nutrition chapter 7

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trypsin and chymotrypsin

____ and ____ break down polypeptides into shorter peptides and amino acids

neurotransmitters

____ send signals from one nerve cells to another

exogenous

____= dietary sources

kwashiorkor

form of undernutrition that results from consuming adequate energy and insufficient high-quality protein

acid-base balance

maintaining the proper pH of body fluids

pepsin

major stomach enzyme used for digesting proteins

weakness, wasting, death

marasmus can result in ____

complementary combinations

mixing certain plant foods to provide all essential amino acids without adding animal protein

enzymes

nearly all ____ are proteins

amino acids

nitrogen-containing chemical units that comprise proteins

liver

the ___ is the main site of nonessential amino acid production

exogenous

the body obtains about 2/3 of its amino acid supply from endogenous sources and the reminder from _____ sources

marasmus

the most severe form of PEM is starvation or ----

mRNA

the purpose of ___ is to transfer the DNA code from the cell's nucleus to the cytoplasm so that protein synthesis can occur

transamination

transfer of the nitrogen-containing group from an unneeded amino acid to a carbon skeleton to form an amino acid

endogenous

____= internal sources

marasmus, kwashiorkor

forms of PEM include...

vegetarian

a person who relies heavily on plant foods and may or may not include some animal foods in their diet is considered a

conditionally

a(n) _____ essential amino acid is a nonessential amino acid that must be made from essential amino acids if insufficient amounts are consumed

tryptophan, threonine, lysine, methionine, cysteine

limiting amino acids in foods

nitrogen

proteins contain ______

albumin

proteins in blood, such as _____, also help maintain the proper distribution of fluids in blood and body tissues

nutrigenetics

study of how a person's genetic makeup affects the way his or her body responds to food

nutrigenomics

study of how nutrients and other food components can affect one's genetic expression

shape

the ____ of a protein is characteristic of its function

endogenous

the amino acid pool is an ____ source of nitrogen

endogenous

the amino acid pool is an _____, or internal, source of nitrogen

9

the diet must supply ___ amino acids because the body cannot make to meet its needs

nitrogen

the element cells need to make a wide array of important biological compounds

kwashiorkor

the form of PEM that occurs when a previously breastfed toddler is suddenly weaned to a diet sufficient in energy but insufficient in protein is called ____

deamination

what process occurs primarily in the liver?

edema

when blood protein levels decrease and water leaks from the bloodstream into the spaces between cells, the resulting condition is called _____

absorptive cells

where are dipeptides and tripeptides broken into amino acids

stomach/small intestinal cells

where does protein digestion begin and end

eggs

which food rates very high for protein quality because it is easy to digest and has a pattern of essential amino acids that closely resembles that needed by humans

essential, indispensable

A(n) _____ amino acid cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts, or at all, and must be included in the diet

edema

accumulation of fluid in tissues

acid group

acid portion of a compound

denaturation

altering a protein's natural shape and function by exposing it to conditions such as heat, acids, and physical agitation

protein

amino acids are the building blocks of .....

protein

amino acids are the building blocks of _____

protein

amino acids are the end product of _____ digestion

essential amino acids

amino acids the body cannot make or make enough to meet its needs

nitrogen balance (equilibrium)

balancing nitrogen intake with nitrogen losses

protein turnover

cellular process of breaking down proteins and recycling their amino acids

peptide bond

chemical attraction that connects two amino acids together

celiac disease

common inherited condition that results in poor absorption of nutrients from the small intestine

protein-energy malnutrition

condition that results from diets that provide inadequate amounts of protein and energy

liver

deamination occurs primarily in the ____

ribosomes

during protein synthesis, the mRNA moves to the ______ after leaving the nucleus

buildup of fluid in the spaces between cells

edema refers to...

amino acids

end product of protein digestion

buffer

substance that an protect the pH of a solution

nonessential amino acids

group of amino acids that the body can make

proteins

hormones such as insulin and glucagon are made of _____

proteins

hormones, such as insulin and glucagons re made of ____

serve as buffers that resist changes in pH

how do proteins contribute to acid-base balance of the blood

10

humans digest animal proteins better than plant proteins. for this reason, vegetarians may need to increase their protein intake by about ____% to meet their protein requirements

no one

individual amino acid supplements are recommended for _______

antibodies

infection-fighting proteins

proteins

large, complex organic molecules made up of amino acids

R group

part of amino acid that identifies the molecule as a particular amino acid

vegetarians

people who eat plant-based diets

legumes

plants that produce pods with a single row of seeds

gene

portion of DNA

amino/nitrogen-containing group

portion of an amino acid that contains nitrogen

polypeptide

protein comprised of two or more amino acids

high-quality (complete) protein

protein that contains all essential amino acids in amounts that support the deposition of protein in tissues and the growth of a young person

low-quality (incomplete) protein

protein that lacks or has inadequate amounts of one or more of the essential amino acids

PKU

rare genetic metabolic disorder that occurs when cells are unable to produce an enzyme that converts the essential amino acid phenylalanine to other compounds

deamination

removal of the nitrogen-containing group from an amino acid

nutritional genomics

science that investigates the complex interactions among gene functioning, dietary choices, and the environment

peptides

small chains of amino acids

certain cancers

soybeans may reduce the risk of ....

marasmus

starvation

negative nitrogen balance

state in which the body loses more nitrogen than it retains

positive nitrogen balance

state in which the body retains more nitrogen than it loses

keratin

structural protein located in your nails, hair, and skin

collagen

structural protein such as _________ are in your cartilage, ligament, and bone tissue

lactovegetarian

vegetarian who consumes milk and milk products for animal protein

lactoovovegetarian

vegetarian who consumes milk products and eggs for animal protein

semivegetarian

vegetarian who eats animal products, except red meat

ovevegetarian

vegetarian who eats eggs for animal protein

vegan

vegetarian who eats only plant foods

urea

waste product of amino acid metabolism

protein turnover

______ is the process by which cells break down old proteins and resynthesize new proteins so that the cell will have the proteins it needs to function at that time

peptide

a ____ bond is a chemical bond formed between single amino acids in a protein

lactoovovegetarian

a ____ diet is a modified vegetarian diet that includes dairy products and eggs

calcium

a high protein diet can increase ____ loss in urine

pepsin

gastric enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller polypeptides


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