Nutrition Chapter 6

Saturated fatty acids predominate in which of the following lipids?

butter

Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) are the principal transport for ______ in the blood

cholesterol

Which of the following lipids is a precursor for estrogen and bile?

cholesterol

Lecithin is classified as a

phospholipid

In what form is most body fat stored?

triglycerides

Lingual lipase breaks down

triglycerides

Immediately after a meal, newly digested and absorbed dietary fats appear in the lymph and then the blood, as a part of which of the following?

chylomicrons

Which of the following is considered a desirable blood level for total cholesterol?

200 mg/dl or less

Most experts agree that dietary cholesterol intake should be limited to ____ mg per day

300

The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend that total fat intake should not exceed _____ of total calories and saturated fat intake be limited to ____ of total calories

35%; 10%

Mike has been told to reduce his fat intake to less than 30% of his total calories. It has been recommended to him that he consume an average of 2000 calories per day. How many grams of fat should he consume per day?

67 grams

The chief contributors of saturated fatty acids in the U.S. diet include

Animal products

Which apolipoprotein is responsible for activating lipoprotein lipase?

Apo C-II

Monounsaturated fatty acids

Are liquid at room temp; have 1 double bond in the fatty acid chain; lower cholesterol

All of the following are ways in which fatty acids can differ from one another EXCEPT

Average number of calories per gram

LDL clearance in the plasma is mediated via the ______ receptor

B-100

A stroke

Blocks blood flow in the brain

Lipoprotein lipase functions to

Break down triglycerides from lipoproteins for transfer into cells

The functions of fat include all of the following EXCEPT

Build & repair tissue

Excessive amounts of omega-3 fatty acids can

Cause excessive bleeding

Blockage of a major artery is caused by a blood clot. These clots may form when

Cholesterol plaques build up in artery walls

Trans fatty acids are now considered more atherogenic than saturated fatty acids because they

Elevate LDL levels, while decreasing HDL

All fat-free foods are healthy for you

False

American eat more omega-3 fatty acids than omega-6 fatty acid

False

Plants contain cholesterol

False

Since monounsaturated fats are healthier consuming them in excessive amounts is always considered good

False

Trans fatty acids raise HDL and lower LDL

False

High levels of _____ in the blood are associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease

HDL

Which of the following lipoproteins contains the highest proportion of protein?

HDL

Excessive intakes of saturated fatty acids tend to

Increase cholesterol deposited in arteries

A diet designed to reduce elevated serum LDL cholesterol levels

Is low in saturated fats; is reduced in dietary cholesterol; provides adequate amounts of soluble fiber

Which lipoprotein is responsible for transporting cholesterol from the liver to tissues?

Low density lipoprotein (LDL)

Cholesterol is

Not essential in the diet, the human body can synthesize it; not found in foods of plant origin; an important part of human cell membranes & is necessary to make some hormones

In the Mediterranean Diet, the majority of fat in the diet is supplied by

Olive oil & olives

Which of the following groups of foods would contribute to substantial amount of monounsaturated fatty acids to the diet?

Olive oil, peanuts, almonds

Individuals with bleeding disorders taking anticoagulants or scheduling surgery should be cautious about which supplement:

Omega 3 fatty acids

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is associated with

Omega-3 fatty acid metabolism

Arachidonic acid is associated with

Omega-6 fatty acid metabolism

Which of the following blood levels of LDL cholesterol would increase risk for cardiovascular disease?

Over 160 mg/dl

High density lipoproteins function in lipid transport by

Picking up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources for delivery to other lipoproteins and the liver for disposal

A fatty acid with 10 carbons will be absorbed via the

Portal system

Lard, butter, and cream are rich sources of

Saturated fatty acids

Oxidized LDL in the blood is picked up by

Scavenger pathway

According to guidelines from the American Heart Associates for the general population, saturated fats

Should constitute no more than 7% of total energy in the diet.

The main difference between fats and oils is that fats are

Solid at room temperature

Which of the following fats and oils provides the most polyunsaturated fatty acids?

Soybean oil

Eicosanoids are

Substances that produce diverse hormone-like effects on the body

Recommendations suggest that we consume approximately 20% of our fat as monounsaturated fats. All of the following would be appropriate to use to achieve this goal except

Sunflower oil

Why are nuts a heart healthy food?

They are rich in antioxidants; most nuts are good sources of monounsaturated fatty acids; they contain no cholesterol

Which of the following correctly characterizes lipids?

They do not dissolve in water

Which is correct regarding trans fatty acids?

They raise HDL and LDL cholesterol

Some fat is necessary in our diets

To increase the palatability of foods; as a carrier of fat-soluble vitamins; to provide essential fatty acids

Which of the following is a risk factor for heart disease?

Total blood cholesterol level greater than 200 mg/dl

Lipoproteins are important for

Transport of fats in the blood and lymphatic system

Dietary cholesterol should not exceed 300 milligrams per day

True

High blood levels of HDL are protective against heart disease

True

Lecithin and bile are examples of emulsifiers

True

The decrease in HDL due to the decrease of estrogen in postmenopausal women plays a part in the increased risk of heart disease that occurs in older women

True

Phospholipids consist of

Two fatty acids & glycerol & phosphate

Which essential fatty acid is responsible for lowering the risk of coronary heart disease?

alpha-linolenic

All the following are good sources of omega 3 fatty acids EXCEPT

avocados

Alpha-linolenic acid & linoleic acid are classified as ____ fatty acids

essential

Fats that are liquid at room temperature can be made more solid by the process of

hydrogenation

Margarine is usually made by a process called ____, in which hydrogen atoms are added to double covalent bonds in the polyunsaturated fatty acids found in vegetable oils

hydrogenation

All of the following are uncontrollable risk factors for heart disease EXCEPT

hypertension

Lipids with high polyunsaturated fatty acid content are ______ at room temperature

liquid

Fat digestion begins in the

mouth

Match the term with the best description 1. Stimulates the gallbladder & pancreas to release bile & pancreatic enzymes → 2. Emulsifies fat → 3. Stores bile for release into small intestines → 4. Produces & secretes enzymes → triglycerides →

1. Stimulates the gallbladder & pancreas to release bile & pancreatic enzymes → Cholecystokinin 2. Emulsifies fat → bile 3. Stores bile for release into small intestines → gallbladder 4. Produces & secretes enzymes → pancreas 5. Enzyme found in the mouth that breaks down triglycerides → lingual lipase

Match the term with its description: 1. Triglyceride→ 2. Fat → 3. Cholesterol → 4. Phospholipid → 5. Oil →

1. Triglyceride→ comprised of glycerol & fatty acids only 2. Fat → lipid that is solid at room temperature 3. Cholesterol → sterol manufactured in the body 4. Phospholipid → major lipid class that contains phosphorus, fatty acids, & glycerol 5. Oil → lipid that is liquid at room temperature

Match the lipoprotein with its description 1. VLDL → 2. LDL → 3. Chylomicron → 4. HDL →

1. VLDL → lipoprotein that transports fat made in the liver 2. LDL → lipoprotein with the greatest cholesterol content 3. Chylomicron → lipoprotein made in the GI tract from digested fat 4. HDL → lipoprotein that delivers cholesterol back to the liver and to other lipoproteins

Ergosterol is a type of sterol found in

plants

The _____ pathway for LDL uptake is a means by which LDL contributes to plaque formation in blood vessels

scavenger

Lipids with a high saturated fatty acid content are _________ at room temperature

solid