glycerol backbone with two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached.

Sterols

Types of lipids with a structure composed of multiple chemical rings.

Triglycerides in the liver (from broken down excess protein, carbs, alcohol, cholesterol and chylomicron remnants) are incorporated into what

Very-low-density lipoproteins - VLDLS

Statins work by

blocking cholesterol synthesis in the liver and by increasing the number of LDL receptors in the liver to remove cholesterol from the blood

What happens if this cap formed ruptures

blood clots form and can completely block blood flow

Eicosanoids help to regulation: (4)

blood clotting blood pressure immune function other body processes

The ratio of omega 3 to omega 6 in the diet in important in what processes (3)

blood pressure regulation blood clotting immune function

Beta oxidation

breaks the carbon chain of fatty acids into 2-carbon units that form acetyl-CoA and releases high-energy electrons that are passed to the electron transport chain.

high fat intake has also been associated with what 3 types of cancer

breast colon prostate

What is the leading form of cancer in women worldwide

breast cancer

Unsaturated fatty acids melt at ____ temperatures than saturated fatty acids of the same length

cooler temps -- more double bonds --> more liquid

High levels of LDL in the blood have been associated with what

increased risk for heart disease --> "bad cholesterol"

high trans fatty acids intake _____ risk of heart disease

increases

When blood glucose levels are high ____ stimulates the uptake of glucose by the liver

insulin

Excess E consumed as fat can be transported directly from ____ to _____

intestines to the adipose tissues in chylomicrons

What effect does trans fat have in heart disease risk

it increases the risk

Why are these effects greater with red wine consumption

it is high in phytochemicals called polyphenols

Each of the carbons between is attached to

its 2 neighboring carbons and up to 2 hydrogen atoms

Lecithin is used by the food industry to

keep the oil from separating from other ingredients

If there is not enough glucose/oxaloacetate to allow acetyl-CoA from fat breakdown to enter the CAC, it is instead used to make

ketones

If a molecule of cholin is attached the phospholipid is called

lecithin

Trans fats are also used to do what to processed foods such as cookies and crackers

lengthen the shelf life

LDLs contain ___ TGs and ___ cholesterol than VLDLS

less TGs and more cholesterol

fat free

less than 0.5 g / serving

__% of energy should come from trans fat

less than 1%

___% of kcals should come from saturated fat

less than 10%

cholesterol free

less than 2 mg og cholesterol and 2 or less of sat and trans fat / serving

2 omega 6 acids

linoleic acid arachindonic acid

Lipid digesting enzymes in the intestine

lipases

The TG in the remaining globules are digested by ____ to produce ___

lipases from the pancreas produces fatty acids and monoglycerides

In the membrane PGS form

lipid bilayer

Phospholipids are

lipids attached to a chemical group containing a phosphate group

What happens to the TGs in VLDL before being taken up by cells

lipoprotein lipases breaks it down

Short chain fatty acids remain ___ at colder temps

liquids

When a diet is high in saturated fatty acid what is increased and what is reduced

liver production of cholesterol carrying lipoproteins increased and the acitivity of LDL receptors in the liver is reduced - therefore increased LDL cholesterol increases risk of ahteroscleorisis

How does this occur

long chain fa and monoglycerides are assemble into TGs by the mucosal cell then combined with cholesterol phospholipids and proteins to form chylomicrons

the rest are transformed into

low density lipoproteins - LDL

When consumed in extremely high doeses, nicotinic acid from niacin can be used to

lower blood cholesterol

Lecithin function in the body

major constituent of cell membranes and is required for their optimal function also used to synthesize acetylcholine

CLA benefits vs problems

many health benefits such as reduced BP, reduced cancer risk, reduced fat may be found to promote oxidative stress- adverse effects on liver, glucose, breast milk production

The Canadian Food and Drug regulations define "lean" meat as

meat, poultry, turkey, etc, that has not been ground and contains less than 10% fat by weight

The only sources of cholesterol in our diets are

meats and dairy products

Which sex usually is at risk of developing heart disease earlier in life

men - about a decade earlier than women

Products of fat digestion mix with bile to form

micelles - fat soluble center - bile coating

Olive oil is very high in ____ fats

monounsaturated

Two kinds of unsaturated fatty acids

monounsaturated - one double bond polyunsaturated - more than one

Sterols structure consists of

multiple chemical rings

Is fat content of the diet the main reason for obesity in Canada?

no - weight gain occurs when more energy is consumed than expended, regardless of where it comes from

extra lean ground beer contains no more than ___% by weight of fat

no more than 10%

Ground meats can be labelled lean if

no more than 17% of weight is fat

Is cholesterol an essential fat

no, the liver manufactures it

High blood cholesterol levels mean

non HDL cholesterol levels are high

When omega 6 fa arachidonic acid is the staring matieral the eicosaniod synthesized ___ blood clotting when omega 3 fa EPA is the starting material the eicosanoid synthesized ___ blood clotthing

o 6 - increased o 3 - decreased

Most common monounsaturated fatty acid in our diet is

oleic acic - in olive and canola oils

Anti inflammatory property comes from eicosanoids derived from omega ___ fa

omega 3 - o 6 promote inflammation

LDL particles migrate into and are retained in the artery wall were they are modified to form what

oxidized LDL cholesterol

Plant sources of saturated fatty acids (3)

palm oil palm kernel oil coconut oil

Most common fatty acids (2)

palmitic acid steraic acid

To other types of lipids important in nutrition are

phospholipids sterols

Eating fish affects blood lipid levels how

positively - can reduce risk of HD and cardiac death

high levels of HDL in the blood does what

prevents cholesterol from depositing in the artery walls

intakes below this rate generally result in

probability that vit E and essential fa intakes will be low and may contribute to unfavourable changes in HDL and TG levels

Diets high in which food have been associated with an increased risk of colon cancer

processed meats and red meats

Adipose function (3)

provides stored energy insulates body from temp changes cushion to shock

The soluble fibre _____ also lowers totaly and LDL cholesterol without affecting healthy HDL cholesterol

psyllium

Icreasing intake of omega 3 acids, especially EPA and DHA found in fish has been associated with

reduced deaths from CV disease

Medium chain fatty acids solidify at ___ temps and liquefy at ___ temps

refrigerator temps liq at room temp

Cholesterol and fatty acids are both used to synthesize _____ molecules in the diet

regulatory

Long chain fatty acids are ____ at room temp

remain solid mp between 50-70

about __% of trans fat consumed by Canadians comes frm

restaurant food

about 2/3s of IDLs go where

returned to the liver

Reverse cholesterol transport

returning cholesterol to the liver to be eliminated from the body

symptoms of essential fa deficiency include

scaly, dry skin liver abnormalities poor healing of wounds growth failure in infants and impaired vision an hearing

One white blood cells mature in macrophages what happens

scavenger receptors on the surface of macrophages allow the macrophage to take up LDL cholesterol and become foam cells

The most common drug used to treat elevated blood cholesterol

statins

Hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated vegetables oils are a primary ingredient in what foods (2)

stick margarine and vegetable shortening

Both omega 3 and omega 6 are used to do what in the body

synthesize regulatory molecules in the body

They function as what for lipids

temporary storage site

The types of fatty acids (length, sat, cis/trans) determines their: (4)

texture taste physical characteristics

The time after a meal when nutrients eaten during the meal are being absorbed is referred to as

the absorptive or postprandial state

Some TG digestion also occurs in the stomach due to

the action of lipases produced in the mouth and the stomach particularly important infants

Insulin suppresses what

the activity of hormone senstive lipase - which suppresses the release of free fatty acids from adipose into blood

The amount of free fatty acids released is proportional to

the amount of adipose tissue present in the body

The brain must obtain glucose from where without insulin

the breakdown of amino acids and gluconeogensis in the liver

The connection between dietary fat and colon cancer may be related to

the breakdown of fat in the large intestine

Mercury contamination is a concern with fish consumption because

the element can accumulate in fish muscles

The inverse relationship between blood glucose and free fa s referred to as

the glucose/fatty acid cycle

Where do HDLs originate from

the intestinal tract and liver

The physical properties of a fatty acid depend on

the length of the carbon chain and the type and location of the bonds between the carbon atoms

What is the major lipid producing organ in the body

the liver

Acetylcholine is important in

the memory centre of the brain

The specific function of a phosphoglyceride depends on

the molecule that is attached to the phosphate group

The other end of the carbon chain is

the omega / methyl end - consists of a carbon atom attached to 3 hydrogen atoms

After a meal lipids are transported from the small intestine to

the organs in the body for use as fuel

In lipoproteins the phospholipids orient their water soluble heads towards

the outside of the molecule

Essential fa's are important for formation of

the phospholipids that give cell membranes their structure and functional perperites

The fatty acids determine what

the physical properties and health effects of the TGs we consume

Fat soluble vitamins and fat soluble molecules absorption depends on

the presence of dietary fat

What is this due to?

the protective effect of estrogen in women

In healthy adults, most of the digestion of dietary fat takes place in

the small intestine

the biological effect of the molecule synthesized depends on

the structure of the fatty acid from which it is made

The nutriton facts table lists what (4)

the total number of kcals, the number of grams of total fat, saturated fat, and trans fat the number of mg of cholesterol in a serving

What is the recommended dietary need for saturated fats, cholesterol and trans fat

there is no specific dietary need for these, they can reduced as much as possible

Polyphenols do what in the body

they are antioxidants that protect against LDL oxidation

As a result of insult being absent what happens to hormone sensitive lipase

they are not suppressed and free fatty acids are released into the blood - source of fuel for tissues

Chylomicrons enter the blood stream how

they are transferred into the lymphatic system and enter the bloodstream without passing through the liver

Short & medium chain fatty acids are transported how

they are water soluble so transported from sm. intestine in the blood to cells throughout body

Long chain fatty acids and cholesterol are transported how

they cannot enter the blood stream directly so they must be incorporated into lipoproteins

adequate intake of vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and folic acid may help to protect against heart disease because

they keep blood levels of the amino acid homocysteine low

What effect does trans fat have on blood cholesterol levels

they raise them

Plant food contain other sterols which have what effect on cholesterol

they reduce cholesterol levels in the body by decreasing cholesterol absorption from the diet

Plant sterols and stanols do what in regards to cholesterol

they resemble cholesterol chemically, making it difficult for the digestive tract to distinguish between them and cholesterol

Triglycerides consist of

three fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone

High levels of LDL come from (2)

too much LDL cholesterol or too few LDL receptors

When cholesterol is measured in the bood serum _______ cholesterol is measured

total as well as LDL and HDL levels

Canada was the first country to mandate the labelling of what on packaged foods

trans fat

Diets high in processed fats used in margarine and shortening increase risks because they may contain large amounts of

trans fats

Which fat is thought to increase the risk of breast cancer

trans fatty acids evidence is still weak

The primary type of lipid in our food and is in our bodies is

triglycerides

diets with ____ fats seems to be at lower risk for disease

unsaturated - foods like fish, nuts, soybean, canola, flax seed, and olive oil

Health Canada reports that most fish commonly consumed in Canada have ____ mercury levels

very low

The amount of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat is included on the label when

voluntarily There are no daily values for polyunsaturated and mononsaturated

What are 4 dietary sources of a-linolenic acid

walnuts flaxseed leafy green veggies canola oil

the phosphate end is soluble in

water

Oxidized LDL cholesterol causes ____ to stick to the lining of the arter and migrate into the artery wall

white blood cells

organ meats contain ____ mg cholesterol

300mg/75 g service

about __% of the energy in the typical Canadian diet comes from fat

31%

Intakes of fat above 35% kcal were most common in what age group

35-50 year age group

short chain fatty acids range from __-___ carbons in length

4-7

Diet can alter cholesterol levels in___-___ weeks

4-8 weeks

Currently about ___% of Canadian adults have high blood cholestrerol levels

40%

Most of the lipids in the human body are triglycerides stored where

in adipose tissue

In the small intestine ____ from the gallbladder helps to break fat into small globules

bile

Factors such as serum cholesterol and other similar biochemical measurements are often referred to as

biomarkers

AMDRs of __-___$ of energy from linoleic acid and __-__% of energy for a-linolenic acid

5-10% for linoleic and 0.6-1.2% for alpha linolenic acid

fish contains ____ g

50 mg/75g

Fat cells can increase in weight by about ___ times

50 times

Excess energy ingested, such as when we feast, can be stored where

in adipose tissue

What is the DRI of fat intake for ages 1-3

30-40%

Major Heath behaviours that reduce the risk of csardiovascular disease

- Reduced dietary cholesterol intake - reduced sautrated fat - plant sterols: 1-2 g daily - diets that include soy proteins, soluble fiber, and/or nuts - dietary patterns such as miediterranean type diet, the DASH diet, and the portfoilo diet - moderated alcohol intake - weight loss and reduction of abdominal obesity - EPA & DHA: 2-4 g daily - exercise - smoking cessation

Cholesterol is needed to synthesize (4)

- Vitamin D in skin - Cholic acid - horomones - cortisol

What 3 lifestyle choices can lead to increased risk of CV disease

- cigarette smoking - sedentary lifestyle - diet high in saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol / low in fibre, whole grains, unsaturated fat, fruits and veggies

Two places cholesterol is taken by HDL

- directly to liver for disposal - transferred to organs that have a high requirement for cholesterol

What can potentially cause injury to the lining of the artery wall

- elevated blood levels of: - LDL cholesterol - glucose - amino acid horomocyestein high blood pressure chemicals from smoking diabetes genetic alterations infectious micro organisms

Foam cells do what

- eventually burst - deposit cholesterol to form a fatty streak - secrete chemicals that continue inflammatory process and promote growth of plaque - forming a cap eventually

Dietary Recommendations to reduce cancer risk

- follow Canad'as food guide - Eat regularly - fill half of your plate with vegetables, a quart with grains, and a quarter with meat and alternatives - watch portion sizes - plan meals and make gradual improvements to your diet - read nutrition labels

Lipids function in the body

- forms insulating coating around nerves called the myelin sheath - define the boundaries of cells and partition off their organelles in cell membrane - lubricate body surfaces

Lipids consumed in the diet can be used as:

- immediate source of energy - stored in adipose tissue for future use

4 recommendations to choose fat wisely

- limit cholesterol, trans fat and sat fat - increase mono and poly unsat fat - get enough omega 3 - watch your total fat

Moderate alcohol consumption has be shown to: (3)

- raise levels of HDL cholesterol - reduce blood clotthing - reduce risk of CV disease

Nuts provide what for the body

- they are high in monounsaturated fat, omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants and fibre provide CV protection

how do naturally occurring trans fats differ in composition from hydrogenated trans fats

- they include conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) which is different from the essential fa linoleic acid

VLDL function (2)

- transports lipids out of the liver - delivers TG to the body cells

Trans fat free means the product contains less than ___g of trans fat and less than __ g of saturated fat per serving

0.2 g trans 2 g saturated

to be a source of omega 3 polyunsat fa the product must contain ___g for omega 6 -

0.3 g or more o3 2 g or more o6

Moderate drinking means no more than ___ drinks per day for women and ___ drinks per day day for men

1 drink for women 2 drinks for men

The task force made what recommendations about trans fat

1. Trans fat content in vegetables oils and soft spreadable margaine should be limited to <2% of total fat content 2. In all other foods trans fat content should be limited to < 5% of total fat content

a individual who inherits 1 gene for hypercholesterimia has about ___ the number of LDL receptors

1/2 two genes = no receptors

Long chain acids range from ___

12 and up

What is the AI for linoleic acid

12g/day for women and 17 g/day for me

Most fatty acids in plants, animals, and humans contain between ___ and ___ carbons

14 and 22 carbons

How many fa are attached to phosphoglycerides

2 phosphate group in place of third

Canada's food guide recommends __ servings of fish per week - & why?

2 servings EPA and DHA can be obtained through consumption of fish conversion of a linolenic acid to EPA and DHA is inefficient in humans

Trans fat content of stick margarine vs tub margarine

2.9 g vs 1 g 70% DV trans fat margarine 0% DV trans fat tub

Low cholesterol means

20 mg or less of cholesterol and 2 g or less of sat and trans fat / serving

the DRIs recommend a total fat intake of ___-___% of kcalories for adults

20%-30%

One egg yolk contains about ____ mg of cholesterol

213

What is the DRI for ages 4-18

25-25%

low fat

3 g or less / serving

Generally about ___-____ times ____ cholesterol is made by the body than is consumed in the diet

3-4 times more

CV disease accounts for ____% of all deaths

30%

It is estimated that ___-___% of cancers are directly linked to dietary and lifestyle choices

30%-40% evidence for fat link is weak

Phosphoglycerides

A class of phospholipid consisting of a glycerol molecule, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group. the major class of phospholipids

CV disease defn

A disease that results from damage to blood vessels, such as the coronary arteries of the heart, which can cause heart attack, or the blood vessels of the brain, which can result in stroke.

omega 6

A fatty acid containing a carbon-carbon double bond between the sixth and seventh carbons from the omega end.

Omega 3 fatty acid

A fatty acid containing a carbon-carbon double bond between the third and fourth carbons from the omega end.

Saturated fatty acid

A fatty acid in which the carbon atoms are bound to as many hydrogens as possible and which, therefore, contains no carbon-carbon double bonds.

Lipids

A group of organic molecules, most of which do not dissolve in water. They include fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols.

Oxidized LDL cholesterol defn

A substance formed when the cholesterol in LDL particles is oxidized by reactive oxygen molecules. It is key in the development of atherosclerosis because it contributes to the inflammatory process.

Tropical oils

A term used in the popular press to refer to the saturated oils—coconut, palm, and palm kernel oil—that are derived from plants grown in tropical regions.

Atherosclerosis

A type of cardiovascular disease that involves the buildup of fatty material in the artery walls.

In muscle and other tissues, fatty acids and glycerol from tiglycerides can be used to produce __

ATP

CAC is used to produce

ATP and water

Lipoprotein lipase

An enzyme that breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol; attached to the cell membranes of cells that line the blood vessels.

inflammation drives the formation of

Atheroscleortic plaque

Which ethnicity (2) have a higher risk of heart disease

Canadians of South Asian origin First Nations

What is the leading cause of death in Canada

Cancer

What is second leading cause of death in Cancer

Cardiovascular disease

a linolenic acid synthesizes what other 2 acids

EPA DHA

3 omega 3 fatty acids

EPA DHA a lineolenic acid

When the lining of the artery is injured it becomes more permeable to __

LDL particles

Most common polyunsaturated fatty acid

Linoleic acid - in corn, safflower and soybean oils

What two groups were the largest contributors for fat intake

Meat and alternatives Milk and alternatives

What are the essential fatty acids (2)

Omega 6 fa - linoleic acid omega 3 fa - alpha linolenic acid

Lipoproteins

Particles containing a core of triglycerides and cholesterol surrounded by a shell of protein, phospholipids, and cholesterol that transport lipids in blood and lymp

Scavenger receptors defn

Proteins on the surface of macrophages that bind to oxidized LDL cholesterol and allow it to be taken up by the cell.

Eicosanoids

Regulatory molecules, including prostaglandins and related compounds, that can be synthesized from omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.

Structurally a fatty acid is

a chain of carbon atoms with an acid (COOH) at one end

What remains once TGs are removed from VLDL

a denser smaller intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL)

High levels of HDL are therefore associated with

a reduction in heart disease risk - "good cholesterol"

If a fa has a trans config it is considered what

a trans fatty acid

When the blood sugar is low as in the fasting state insulin is ___

absent

Canned albacore tuna vs canned light tuna

albacore is more expensive and have sufficient mercury levels light canned tuna has low levels

Ketones can be used as

an energy source by muscle and adipose tissue

High intake of saturated fat is associated with

an increased risk of cardiovascular disease

Plamitic acid and steraic acid are most commonly found in

animal foods such as meat and dairy products

Cholesterol is found only in

animals

What must happens for LDLs to be taken up by cells

apoprotein B (apo B) on surface of LDL must bind to a receptor protein on the cell membrane - LDL receptor allows LDLs to enter cells where cholesterol and other components can be used

Lenoleic acid syntehsizes what other acid

arachidonic acid

What two fa derivatives are necessary for normal brain development in infants and young children

arachidonic acid DHA

reduced fat

at least 25% less fat than regular product

the first step of this process is

beta oxidation

One way to replicate the texture of fat in foods is to replace some of the fat with

carbohydrats such as cellulose, dextrins, pectins, gums or modified startch proteins increase proption of diglycerides

In the body PGs are a important component of

cell membranes

Majority of cholesterol is found in

cell membranes

Tropical oils were commonly used in

cereals, crackers, salad dressings, and cookies because they are more resistant to rancidity and have longer shelf lives

Tans fatty acids promote the synthesis of ____ in the liver

cholesterol

The best know sterol is

cholesterol

The development of cardiovascular disease has been linked to diets high in what lipids (3)

cholesterol saturated fat trans fat

Foods that are high in what tend to lead to higher incidences of heart disease and certain types of cancer

cholesterol and saturated fat

LDL primary function

cholesterol delivery system for cells

HDL cholesterol

cholesterol found in high density lipoproteins also made in the liver but is associated with reduced risk of CV disease "HDL = Healthy"

LDL cholesterol

cholesterol found in low density lipoproteins which are made in the liver and increase the risk of heart disease

Most unsaturated fatty acids have what configuration of bonds

cis

Intakes higher than this range generally result in

consuming excess kcals

Unsaturated fatty acids

contain double bonds

They define "extra lean" as

containing no more than 7.5% fat by weight

This study suggested that the amount of fat consumed by Canadians has _____ over the last 25 years

declined

When saturated fat is replaced by polyunsaturated fat blood levels of LDL cholesterol _____

decrease

Plant food has what affect on heart disease risk

decreased risk - antioxidants decrease oxidation of LDL - many components that protect from HD

The Canadian Community Health Survey provided what in regards to the nutrition of Canadians

detailed look at the fat intake of Canadians

Excess body fat is associated with increased risk of

diabetes CV disease high blood pressure

Lipoproteins help transport what (3) from the small intestine and what 1 thing from the liver

dietary triglycerides cholesterol fat soluble vitamins stored or newly synthesized lipids from liver

What are two foods that are natural sources of lecithin

eggs and soybeans

In foods the ability of phosphoglycerides to mix with both water and fat allows them to act as

emulsifiers

What happens when less energy is consumed than is needed

enzyme hormone sensitive lipase receives a hormonal signal that enhances enzyme activity, promoting the breakdown of stored TGs - free fatty acids and glycerol is released into the blood where they can be taken up by cells to produce ATP

Insulin also stimulates the activity of the

enzyme lipoprotein lipase to promote the uptake of triglycerides from chylomicrons

The wall of a normal healthy artery consists of a layer of

epithelial cells surrounded by smooth muscle

If adequate amounts of lineoleic and a lineoleic acid are not consumed what will result

essential fatty acid deficiency

Most of the fatty acids in nature contain an ____ number of carbon atoms

even

Micelle function

facilitates the absorption of lipids into the mucosal cells of the small intestine

The fatty acid end of the phosphoglyceride is soluble in

fat

When there is insufficient oxaloacetate what happens

fatty acids cannot enter the CAC and instead ketone bodies form

Soluble fibre does what to LDL levels

found in oatmeal and oat bran, lowers total and unhealthy LDL cholesterol levles

Fatty acids released into the bloodstream by adipose tissues is referred to as

free fatty acids - to emphasize that they are not in the form of triglycerides

Hypercholesterolemia

genetic disease - five times normal blood cholesterol levels --> results in xanthomas forming , blood vessel damage and premature atherosclerosis

Omega 6 fas are important for what in the body (4)

growth skin integrity fertility maintaining RBC structure

the brain can adapt to use ketones to meet about ____ of its energy needs

half must use glucose for other half - body must break down muscle protein for glucose

High levels of cholesterol are associated with increased risk of

heart disease

A trans fatty acid has a ____ melting point than cis fa

higher

Polyunsaturated fa are used to make

hormone-like molecules that help regulate BP, blood clotting, and other functions such as gene expression

Cholesterol is used to make

hormones - including sex hormones and stress hormone cortisol

Most of the trans fat we eat comes from products that have undergone what

hydrogenation