Nutrition Chapter 6: Lipids
which health issued are assoc. with excessive omega-3 fatty acid intake? a- imparied immune function b- seizures c- uncontrolled bleeding d- excessive weight loss
A, C
_______ and _________ are digested mostly in the small intestine. a- cholesterol b- phospholipids c- micelles
A,B
which types of fats should someone consuming a typical north american diet work towards reducing? a- trans fat b- sat. fat c- unsat. fat d- omega-3 fat
A,B
which of the following are risk factors for CVD that cannot be changed? a- race b- age c- gender d- smoking
A,B,C
which of the following are functions of cholesterol? a- synthesis of certain carbs b- synthesis of certain bile acids c- synth. of certain hormones d- incorporation into cell structures
B,C,D
which statements are true about sterols? a- they contain an acid group (COOH) b- they contain a multi-ring structure c- cholesterol is a common example d- they contain a hydroxyl group (OH)
B,C,D
An imbalance between _____ and _____ fatty acid is suspected to be a contributing factor to the cause of arthritis. a- saturated b- omega-3 c- trans d- omega-6
B,D
_________ and ________ acid are essential fatty acids because we must get them from foods since our bodies are unable to synthesize essential fatty acids with a double bond before the 9th carbon in the chain a- trans fatty b- alpha-linolenic c- saturated fatty d- linoleic
B,D
______ is a type of lipid that is found only in foods of animal origin,
cholesterol
________is a sterol used by the body to make steroid hormones, bile and to form cell membranes
cholesterol
in the receptor pathway for _____ uptake, LDL is removed from the bloody cells with the LDL receptor called B-100.
cholesterol
a ________ is a triglyceride that loses a fatty acid.
diglyceride
List the steps of fat digestion and absorption starting in the mouth and ending in the intestine a- bile emulsifies fats b- lipase digests long-chain fatty acids and triglycerides c- some lipase is released by the salivary glands and stomach d- triglycerides are broken down and absorbed in the small intestine e- lipase begins digesting short-chain fatty acids in the stomach
1. C 2. E 3. A 4. B 5. D
A medium-chain fatty is _____ carbons in length. a- 12 to 24 b- 6 to 10 c- 3 to 5 d- 15 to 26
B
Consuming more low-fat and high fiber foods, keeping weight at a healthy level, and getting regular exercise are great ways to reduce levels of _____ cholesterol. a- HDL b- LDL
B
The acceptable macronutrient distribution range for total fat is __________ of calories for most age groups. a- 10-15% b- 20-35% c-40-50% d- 5-10%
B
fatty acids containing carbon-carbon double bonds are considered _____ fatty acids. a- sat. b. unsat.
B
what are some risks assoc. with high levels of polysat. fat intakes? a- weight loss b- high cholesterol c-low levels of HDLs and LDLs d- impaired immune system
B,D
The liver coats the cholesterol and trigly. that it collects with a shell of protein and lipids and prod. what are called ______. a- low-density lipoproteins b- high-density lipoproteins c- very-low density lipoproteins d- intermediate-density lipoproteins
C
phosphlipids and cholesterol and mostly digested in the _______. a- large intestine b- liver c- small intestine d- stomach
C
smokers have 2 to 4 times greater risk of ___ than nonsmokers
CVD
a ________ is a lipoprotein made of dietary fats surrounded by a shell of cholesterol, phospholipids and protein. a- HDL b- triglyceride c- chylomicron d- VLDL
chylomicron
the process o attaching fatty acids to glycerol is called _______.
esterification
A _____ fatty acid is released from the glycerol backbone.
free
the process of _______ adds hydrogen to the carbon chain of unsaturated fats.
hydrogenation
the release of fatty acids from glycerol is called____.
hydrolysis
A _______ is a compound containing a core made of lipids with a shell composed of protein, phospholipid and cholesterol.
lipoprotein
phosphate give ________ the ability to function in a watery environment, like blood without clumping together.
phospholipids
__________ are potent eicosanoids compounds that produce diverse effects in the body
prostaglandins
_________, __________ and _________ are all diff. types/classifications of lipids
sterold, phospholipids, and triglycerides
________ fat, is the insulated layer of fat just beneath the skin and is made most of triglyceride.
subcutaneous
what are some warning signs of a heart attack? a- numbness in the legs and feet b- shortness breath c- nausea and vomitting d- jaw,neck,shoulder pain e- dizziness f- chest pain
B,C,D,E,F
If the first double bond of a polysaturated fatty acid occurs after the 6th carbon, it is called an omega-___ fatty acid.
six
Most fat digestion occurs in the _______ ________ where the prescence of fat triggers the release of cholecystokinin.
small intestine
the layer of skin, just below the surface is called _______ fat and is made mostly of trigly.
subcutaneous
A ______ is a water-soluble, spherical structure formed by lecithin and bile acids in which the hydrophobic parts face inwards and hydrophilic parts face outward.
Micelle
a ___________ fatty acid has one location in the carbon chain that is not saturated with hydrogen.
Monosaturated
What is the term used to describe a protein that is attached to the surface of a lipoprotein or embedded in its outer shell? a- apolipoprotein b- lipoprotein c- chylomicron d- antioxidant
A
what is the key role of HDL? a- helps remove cholesterol from cells and excrete cholesterol from the body b- carries lipids both taken up and made by the liver to cells c- carries cholesterol made by the liver from the other sources to cells d- carries dietary fat from the small intestine to cells
A
which lipoprotein carries dietary fat from the small intestine to the cells? a- chylomicron b- HDL c- VLDL d- LDL
A
which type of lipid is most commonly found in both food and in the body? a- triglyceride b- complex c- phospholipids d- sterold
A
which of the following steps occur in the receptor pathway for cholesterol uptake ? a- LDL is used to maintain the cell membrane b- LDL is removed from the blood with B-100 c- LDL is broken down into protein and free cholesterol d- LDL produces antioxidants that are used by the body to promote health
A,B,C
which steps lead to the development of intermediate density lipoproteins? a- VLDLS become more dense as trigly. are released b- LPL transfers the trigly. in VLDLs to body cells c- VLDLs from the liver enter the circulatory system d- the liver cover the cholesterol with a shell of protein and lipids
A,B,C
How are the different types of fatty acids dist.? a- position of carbon-carbon double bonds along the skeleton b- number of carbon-carbon double bonds along the skeleton c- number of glycerol bonds along the skeleton d- length of the carbon skeleton
A,B,D
Select all the roles that bile plays in relation to the digestion of fats: a- bile emulsifies fats b- bile keeps fat droplets suspended c- bile slows the process if lipid digestion d- bile allows pancreatic lipase to break down triglycerides
A,B,D
what events occur in the scavenger pathway for cholesterol uptake? a- oxidized LDL is removed from circulation b- cholesterol can build up in scavengyer cells and eventually kill them c- scavenger cells convert LDL to HDL in the bloodstream d- scavenger white blood cells leave the bloddstream and attach to blood vessels
A,B,D
what are some good food sources of omega-3 and omega-6 essential fatty acids? a- salmon b- poultry c- lard d- palm oil e- soybean oil
A,B,E
Identify the 3 ways that the carbon chains of free fatty acids can differ: a- shape of the chain = straight or bent b- the amt. of kcal they provide to the body c- the number of carbons in the chain d- the extent to which the chain is sat. with hydrogen
A,C,D
diets rich in which food components can lead to a build up of cholesterol-filled scavenger cells in the artery walls? a- saturated fat b- polysaturated fat c- trans fat d- cholesterol
A,C,D
what are some common "fat substitutes" used by companies to reduce the fat contente of their foods? a- gums b- canola oil c- salatrium d- olestra
A,C,D
which types of lipids are synthesized by the body? a- phospholipids b- omega-3s c- trigly. d- cholesterol
A,C,D
which statement(s) is/are true about how an emulsifier works? a- prevents fat from coalescing by using a shell of water molecules b- causes fat droplets to clump together c- isolates ind. fat droplets
A.C
what chemical feature of sterols distinguished them from the other classes of lipids? a- nitrogen- containing base b- the multi-ring structure c- addition of a hydroxyl group
B
What are the components of phospholipid molecule? a- three fatty acids b- phosphorus-containing molecule c- glycerol backbone d- 6-carbon ring
B,C
which of these foods is most likely to go rancid due to its high level of polyunsaturated fats? a- ice cream b- oils c- fish d- chocolate
B,C
which types of fat is less likely to become ranci because they have no or few double bonds in their carbon chains? a- polysat. fats b- sat. fats c- trans fats d- monosat. fats
B,C
Which of these foods are good sources of omega-3 fatty acids? a- coconut oil b- flax seeds c- soybean oil d- walnuts
B,C,D
select the statements about fat digestion in the stomach that are true: a- a majority of lipid digestion occurs in the stomach b- fat floats on top of the watery contents c- gastric lipase breaks triglycerides into diglycerides and free fatty acids d- gastric lipase breaks own triglycerides into monoglycerides
B,C,D
what are some qualities that a triglyceride posseses? a- they last about a week in the cell then are released b- they are calorie dense c- they are stable d- they are the body's main storage form of energy
B,C,D
what are the three types of lipids: a- electrolytes b-triglycerides c- sterols d-phospholipids e-lactose
B,C,D
these compounds regulate cell division rates, maintain normal kidney functions, and fluid balance, direct hormones to their target cells, regulate the flow of substances in an out of cells and regulate ovulation. a- triglycerides b- amino acids c- eicosanoids d- carbohydrates
C
In ____ fatty acids, the hydrogen attached to the double-bonded carbons are on the same side of the carbon chain.
cis
the enzyme ______ plays an imp. role in the fat digestion
lipase
what is the strcutre and function of glycerol molecules? a- an alcohol containing 3 carbons; it is the backbone of a triglyceride molecule b- a fat-relaed substacne containing phosphorus, fatty acids, and nitrogen-containing base; it is an essential part of every cell c- a fatty acid molecule that contains one carbon-carbon double bond; it may be a component of triglyceride
A
Identify the statement about phospholipids that is true: a- foods high in sodium are good sources of phospholipids b- the gallbladder produces sufficient amounts of phospholipids c- phospholipids can only be supplied by the diet d- phospholipids can be synthesized by the body
D
In the _____, gastric lipase helps break trigly. into monogly. , digly. and free fatty acids. a- liver b- pancreas c- small intestine d- stomach
D
a chylomicron is primarily composed of_____. a- protein b- phospholipids c- cholesterol d- triglycerides
D
profucts like olestra, gums, salatrim, and protein are used by companies to do what with their food prod? a- increase the nutrient content b- increase the protein and essential fat content c- reduce the calorie content d- reduces the fat content
D
what does the abbreviation HDL stand for?
High-density lipoprotein
______ fatty acids from hydrogenated fats have harmful effects associated with weight gain, diabetes, and lowered levels of HDL (good cholesterol)
Trans
the body uses cholesterol to perform which tasks? a- regulate glucose absorption b- form cell membranes c- make bile d- make steroid hormones
B,C,D
what are some examples of foods with long-chain fatty acids? a- coconut oil b- lamb c- beef d- pork
B,C,D
how mant calories of fatty acids should en consume daily? a- 100 b- 170 c- 300 d- 210
B
the type of fat that function primarily to insulate the body is ______. a- visceral b- subcutaneous
B
What are some sources of saturated fats? a- whole milk b- beef c- vegetable oils d- cheese
A,B,D
According to the american heart association, cholesterol intake should be limited to about _____ mg per day for the general pop., while lower recommendations _____ mg are set for ind. with risk of heart disease.
300, 200
Put the organs involved in the process of fat digestion in the correct order: mouth / liver / pancreas/ stomach / large intestine / small intestine
1. mouth 5. small intestine 2. stomach 6. large intestine 3. liver 4.pancreas
Put the following steps regarding the absorption of triglycerides in order: a- triglycerides combine with cholesterol, protein, and phospholipids to form chylomicrons b- monoglycerides and fatty acids are dbsorbed as micelles and then re-formed into triglycerides c- bile and lecithin emulsify fats into small particles d- lipase breaks down fat into fatty acids and monoglycerides e- short-and-medium-chain fatty acids enter the bloodstream f- large fat droplets enter the small intestine after a meal
1.F 2. C 3. D 4. B 5. E 6. A
________ are hormone-like compounds synthesized from polysat. fatty acids, such as omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6 fatty acids.
Eicosanoids
_____ fatty acids consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds
saturated
A function of ________ is to serve as the backbone for the 3 fatty acids attached to a triglyceride molecule.
glycerol
A ______ fatty acid has 2 locations in the carbon chain that are not saturated with hydrogen.
polysaturated
the process of _______ involves the reattaching of a fatty acids to a glycerol that has lost a fatty acid. whereas the process of _______ involved the release of fatty acids from glycerol.
re-esterification de-esterification