Nutrition Chapter 6
Phenylketonuria
Limited ability to metabolize phenylalanine (enzyme deficiency). It results in mental impairment and requires the individual to modify their diet
Extracellular space
The space outside cells; represents one-third of body fluid
Amino Acid Associated Diseases
Phenylketonuria (PKU) and Sickle cell Anemia
Kwashiorkor
A disease occurring primarily in young children who have an existing disease and consume a marginal amount of calories and insufficient protein in relation to needs. The child generally suffers from infections and exhibits edema, poor growth, weakness, and an increased susceptibility to further illness
Marasmus
A disease resulting from consuming a grossly insufficient amount of protein and calories. Victims have little or no fat stores, little muscle mass and poor strength. Death from infections is common
Polypeptide
A group of amino acids bonded together from 50 - 200 or more
Lactovegetarian
A person who consumes plant products and dairy products
Lactoovovegetarian
A person who consumes plant products, dairy products and eggs
Vegan
A person who eats only plant foods
Fruitarian
A person who primarily eats fruits, nuts, honey and vegetable oils
Pepsin
A protein-digesting enzyme produced by the stomach
Trypsin
A protein-digesting enzyme produced by the stomach
Positive protein balance
A state in which protein intake exceeds related protein losses, as is needed during times of growth
Protein equilibrium
A state in which protein intake is equal to related protein losses; the person is said to be in "protein balance"
Negative protein balance
A state in which protein intake is less than related protein losses, as if often seen during acute illness
Satiety
A state in which there is no longer a desire to eat
Gruels
A thin mixture of grains or legumes in milk or water
Essential Amino Acids
Amino acids that cant be synthesized by the body and therefore must be included in the diet, there are 9 they are also called Indispensable Amino Acids
Branched- Chain Amino Acids
Amino acids w/ a branching carbon backbone; including- leucine, isoleucine + valine. All are essential
Carbon Skeleton
Amino-acid structure that remains after the amino group has been removed
Pool
Amount of a nutrient stored within the body that can be mobilized when needed
Sickle-cell-disease
An illness that results from a malformation of the red blood cell because of an incorrect structure in part of its hemoglobin protein chains. The disease can lead to episodes of severe bone and joint pain, abdominal pain, headache, convulsions, paralysis, and even death
Preterm
An infant born before 37 weeks of gestation aka premature
Alcohol Absorption
Begins in the stomach. Rapid absorption in the duodenum. It is the most efficiently absorbed of all energy producing nutrients.
Peptide Bonds
Chemical bond formed between amino acids in a protein
Buffers
Compounds that cause a solution to resist changes in acid-base conditions
Lower-quality (incomplete) proteins
Dietary proteins that are low in or lack one or more essential amino acids
High-quality (complete) proeins
Dietary proteins that contain ample amounts of all nine essential amino acids
Capillary bed
Network of one-cell-thick vessels that create a junction between arterial and venous circulation. It is here that gas and nutrient exchange occurs between body cells and the blood
Urea
Nitrogenous waste product of protein metabolism; major source of nitrogen in the urine
Denaturation
Alteration of a protein's three-dimensional structure, usually because of treatment by heat, enzymes, acid or alkaline solutions or agitation
Nonessential Amino Acids
Amino Acids that can be synthesized by a healthy body in a sufficient amounts, there are 11 nonessential also called Dispensable Amino Acids
Sickle Cell Anemia
Decreases function (oxygen carrying capacity) and causes the red blood cells to take a "s" sickle shape. Affects mostly African Americans (1/400births)
Amino Acids
The building blocks for protein
Edema
The buildup of excess fluid in extracellular spaces
Limiting Amino Acids
The essential amino acid in the lowest concentration in food or diet relative the body needs.
Protein turnover
The process by which cells break down old proteins and re-synthesize new proteins. This way the cell will have the proteins it needs to function at that time
Protein-calorie malnutrition
A condition resulting from regularly consuming insufficient amounts of calories and protein. The deficiency eventually results in body wasting, primarily of lean tissue, and an increased susceptibility to infections
Complementary proteins
Two food protein sources that make up for each other's inadequate supply of specific essential amino acids; together they yield a sufficient amount of all nine and, so provide high quality (complete) protein for the diet