Nutrition Chapter 6

Phenylketonuria

Limited ability to metabolize phenylalanine (enzyme deficiency). It results in mental impairment and requires the individual to modify their diet

Extracellular space

The space outside cells; represents one-third of body fluid

Amino Acid Associated Diseases

Phenylketonuria (PKU) and Sickle cell Anemia

Kwashiorkor

A disease occurring primarily in young children who have an existing disease and consume a marginal amount of calories and insufficient protein in relation to needs. The child generally suffers from infections and exhibits edema, poor growth, weakness, and an increased susceptibility to further illness

Marasmus

A disease resulting from consuming a grossly insufficient amount of protein and calories. Victims have little or no fat stores, little muscle mass and poor strength. Death from infections is common

Polypeptide

A group of amino acids bonded together from 50 - 200 or more

Lactovegetarian

A person who consumes plant products and dairy products

Lactoovovegetarian

A person who consumes plant products, dairy products and eggs

Vegan

A person who eats only plant foods

Fruitarian

A person who primarily eats fruits, nuts, honey and vegetable oils

Pepsin

A protein-digesting enzyme produced by the stomach

Trypsin

A protein-digesting enzyme produced by the stomach

Positive protein balance

A state in which protein intake exceeds related protein losses, as is needed during times of growth

Protein equilibrium

A state in which protein intake is equal to related protein losses; the person is said to be in "protein balance"

Negative protein balance

A state in which protein intake is less than related protein losses, as if often seen during acute illness

Satiety

A state in which there is no longer a desire to eat

Gruels

A thin mixture of grains or legumes in milk or water

Essential Amino Acids

Amino acids that cant be synthesized by the body and therefore must be included in the diet, there are 9 they are also called Indispensable Amino Acids

Branched- Chain Amino Acids

Amino acids w/ a branching carbon backbone; including- leucine, isoleucine + valine. All are essential

Carbon Skeleton

Amino-acid structure that remains after the amino group has been removed

Pool

Amount of a nutrient stored within the body that can be mobilized when needed

Sickle-cell-disease

An illness that results from a malformation of the red blood cell because of an incorrect structure in part of its hemoglobin protein chains. The disease can lead to episodes of severe bone and joint pain, abdominal pain, headache, convulsions, paralysis, and even death

Preterm

An infant born before 37 weeks of gestation aka premature

Alcohol Absorption

Begins in the stomach. Rapid absorption in the duodenum. It is the most efficiently absorbed of all energy producing nutrients.

Peptide Bonds

Chemical bond formed between amino acids in a protein

Buffers

Compounds that cause a solution to resist changes in acid-base conditions

Lower-quality (incomplete) proteins

Dietary proteins that are low in or lack one or more essential amino acids

High-quality (complete) proeins

Dietary proteins that contain ample amounts of all nine essential amino acids

Capillary bed

Network of one-cell-thick vessels that create a junction between arterial and venous circulation. It is here that gas and nutrient exchange occurs between body cells and the blood

Urea

Nitrogenous waste product of protein metabolism; major source of nitrogen in the urine

Denaturation

Alteration of a protein's three-dimensional structure, usually because of treatment by heat, enzymes, acid or alkaline solutions or agitation

Nonessential Amino Acids

Amino Acids that can be synthesized by a healthy body in a sufficient amounts, there are 11 nonessential also called Dispensable Amino Acids

Sickle Cell Anemia

Decreases function (oxygen carrying capacity) and causes the red blood cells to take a "s" sickle shape. Affects mostly African Americans (1/400births)

Amino Acids

The building blocks for protein

Edema

The buildup of excess fluid in extracellular spaces

Limiting Amino Acids

The essential amino acid in the lowest concentration in food or diet relative the body needs.

Protein turnover

The process by which cells break down old proteins and re-synthesize new proteins. This way the cell will have the proteins it needs to function at that time

Protein-calorie malnutrition

A condition resulting from regularly consuming insufficient amounts of calories and protein. The deficiency eventually results in body wasting, primarily of lean tissue, and an increased susceptibility to infections

Complementary proteins

Two food protein sources that make up for each other's inadequate supply of specific essential amino acids; together they yield a sufficient amount of all nine and, so provide high quality (complete) protein for the diet