Nutrition Chapter 9, 10, 11, 12

How many calories are provided for 60 mg of vitamin c?

0

Dehydration can cause---

Death

What are the possible risks of anemia during pregnancy?

Death of the mother during pregnancy, giving birth to premature infant

Which of the following is false?

Energy metabolism is an important function of fat-soluble vitamins.

Cottage cheese is not a rich source of calcium because

Most of the calcium is lost during production

Vitamins are different from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins because they are

Needed in much smaller amounts, needed in amounts measured in milligrams or micrograms

Adequate folate status is critical early in pregnancy because the ----- forms about 21 days after conception.

Neural tube

Which of the following are water-soluble vitamins?

Niacin, vit B-6, Riboflavin

Most people with osteoporosis are

Older adult women

Hip fractures in older adults are serious because

Only about 15% who break their hip can walk without assistance 6 months after the fracture, 25% who experience a hip fracture will die within one year of the injury due to complications of the surgery

The adult form of vitamin D deficiency is called

Osteomalacia

Symptoms of anemia

Pale skin, headache, fatigue and weakness

When blood calcium levels drop, vitamins D works with --- to signal bones to release calcium.

Parathyroid Hormone

Compounds in fruits and vegetables that may help prevent cancer include:

Phytochemical, carotenoids, and vitamin C

Vitamin D comes from both plant and animal food sources, the -- form of vitamin D is called ergocalciferol.

Plant

Calcium is often added to a variety of foods including:

Soy milk, orange juice, breakfast cereals

Anencephaly and-- may occur if a woman diet is low in folate.

Spina Bifida

Match the stage of iron deficiency with the description

Stage one: iron stores are lower than normal, Stage Two: Reduced cognitive function, Stage Three: The body forms hypo chromic microcytic red blood cells

Rank where water is lost in the body in order from the greatest source of loss to the least

Urine, insensible perspiration, expired air, feces

The term vitamin gets its meaning from

Vita- meaning necessary for life, amine- a nitrogen contains substance

When a water soluble vitamin assists in the chemical reaction involved in the metabolism of the macronutrients, this is known as its ---- function.

Coenzyme

Meats like beef, pork, and lamb are associated with an increased risk for

Colon Cancer

Iron supplements can cause

Constipation, nausea, and gastrointestinal distress

Fluoride is not considered an essential nutrient because

Doesn't sustain life and isn't required for growth

Which of the following may increase iron absorption?

Drinking a glass of orange juice with an iron supplement, combining heme and nonheme iron source

Shellfish, poultry, meat and eggs are all good sources of which vitamins?

Vitamin B-12

What may increase intestinal absorption of iron?

Vitamin C

Vitamin D helps the body absorb

phosphorus and calcium

Folate, vitamin B-12, and vitamin C are all examples of ---- soluble vitamins.

water

Vitamin C can act as a --- by donating electrons to radicals. In excess, however, vitamin C may act as ---- by promoting radical production.

Antioxidant, prooxidant

Many Americans consume less than the recommended amounts of vitamins:

D, E, K

What foods are rich sources of riboflavin?

Dairy

The prevalence of neutral tube defects has --- by about 30% since enrichment of foods with folic acid began in 1998.

Declined

Rank the steps of the visual cycle beginning with cards conditions

In dark conditions, retinal is attached inside opsin to make rhodopsin, light activates rhodopsin by causing retinal to change sharp which causes opsin to change shape, activated rhodopsin stimulate rod cell changes that result in vision, following rhodopsin activation, retinal detaches from opsin, energy is required to bring retinal back to its original form, retinal attaches to opsin to from rhodopsin.

Why is taking excess amounts of fat soluble vitamins more likely to cause toxicity than taking excesses of water soluble vitamins?

In general, excesses of fat soluble vitamins cant be excreted as easily as water soluble vitamins

Kidney stones are formed by the presence of which of the following

Minerals and waste products

Which of the following is a cofactor of four enzymes including sulfite oxidase and xanthine oxidase?

Molybdenum

Which of the following foods contains the most potassium per serving and is low in fat and sodium?

Papaya

Pickled foods, canned soups, soy sauce, and deli meats contain high amounts of ---

Sodium

The synthetic form of folate is called

Folic Acid

---- helps hold the watery and fatty ingredients together in a product.

Lecithin

The UL for iodine is ----- mg/day.

1.1

Good sources of vitamin D

Whole milk, skim milk, fatty fish, not cucumbers

For adult women, what is the RDA for iron?

18 mg/day

Long distance runners may need --- more iron than people who are not as vigorously active.

30%

According to a 2005-2006 survey, approximately -- of American adults had low blood levels of vitamin D.

41%

The upper level (UL) from iron is

45 mg

Milk loses-- of its calcium content during the process to make cottage cheese.

50%

The RDA for iron is highest for

A 30 year old woman

Which of the following may lead to decreased iron absorption?

A high calcium meal, taking antacids

Most of the sodium in the American diet comes from salt

Added during processing, preparation, and cooked meals at the table

Which of the following groups of Americans has the highest risk of hypertension?

African Americans

How does alcohol lead to dehydration?

Alcohol inhibit ADH secretion

The hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates the kidneys to conserve water is called

Antidiuretic hormone

Vitamin E Folate Vitamin D

Antioxidant defense blood formation bone health

The nutrients that, working together, may lower the risk of stroke, depression and dementia are

B-12, folate, and B-6

Premature infants and people recovering from serious disease and injuries may have a conditional need for

Carnitine

Which statement is true about vitamins?

Cells can be damaged by excess vitamin intake, excess vitamin intake can produce a toxicity disorder, cells can become saturated with a vitamin

Because the heart with anemia has to work harder to circulate oxygen poor blood throughout the body, over time anemia can cause

Chest pain, Irregular heartbeat, enlarged heart

Paolo's diet contains high amounts of ----, which is classified as a trace mineral.

Chromium

Beckys 2 year old son cant walk because he was born with spina bifida. To reduce the chances that her next baby is born with this birth defect or related disorders, Becky should...

Consume green leafy veggies, drink orange juice, and take a folic acid supplement before getting prego

Jeanette is a vegan concerned about her iron intake. Which of the following practices would you recommend to Jeanette to increase her iron intake from plant foods?

Cooking vegetables in a cast iron skillet with tomatoes or lemon juice

Lydias diet lacks ----, which is classified as a trace mineral.

Copper

Which of the following minerals are trace minerals?

Copper, iron, and manganese

Vitamin -- is not widespread in foods, and therefore can be synthesized by the body with adequate sunlight exposure.

D

Vitamin --- is necessary for the metabolism of the minerals and calcium and phosphorus, and the production and maintenance of healthy bones.

D

Adding vitamin B to refined flour and other milled grain products is an example of:

Enrichment

Cancer causation is a complex process. No single factor usually causes cancer, which combo of facts contribute to most cancer cases?

Environmental exposures, lifestyle practices, genetic makeup

Which terms best describe the mineral molybdenum?

Essential, trace

The absorption of Vitamins B-12 occurs more readily when Vitamin B-12 is in its natural form versos the synthetic form of the micronutrient.

False

Vitamins A, D, K, E are all --- soluble vitamins

Fat

Good source of vitamin D?

Fatty fish and fish oils

Green leafy veggies and orange juice are rich sources of

Folate

Why does vitamin C enhance the absorption of nonheme iron?

Forms a complex with iron enhancing the body ability to absorb the mineral, donates an electron to nonhdme iron making it more absorbable.

--- involves the addition during manufacturing of one or more vitamins to a wide array of commonly eaten foods.

Fortification

What is highly reactive and removes electrons from more stable molecules such as proteins, fatty acids, and DNA?

Free radical

Vitamins E protects the polyunsaturated fatty acids that are located in cell membranes from being damaged by

Free radicals

What is the first sign of iron deficiency?

Goiter

Which of the following food groups includes foods that are among the best source of riboflavin?

Grains

Not a good source of vitamin E?

Ground beef

Excess oxidation leading to chemical changes in cells may ultimately lead to

Heart attack, caner, stroke

People with hypertension are at an increased risk of

Heart disease, kidney failure, and stroke

The protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen is called

Hemoglobin

Which foods are good sources of vitamin D?

Herring, salmon, milk

The sequence of events in the digestion and absorption of Vitamin B-12

Hydrochloric acid separates B-12 from animal protein, the stomach secretes intrinsic factors, B-12 binds to inartistic factor (IF), the IF/ B-12 complex enters the cells and the complex breaks apart, B-12 binds to carrier molecule for transport in the blood.

In iron deficiency anemia, the body produces pale red (---), small cell (--) red blood cells

Hypochromic, microcytic

Vitamin A Thiamin Folate

Immune function Energy metabolism Blood formation

antioxidant supplements may -- the risk for certain types of cancer.

Increase

If a cell needs more iron, the amount of transferrin receptors on its membrane -- and the amount of receptors in the blood stream -----.

Increases, increases

Accidental consumption of --- supplements is the leading cause of death due to poisoning in children under the age of 6.

Iron

Emma consumes dairy products, but she does not eat meat, fish, eggs, or poultry. She eats some veggies and fruits, but she avoids beans, breads, and cereal products. Base on this her diet lacks adequate?

Iron

Marty has hemochromatosis. Which of the following supplements should he avoid taking?

Iron

Which of the following is true about free radicals?

It removes electrons from more stable molecules, it is a substance with an unaired electron, it is highly reactive

Skeletal fluorosis can lead to

Joint stiffness, increase fracture risk, bone pain

Good sources of folate:

Liver, asparagus, leafy veggies

---- consumption of high amounts of fluoride can lead to skeletal fluorosis

Long term

Signs of hereditary hemochromatosis:

Loss of sex drive, abdominal pain, fatigue

The American Cancer Society recommends you do them following in order to reduce cancer risk.

Maintain a healthy weight, become physically active, avoid exposure to tobacco.

Iodine is necessary for ----.

Maintaining normal thyroid function

---- is an important activator of many enzymes that play roles in wound healing, metabolism, bone and cartilage formation and antioxidant function.

Manganese

Iron can be lost each day through

Menstruation, urine, gastrointestinal tract, skin

A-- promotes production of free radicals.

Prooxidant

Anemia is a condition where the body does not have enough healthy

Red blood cells

Basic roles of vitamins:

Regulates body processes, involved in cell division and development

People whose blood pressure remains uncontrolled while taking three medications have

Resistant hypertension

The light- sensitive area inside each eye is called the -- and contains rods and cones, specialized nerve cells that are essential to vision.

Retina

Vitamin A Vitamin E Vitamin C

Retinol Alpha- tocopherol Ascorbic Acid

--- is a deficiency disease in children characterized by inadequate vitamin D levels. This results in bones that are soft and misshapen and muscle pains.

Rickets

Which of following foods is a good source of vitamin B-12?

Salmon

Which of the following is a good source of vitamin B-12?

Sardines

Lola doesn't like to cook, so she eats fast food at least three times a week. When she doesn't eat fast food, she opens a can of soup and makes a ham and cheese sandwich. For snacks, she prefers processed cheese cubes, potato chips, and pretzels. Based on this info, her diet is very high in

Sodium

What is the most common method for assessing an individuals iron status?

Serum ferritin concentration

The role of angiotensin is to

Stimulate the release of aldosterone, acts as a vasoconstrictor

Consuming a calcium rich diet may have beneficial effects on

Successful weight loss

Which foods are good sources of Vitamin E?

Sunflower seeds and plant oils

Vitamins B-12 absorbs more readily in its-- form because the vitamin is not attached to an animal protein.

Synthetic

The blood pressure reading that is always higher than the other is the

Systolic pressure

Most people do not need to be concerned about vitamin toxicity unless they are

Taking megadose of vitamin supplements or consuming large amounts of vitamin fortified foods

A total parental solution is a liquid mixture

That provides nourishment to those who are unable to eat normally and is administered intravenously.

What criteria must a nutrient meet to be classified as a vitamin?

The body cannot make it at all or in sufficient quantities to paint good health, signs and symptoms of a health problem occur if the nutrient is missing from the diet, the nutrient occurs in commonly eaten foods

Dairy products often inhibit iron absorption because

They have a high calcium content

Pork, legumes, enriched grains and Brewers yeast are all good sources of which vitamins?

Thiamin

What gland uses iodine?

Thyroid gland

The amount of time one needs to spend in the sun to form adequate amounts for vitamin D depend on

Time of day, location, skin color

--- minerals perform vital roles in the body although the body only requires consumption of less than 100mg/day.

Trace

Stages in order by which cells acquire more iron?

Transferrin receptors increase in response to low iron, transferrin binds to the transferrin receptor, transferrin transports iron.

True of false: Most unusable substance in the body can dissolve in water and exit the body through the urine.

True

True or False: It is unlikely that any vitamins are currently left undiscovered

True

True or False: The primary source of chloride in the typical American diet is table or sea salt.

True

True or False: Vitamin A is involved in production of white blood cells.

True

True or false: A diet low in sodium, coupled with excessive perspiration, persistent vomiting, or diarrhea, has the ability to deplete the body of sodium. This can lead to muscle cramps, nausea, committing, dizziness and Kate shock and coma.

True

True or false: Absorption of non- heme iron is greater in individuals who are iron deficient.

True

True or false: Phosphorus is necessary for the body to synthesize phospholipids and ATP.

True

Which fat soluble vitamin is involved in the production of active blood clotting factors?

Vitamin K

In the US, newborns receive an injection or --- to prevent ----.

Vitamin K, bleeding

Water soluble vitamins include

Vitamins B and C

Folate metabolic rolls are related to those of ---. Diets that lack either vitamin produce a number of identical deficiency signs and symptoms.

Vitamins B-12

Which of the following is the best source of riboflavin?

Yogurt

A young man in a rural Iranian village eats very little meat....

Zinc

The trace mineral that may inhibit the multiplication of the cold virus in the nasal or oral cavity is ---.

Zinc

3 leading causes of cancer for women death are

breast, colorectal, lung

A group of chronic diseases characterized by cells that have undergone damage is

cancer

Alcohol is considered to be a --- a caner causing agent.

carcinogen

The yellow-orange pigments in fruits and veggies are called

carotenoids

Preserving water- soluble vitamins in food prep can be achieved by

cooking fruits and veggies with their skins, cooking veggies in small amounts of water, cutting produce into large pieces

A blood pressure reading that represents the pressure in an artery when the vertricles relax between contractions is called the

diastolic pressure

In the body pantothenic acid is important for

energy metabolism, fatty acid synthesis

Parathyroid hormone ---

enhances the body ability to retain calcium

Cooking meat at high temperature may cause the formation of the

heterocyclic amines carcinogens

In the human body, water is involved in

regulating body temperature

Rank the steps involved in cancer development and progression beginning with a healthy specialized cell:

The genes that control cell division in a healthy, specialized cells is damaged by a carcinogen, With repeated damage, one abnormal cell divides uncontrollably, Malignant cells become a tumor, Invasive cell multiples , tumor grows and interfere with normal tissue functioning, Malignant sells enter circulatory or lymphatic systems (metastasize) and form new tumors in other parts of the body, Tumor stimulates development of its own blood supply.

Since the vitamin is only found in animal products, people who eat little or no meat are at risk for a deficiency of ---

Vitamin B 12

Characteristic of pernicious anemia include

Vitamin B-12 deficiency, megaloblastic red blood cells, nerve damage