Nutrition Chapter 9, 10, 11, 12
How many calories are provided for 60 mg of vitamin c?
0
Dehydration can cause---
Death
What are the possible risks of anemia during pregnancy?
Death of the mother during pregnancy, giving birth to premature infant
Which of the following is false?
Energy metabolism is an important function of fat-soluble vitamins.
Cottage cheese is not a rich source of calcium because
Most of the calcium is lost during production
Vitamins are different from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins because they are
Needed in much smaller amounts, needed in amounts measured in milligrams or micrograms
Adequate folate status is critical early in pregnancy because the ----- forms about 21 days after conception.
Neural tube
Which of the following are water-soluble vitamins?
Niacin, vit B-6, Riboflavin
Most people with osteoporosis are
Older adult women
Hip fractures in older adults are serious because
Only about 15% who break their hip can walk without assistance 6 months after the fracture, 25% who experience a hip fracture will die within one year of the injury due to complications of the surgery
The adult form of vitamin D deficiency is called
Osteomalacia
Symptoms of anemia
Pale skin, headache, fatigue and weakness
When blood calcium levels drop, vitamins D works with --- to signal bones to release calcium.
Parathyroid Hormone
Compounds in fruits and vegetables that may help prevent cancer include:
Phytochemical, carotenoids, and vitamin C
Vitamin D comes from both plant and animal food sources, the -- form of vitamin D is called ergocalciferol.
Plant
Calcium is often added to a variety of foods including:
Soy milk, orange juice, breakfast cereals
Anencephaly and-- may occur if a woman diet is low in folate.
Spina Bifida
Match the stage of iron deficiency with the description
Stage one: iron stores are lower than normal, Stage Two: Reduced cognitive function, Stage Three: The body forms hypo chromic microcytic red blood cells
Rank where water is lost in the body in order from the greatest source of loss to the least
Urine, insensible perspiration, expired air, feces
The term vitamin gets its meaning from
Vita- meaning necessary for life, amine- a nitrogen contains substance
When a water soluble vitamin assists in the chemical reaction involved in the metabolism of the macronutrients, this is known as its ---- function.
Coenzyme
Meats like beef, pork, and lamb are associated with an increased risk for
Colon Cancer
Iron supplements can cause
Constipation, nausea, and gastrointestinal distress
Fluoride is not considered an essential nutrient because
Doesn't sustain life and isn't required for growth
Which of the following may increase iron absorption?
Drinking a glass of orange juice with an iron supplement, combining heme and nonheme iron source
Shellfish, poultry, meat and eggs are all good sources of which vitamins?
Vitamin B-12
What may increase intestinal absorption of iron?
Vitamin C
Vitamin D helps the body absorb
phosphorus and calcium
Folate, vitamin B-12, and vitamin C are all examples of ---- soluble vitamins.
water
Vitamin C can act as a --- by donating electrons to radicals. In excess, however, vitamin C may act as ---- by promoting radical production.
Antioxidant, prooxidant
Many Americans consume less than the recommended amounts of vitamins:
D, E, K
What foods are rich sources of riboflavin?
Dairy
The prevalence of neutral tube defects has --- by about 30% since enrichment of foods with folic acid began in 1998.
Declined
Rank the steps of the visual cycle beginning with cards conditions
In dark conditions, retinal is attached inside opsin to make rhodopsin, light activates rhodopsin by causing retinal to change sharp which causes opsin to change shape, activated rhodopsin stimulate rod cell changes that result in vision, following rhodopsin activation, retinal detaches from opsin, energy is required to bring retinal back to its original form, retinal attaches to opsin to from rhodopsin.
Why is taking excess amounts of fat soluble vitamins more likely to cause toxicity than taking excesses of water soluble vitamins?
In general, excesses of fat soluble vitamins cant be excreted as easily as water soluble vitamins
Kidney stones are formed by the presence of which of the following
Minerals and waste products
Which of the following is a cofactor of four enzymes including sulfite oxidase and xanthine oxidase?
Molybdenum
Which of the following foods contains the most potassium per serving and is low in fat and sodium?
Papaya
Pickled foods, canned soups, soy sauce, and deli meats contain high amounts of ---
Sodium
The synthetic form of folate is called
Folic Acid
---- helps hold the watery and fatty ingredients together in a product.
Lecithin
The UL for iodine is ----- mg/day.
1.1
Good sources of vitamin D
Whole milk, skim milk, fatty fish, not cucumbers
For adult women, what is the RDA for iron?
18 mg/day
Long distance runners may need --- more iron than people who are not as vigorously active.
30%
According to a 2005-2006 survey, approximately -- of American adults had low blood levels of vitamin D.
41%
The upper level (UL) from iron is
45 mg
Milk loses-- of its calcium content during the process to make cottage cheese.
50%
The RDA for iron is highest for
A 30 year old woman
Which of the following may lead to decreased iron absorption?
A high calcium meal, taking antacids
Most of the sodium in the American diet comes from salt
Added during processing, preparation, and cooked meals at the table
Which of the following groups of Americans has the highest risk of hypertension?
African Americans
How does alcohol lead to dehydration?
Alcohol inhibit ADH secretion
The hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates the kidneys to conserve water is called
Antidiuretic hormone
Vitamin E Folate Vitamin D
Antioxidant defense blood formation bone health
The nutrients that, working together, may lower the risk of stroke, depression and dementia are
B-12, folate, and B-6
Premature infants and people recovering from serious disease and injuries may have a conditional need for
Carnitine
Which statement is true about vitamins?
Cells can be damaged by excess vitamin intake, excess vitamin intake can produce a toxicity disorder, cells can become saturated with a vitamin
Because the heart with anemia has to work harder to circulate oxygen poor blood throughout the body, over time anemia can cause
Chest pain, Irregular heartbeat, enlarged heart
Paolo's diet contains high amounts of ----, which is classified as a trace mineral.
Chromium
Beckys 2 year old son cant walk because he was born with spina bifida. To reduce the chances that her next baby is born with this birth defect or related disorders, Becky should...
Consume green leafy veggies, drink orange juice, and take a folic acid supplement before getting prego
Jeanette is a vegan concerned about her iron intake. Which of the following practices would you recommend to Jeanette to increase her iron intake from plant foods?
Cooking vegetables in a cast iron skillet with tomatoes or lemon juice
Lydias diet lacks ----, which is classified as a trace mineral.
Copper
Which of the following minerals are trace minerals?
Copper, iron, and manganese
Vitamin -- is not widespread in foods, and therefore can be synthesized by the body with adequate sunlight exposure.
D
Vitamin --- is necessary for the metabolism of the minerals and calcium and phosphorus, and the production and maintenance of healthy bones.
D
Adding vitamin B to refined flour and other milled grain products is an example of:
Enrichment
Cancer causation is a complex process. No single factor usually causes cancer, which combo of facts contribute to most cancer cases?
Environmental exposures, lifestyle practices, genetic makeup
Which terms best describe the mineral molybdenum?
Essential, trace
The absorption of Vitamins B-12 occurs more readily when Vitamin B-12 is in its natural form versos the synthetic form of the micronutrient.
False
Vitamins A, D, K, E are all --- soluble vitamins
Fat
Good source of vitamin D?
Fatty fish and fish oils
Green leafy veggies and orange juice are rich sources of
Folate
Why does vitamin C enhance the absorption of nonheme iron?
Forms a complex with iron enhancing the body ability to absorb the mineral, donates an electron to nonhdme iron making it more absorbable.
--- involves the addition during manufacturing of one or more vitamins to a wide array of commonly eaten foods.
Fortification
What is highly reactive and removes electrons from more stable molecules such as proteins, fatty acids, and DNA?
Free radical
Vitamins E protects the polyunsaturated fatty acids that are located in cell membranes from being damaged by
Free radicals
What is the first sign of iron deficiency?
Goiter
Which of the following food groups includes foods that are among the best source of riboflavin?
Grains
Not a good source of vitamin E?
Ground beef
Excess oxidation leading to chemical changes in cells may ultimately lead to
Heart attack, caner, stroke
People with hypertension are at an increased risk of
Heart disease, kidney failure, and stroke
The protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen is called
Hemoglobin
Which foods are good sources of vitamin D?
Herring, salmon, milk
The sequence of events in the digestion and absorption of Vitamin B-12
Hydrochloric acid separates B-12 from animal protein, the stomach secretes intrinsic factors, B-12 binds to inartistic factor (IF), the IF/ B-12 complex enters the cells and the complex breaks apart, B-12 binds to carrier molecule for transport in the blood.
In iron deficiency anemia, the body produces pale red (---), small cell (--) red blood cells
Hypochromic, microcytic
Vitamin A Thiamin Folate
Immune function Energy metabolism Blood formation
antioxidant supplements may -- the risk for certain types of cancer.
Increase
If a cell needs more iron, the amount of transferrin receptors on its membrane -- and the amount of receptors in the blood stream -----.
Increases, increases
Accidental consumption of --- supplements is the leading cause of death due to poisoning in children under the age of 6.
Iron
Emma consumes dairy products, but she does not eat meat, fish, eggs, or poultry. She eats some veggies and fruits, but she avoids beans, breads, and cereal products. Base on this her diet lacks adequate?
Iron
Marty has hemochromatosis. Which of the following supplements should he avoid taking?
Iron
Which of the following is true about free radicals?
It removes electrons from more stable molecules, it is a substance with an unaired electron, it is highly reactive
Skeletal fluorosis can lead to
Joint stiffness, increase fracture risk, bone pain
Good sources of folate:
Liver, asparagus, leafy veggies
---- consumption of high amounts of fluoride can lead to skeletal fluorosis
Long term
Signs of hereditary hemochromatosis:
Loss of sex drive, abdominal pain, fatigue
The American Cancer Society recommends you do them following in order to reduce cancer risk.
Maintain a healthy weight, become physically active, avoid exposure to tobacco.
Iodine is necessary for ----.
Maintaining normal thyroid function
---- is an important activator of many enzymes that play roles in wound healing, metabolism, bone and cartilage formation and antioxidant function.
Manganese
Iron can be lost each day through
Menstruation, urine, gastrointestinal tract, skin
A-- promotes production of free radicals.
Prooxidant
Anemia is a condition where the body does not have enough healthy
Red blood cells
Basic roles of vitamins:
Regulates body processes, involved in cell division and development
People whose blood pressure remains uncontrolled while taking three medications have
Resistant hypertension
The light- sensitive area inside each eye is called the -- and contains rods and cones, specialized nerve cells that are essential to vision.
Retina
Vitamin A Vitamin E Vitamin C
Retinol Alpha- tocopherol Ascorbic Acid
--- is a deficiency disease in children characterized by inadequate vitamin D levels. This results in bones that are soft and misshapen and muscle pains.
Rickets
Which of following foods is a good source of vitamin B-12?
Salmon
Which of the following is a good source of vitamin B-12?
Sardines
Lola doesn't like to cook, so she eats fast food at least three times a week. When she doesn't eat fast food, she opens a can of soup and makes a ham and cheese sandwich. For snacks, she prefers processed cheese cubes, potato chips, and pretzels. Based on this info, her diet is very high in
Sodium
What is the most common method for assessing an individuals iron status?
Serum ferritin concentration
The role of angiotensin is to
Stimulate the release of aldosterone, acts as a vasoconstrictor
Consuming a calcium rich diet may have beneficial effects on
Successful weight loss
Which foods are good sources of Vitamin E?
Sunflower seeds and plant oils
Vitamins B-12 absorbs more readily in its-- form because the vitamin is not attached to an animal protein.
Synthetic
The blood pressure reading that is always higher than the other is the
Systolic pressure
Most people do not need to be concerned about vitamin toxicity unless they are
Taking megadose of vitamin supplements or consuming large amounts of vitamin fortified foods
A total parental solution is a liquid mixture
That provides nourishment to those who are unable to eat normally and is administered intravenously.
What criteria must a nutrient meet to be classified as a vitamin?
The body cannot make it at all or in sufficient quantities to paint good health, signs and symptoms of a health problem occur if the nutrient is missing from the diet, the nutrient occurs in commonly eaten foods
Dairy products often inhibit iron absorption because
They have a high calcium content
Pork, legumes, enriched grains and Brewers yeast are all good sources of which vitamins?
Thiamin
What gland uses iodine?
Thyroid gland
The amount of time one needs to spend in the sun to form adequate amounts for vitamin D depend on
Time of day, location, skin color
--- minerals perform vital roles in the body although the body only requires consumption of less than 100mg/day.
Trace
Stages in order by which cells acquire more iron?
Transferrin receptors increase in response to low iron, transferrin binds to the transferrin receptor, transferrin transports iron.
True of false: Most unusable substance in the body can dissolve in water and exit the body through the urine.
True
True or False: It is unlikely that any vitamins are currently left undiscovered
True
True or False: The primary source of chloride in the typical American diet is table or sea salt.
True
True or False: Vitamin A is involved in production of white blood cells.
True
True or false: A diet low in sodium, coupled with excessive perspiration, persistent vomiting, or diarrhea, has the ability to deplete the body of sodium. This can lead to muscle cramps, nausea, committing, dizziness and Kate shock and coma.
True
True or false: Absorption of non- heme iron is greater in individuals who are iron deficient.
True
True or false: Phosphorus is necessary for the body to synthesize phospholipids and ATP.
True
Which fat soluble vitamin is involved in the production of active blood clotting factors?
Vitamin K
In the US, newborns receive an injection or --- to prevent ----.
Vitamin K, bleeding
Water soluble vitamins include
Vitamins B and C
Folate metabolic rolls are related to those of ---. Diets that lack either vitamin produce a number of identical deficiency signs and symptoms.
Vitamins B-12
Which of the following is the best source of riboflavin?
Yogurt
A young man in a rural Iranian village eats very little meat....
Zinc
The trace mineral that may inhibit the multiplication of the cold virus in the nasal or oral cavity is ---.
Zinc
3 leading causes of cancer for women death are
breast, colorectal, lung
A group of chronic diseases characterized by cells that have undergone damage is
cancer
Alcohol is considered to be a --- a caner causing agent.
carcinogen
The yellow-orange pigments in fruits and veggies are called
carotenoids
Preserving water- soluble vitamins in food prep can be achieved by
cooking fruits and veggies with their skins, cooking veggies in small amounts of water, cutting produce into large pieces
A blood pressure reading that represents the pressure in an artery when the vertricles relax between contractions is called the
diastolic pressure
In the body pantothenic acid is important for
energy metabolism, fatty acid synthesis
Parathyroid hormone ---
enhances the body ability to retain calcium
Cooking meat at high temperature may cause the formation of the
heterocyclic amines carcinogens
In the human body, water is involved in
regulating body temperature
Rank the steps involved in cancer development and progression beginning with a healthy specialized cell:
The genes that control cell division in a healthy, specialized cells is damaged by a carcinogen, With repeated damage, one abnormal cell divides uncontrollably, Malignant cells become a tumor, Invasive cell multiples , tumor grows and interfere with normal tissue functioning, Malignant sells enter circulatory or lymphatic systems (metastasize) and form new tumors in other parts of the body, Tumor stimulates development of its own blood supply.
Since the vitamin is only found in animal products, people who eat little or no meat are at risk for a deficiency of ---
Vitamin B 12
Characteristic of pernicious anemia include
Vitamin B-12 deficiency, megaloblastic red blood cells, nerve damage