Nutrition Chapter 6
Saturated fatty acids predominate in which of the following lipids?
butter
Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) are the principal transport for ______ in the blood
cholesterol
Which of the following lipids is a precursor for estrogen and bile?
cholesterol
Lecithin is classified as a
phospholipid
In what form is most body fat stored?
triglycerides
Lingual lipase breaks down
triglycerides
Immediately after a meal, newly digested and absorbed dietary fats appear in the lymph and then the blood, as a part of which of the following?
chylomicrons
Which of the following is considered a desirable blood level for total cholesterol?
200 mg/dl or less
Most experts agree that dietary cholesterol intake should be limited to ____ mg per day
300
The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend that total fat intake should not exceed _____ of total calories and saturated fat intake be limited to ____ of total calories
35%; 10%
Mike has been told to reduce his fat intake to less than 30% of his total calories. It has been recommended to him that he consume an average of 2000 calories per day. How many grams of fat should he consume per day?
67 grams
The chief contributors of saturated fatty acids in the U.S. diet include
Animal products
Which apolipoprotein is responsible for activating lipoprotein lipase?
Apo C-II
Monounsaturated fatty acids
Are liquid at room temp; have 1 double bond in the fatty acid chain; lower cholesterol
All of the following are ways in which fatty acids can differ from one another EXCEPT
Average number of calories per gram
LDL clearance in the plasma is mediated via the ______ receptor
B-100
A stroke
Blocks blood flow in the brain
Lipoprotein lipase functions to
Break down triglycerides from lipoproteins for transfer into cells
The functions of fat include all of the following EXCEPT
Build & repair tissue
Excessive amounts of omega-3 fatty acids can
Cause excessive bleeding
Blockage of a major artery is caused by a blood clot. These clots may form when
Cholesterol plaques build up in artery walls
Trans fatty acids are now considered more atherogenic than saturated fatty acids because they
Elevate LDL levels, while decreasing HDL
All fat-free foods are healthy for you
False
American eat more omega-3 fatty acids than omega-6 fatty acid
False
Plants contain cholesterol
False
Since monounsaturated fats are healthier consuming them in excessive amounts is always considered good
False
Trans fatty acids raise HDL and lower LDL
False
High levels of _____ in the blood are associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease
HDL
Which of the following lipoproteins contains the highest proportion of protein?
HDL
Excessive intakes of saturated fatty acids tend to
Increase cholesterol deposited in arteries
A diet designed to reduce elevated serum LDL cholesterol levels
Is low in saturated fats; is reduced in dietary cholesterol; provides adequate amounts of soluble fiber
Which lipoprotein is responsible for transporting cholesterol from the liver to tissues?
Low density lipoprotein (LDL)
Cholesterol is
Not essential in the diet, the human body can synthesize it; not found in foods of plant origin; an important part of human cell membranes & is necessary to make some hormones
In the Mediterranean Diet, the majority of fat in the diet is supplied by
Olive oil & olives
Which of the following groups of foods would contribute to substantial amount of monounsaturated fatty acids to the diet?
Olive oil, peanuts, almonds
Individuals with bleeding disorders taking anticoagulants or scheduling surgery should be cautious about which supplement:
Omega 3 fatty acids
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is associated with
Omega-3 fatty acid metabolism
Arachidonic acid is associated with
Omega-6 fatty acid metabolism
Which of the following blood levels of LDL cholesterol would increase risk for cardiovascular disease?
Over 160 mg/dl
High density lipoproteins function in lipid transport by
Picking up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources for delivery to other lipoproteins and the liver for disposal
A fatty acid with 10 carbons will be absorbed via the
Portal system
Lard, butter, and cream are rich sources of
Saturated fatty acids
Oxidized LDL in the blood is picked up by
Scavenger pathway
According to guidelines from the American Heart Associates for the general population, saturated fats
Should constitute no more than 7% of total energy in the diet.
The main difference between fats and oils is that fats are
Solid at room temperature
Which of the following fats and oils provides the most polyunsaturated fatty acids?
Soybean oil
Eicosanoids are
Substances that produce diverse hormone-like effects on the body
Recommendations suggest that we consume approximately 20% of our fat as monounsaturated fats. All of the following would be appropriate to use to achieve this goal except
Sunflower oil
Why are nuts a heart healthy food?
They are rich in antioxidants; most nuts are good sources of monounsaturated fatty acids; they contain no cholesterol
Which of the following correctly characterizes lipids?
They do not dissolve in water
Which is correct regarding trans fatty acids?
They raise HDL and LDL cholesterol
Some fat is necessary in our diets
To increase the palatability of foods; as a carrier of fat-soluble vitamins; to provide essential fatty acids
Which of the following is a risk factor for heart disease?
Total blood cholesterol level greater than 200 mg/dl
Lipoproteins are important for
Transport of fats in the blood and lymphatic system
Dietary cholesterol should not exceed 300 milligrams per day
True
High blood levels of HDL are protective against heart disease
True
Lecithin and bile are examples of emulsifiers
True
The decrease in HDL due to the decrease of estrogen in postmenopausal women plays a part in the increased risk of heart disease that occurs in older women
True
Phospholipids consist of
Two fatty acids & glycerol & phosphate
Which essential fatty acid is responsible for lowering the risk of coronary heart disease?
alpha-linolenic
All the following are good sources of omega 3 fatty acids EXCEPT
avocados
Alpha-linolenic acid & linoleic acid are classified as ____ fatty acids
essential
Fats that are liquid at room temperature can be made more solid by the process of
hydrogenation
Margarine is usually made by a process called ____, in which hydrogen atoms are added to double covalent bonds in the polyunsaturated fatty acids found in vegetable oils
hydrogenation
All of the following are uncontrollable risk factors for heart disease EXCEPT
hypertension
Lipids with high polyunsaturated fatty acid content are ______ at room temperature
liquid
Fat digestion begins in the
mouth
Match the term with the best description 1. Stimulates the gallbladder & pancreas to release bile & pancreatic enzymes → 2. Emulsifies fat → 3. Stores bile for release into small intestines → 4. Produces & secretes enzymes → triglycerides →
1. Stimulates the gallbladder & pancreas to release bile & pancreatic enzymes → Cholecystokinin 2. Emulsifies fat → bile 3. Stores bile for release into small intestines → gallbladder 4. Produces & secretes enzymes → pancreas 5. Enzyme found in the mouth that breaks down triglycerides → lingual lipase
Match the term with its description: 1. Triglyceride→ 2. Fat → 3. Cholesterol → 4. Phospholipid → 5. Oil →
1. Triglyceride→ comprised of glycerol & fatty acids only 2. Fat → lipid that is solid at room temperature 3. Cholesterol → sterol manufactured in the body 4. Phospholipid → major lipid class that contains phosphorus, fatty acids, & glycerol 5. Oil → lipid that is liquid at room temperature
Match the lipoprotein with its description 1. VLDL → 2. LDL → 3. Chylomicron → 4. HDL →
1. VLDL → lipoprotein that transports fat made in the liver 2. LDL → lipoprotein with the greatest cholesterol content 3. Chylomicron → lipoprotein made in the GI tract from digested fat 4. HDL → lipoprotein that delivers cholesterol back to the liver and to other lipoproteins
Ergosterol is a type of sterol found in
plants
The _____ pathway for LDL uptake is a means by which LDL contributes to plaque formation in blood vessels
scavenger
Lipids with a high saturated fatty acid content are _________ at room temperature
solid