nutrition chapter 7
trypsin and chymotrypsin
____ and ____ break down polypeptides into shorter peptides and amino acids
neurotransmitters
____ send signals from one nerve cells to another
exogenous
____= dietary sources
kwashiorkor
form of undernutrition that results from consuming adequate energy and insufficient high-quality protein
acid-base balance
maintaining the proper pH of body fluids
pepsin
major stomach enzyme used for digesting proteins
weakness, wasting, death
marasmus can result in ____
complementary combinations
mixing certain plant foods to provide all essential amino acids without adding animal protein
enzymes
nearly all ____ are proteins
amino acids
nitrogen-containing chemical units that comprise proteins
liver
the ___ is the main site of nonessential amino acid production
exogenous
the body obtains about 2/3 of its amino acid supply from endogenous sources and the reminder from _____ sources
marasmus
the most severe form of PEM is starvation or ----
mRNA
the purpose of ___ is to transfer the DNA code from the cell's nucleus to the cytoplasm so that protein synthesis can occur
transamination
transfer of the nitrogen-containing group from an unneeded amino acid to a carbon skeleton to form an amino acid
endogenous
____= internal sources
marasmus, kwashiorkor
forms of PEM include...
vegetarian
a person who relies heavily on plant foods and may or may not include some animal foods in their diet is considered a
conditionally
a(n) _____ essential amino acid is a nonessential amino acid that must be made from essential amino acids if insufficient amounts are consumed
tryptophan, threonine, lysine, methionine, cysteine
limiting amino acids in foods
nitrogen
proteins contain ______
albumin
proteins in blood, such as _____, also help maintain the proper distribution of fluids in blood and body tissues
nutrigenetics
study of how a person's genetic makeup affects the way his or her body responds to food
nutrigenomics
study of how nutrients and other food components can affect one's genetic expression
shape
the ____ of a protein is characteristic of its function
endogenous
the amino acid pool is an ____ source of nitrogen
endogenous
the amino acid pool is an _____, or internal, source of nitrogen
9
the diet must supply ___ amino acids because the body cannot make to meet its needs
nitrogen
the element cells need to make a wide array of important biological compounds
kwashiorkor
the form of PEM that occurs when a previously breastfed toddler is suddenly weaned to a diet sufficient in energy but insufficient in protein is called ____
deamination
what process occurs primarily in the liver?
edema
when blood protein levels decrease and water leaks from the bloodstream into the spaces between cells, the resulting condition is called _____
absorptive cells
where are dipeptides and tripeptides broken into amino acids
stomach/small intestinal cells
where does protein digestion begin and end
eggs
which food rates very high for protein quality because it is easy to digest and has a pattern of essential amino acids that closely resembles that needed by humans
essential, indispensable
A(n) _____ amino acid cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts, or at all, and must be included in the diet
edema
accumulation of fluid in tissues
acid group
acid portion of a compound
denaturation
altering a protein's natural shape and function by exposing it to conditions such as heat, acids, and physical agitation
protein
amino acids are the building blocks of .....
protein
amino acids are the building blocks of _____
protein
amino acids are the end product of _____ digestion
essential amino acids
amino acids the body cannot make or make enough to meet its needs
nitrogen balance (equilibrium)
balancing nitrogen intake with nitrogen losses
protein turnover
cellular process of breaking down proteins and recycling their amino acids
peptide bond
chemical attraction that connects two amino acids together
celiac disease
common inherited condition that results in poor absorption of nutrients from the small intestine
protein-energy malnutrition
condition that results from diets that provide inadequate amounts of protein and energy
liver
deamination occurs primarily in the ____
ribosomes
during protein synthesis, the mRNA moves to the ______ after leaving the nucleus
buildup of fluid in the spaces between cells
edema refers to...
amino acids
end product of protein digestion
buffer
substance that an protect the pH of a solution
nonessential amino acids
group of amino acids that the body can make
proteins
hormones such as insulin and glucagon are made of _____
proteins
hormones, such as insulin and glucagons re made of ____
serve as buffers that resist changes in pH
how do proteins contribute to acid-base balance of the blood
10
humans digest animal proteins better than plant proteins. for this reason, vegetarians may need to increase their protein intake by about ____% to meet their protein requirements
no one
individual amino acid supplements are recommended for _______
antibodies
infection-fighting proteins
proteins
large, complex organic molecules made up of amino acids
R group
part of amino acid that identifies the molecule as a particular amino acid
vegetarians
people who eat plant-based diets
legumes
plants that produce pods with a single row of seeds
gene
portion of DNA
amino/nitrogen-containing group
portion of an amino acid that contains nitrogen
polypeptide
protein comprised of two or more amino acids
high-quality (complete) protein
protein that contains all essential amino acids in amounts that support the deposition of protein in tissues and the growth of a young person
low-quality (incomplete) protein
protein that lacks or has inadequate amounts of one or more of the essential amino acids
PKU
rare genetic metabolic disorder that occurs when cells are unable to produce an enzyme that converts the essential amino acid phenylalanine to other compounds
deamination
removal of the nitrogen-containing group from an amino acid
nutritional genomics
science that investigates the complex interactions among gene functioning, dietary choices, and the environment
peptides
small chains of amino acids
certain cancers
soybeans may reduce the risk of ....
marasmus
starvation
negative nitrogen balance
state in which the body loses more nitrogen than it retains
positive nitrogen balance
state in which the body retains more nitrogen than it loses
keratin
structural protein located in your nails, hair, and skin
collagen
structural protein such as _________ are in your cartilage, ligament, and bone tissue
lactovegetarian
vegetarian who consumes milk and milk products for animal protein
lactoovovegetarian
vegetarian who consumes milk products and eggs for animal protein
semivegetarian
vegetarian who eats animal products, except red meat
ovevegetarian
vegetarian who eats eggs for animal protein
vegan
vegetarian who eats only plant foods
urea
waste product of amino acid metabolism
protein turnover
______ is the process by which cells break down old proteins and resynthesize new proteins so that the cell will have the proteins it needs to function at that time
peptide
a ____ bond is a chemical bond formed between single amino acids in a protein
lactoovovegetarian
a ____ diet is a modified vegetarian diet that includes dairy products and eggs
calcium
a high protein diet can increase ____ loss in urine
pepsin
gastric enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller polypeptides
