Nutrition Chapter 9

Approximately how many kcalories are expended per kilogram body weight when walking a mile at a moderate pace?

1

The classification of underweight is defined when the BMI first drops below

18.5

Which of the following describes a relationship between leptin and energy balance?

Blood levels of leptin usually correlate directly with body fat

Which of the following is a feature of the body's response to engaging in physical activity?

after an intense and vigorous workout, metabolism elevated for several hours

Which of the following is a feature of weight-loss remedies?

dietary supplements are not necessarily tested for safety or effectiveness

Which of the following would NOT be part of a successful program of weight gain in an underweight individual?

eat a large number of small meals

What is the classification of a person who is 6 feet 4 inches tall and 202 lbs?

heavy weight

Television watching contributes to obesity for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

it replaces time that could be spent eating

Which of the following is a feature of ghrelin?

it stimulates appetite and energy storage

Features of the adaptive response to regular physical exercise include all of the following EXCEPT

it stimulates digestive function in the postexercise period

Which of the following is a feature of ghrelin?

its blood concentration is very high in people with anorexia nervosa

What are the observed effects of sleep deprivation of leptin and ghrelin?

leptin decreases while ghrelin increases

As general rule, what minimum number of kcalories per day is necessary to ensure nutritional adequacy in an eating plan for reducing body weight?

1200

According to body mass index values, what fraction of the U.S. adult population is considered overweight or obese?

2/3

Approximately how many kcalories per week should be expended in physical activity in order to maintain a weight loss?

2000

A person who weighs 150 lbs. and walks at a pace of 3 miles/hour expends about how many kcalories in that hour?

270

A typical person who burns 200 kcalories during a 2-mile run would, in the postexercise period, burn an additional

30 kcalories

According to body mass index figures, what percentage of people aged 2-19 years are overweight or obese?

33%

Approximately what percentage of U.S. adults are classified as underweight?

5

Clinically severe obesity is also known as

morbid obesity

Over-the-counter products labeled as "dieter's tea" are reported to lead to

nausea and diarrhea

The prescription drug sibutramine acts by regulating the utilization of

serotonin

To help maximize the long-term success of a person's weight-loss program, which of the following personal attitudes should be encouraged in the individual?

strongly believing that weight can be lost

All of the following are behavior modifications for losing weight EXCEPT

taking smaller portions of food but always eating everything on the plate quickly

What primary reason that laxatives are generally not effective agents for losing weight?

they act on the large intestine rather than the small intestine

Fad diets often produce weight loss, at least initially, because

they are designed to limit energy intake to around 1200 kcal/day

What serves as the body's chief storage site for lipids?

white adipose tissue

To help prevent body fat gain, the DRI suggests daily, moderately intense, physical activities totaling

60 minutes

At any given time, approximately what percentage of all U.S. adults are attempting to lose weight?

60%

Which of the following is a feature of the lipoprotein lipase enzyme?

Its activities in men and women are sex-related and explain the differences in major fat storage regions of the body

Which of the following is a characteristic of fat cell development?

More and larger fat cells are found in obese people compared with healthy-weight persons

Which of the following defines the body's set point?

Point above which the body tends to lose weight and below which it tends to gain weight

Which of the following is a feature of physical inactivity and energy balance?

differences in the time obese and lean people spend lying, sitting, standing, and moving account for about 350 kcalories per day

All of the following are associations between the environment and food intake EXCEPT

distractions generally appear to reduce food intake

All of the following are sensible guidelines for diet plans EXCEPT

eat rapidly to avoid prolonged contact with food

Which of the following is a feature of energy metabolism in formerly obese people who have lost weight?

energy requirements are lower than expected for their current body weight

A popular eating plan that promises quick weight loss is known as a(n)

fad diet

What is the rationale for the fat cell theory of obesity?

fat cell number increases most readily in late childhood and early puberty

Of the following, which is NOT among the recommended strategies for weight gain in an underweight person?

forced awakening during the night for supplemental meals and snacks

Why is weight loss, in part, more successful with exercise and also after bypass surgery?

ghrelin levels are relatively low

What is the principal reason that appetite is turned off immediately after a person finishes an intense workout?

glucose and fatty acids are still abundant in the blood

What is the chief factor that determines a person's susceptibility to obesity?

heredity and environment

Aggressive treatment should be introduced in obese people if they have which of the following risk factors?

high LDL and low HDL

Which of the following does NOT represent a common environmental influence on eating behaviors?

being in a pleasant atmosphere often lengthens the time of the meal but not the amount of food eaten

Kirima is a Native Eskimo who lives in one of the coldest regions in the world. What type of adipose tissue is most effective at helping her to maintain warm body temperatures during the coldest parts of the year?

brown

On which organ or tissue does leptin primarily act?

hypothalamus

Among the following, which is the most important strategy for an underweight person who wishes to achieve a healthy body weight?

a high-kcalories diet plus regular exercise

In the quest for achieving desirable body weight, adults have control over all of the following EXCEPT

adipocyte number

Fraudulent weight reduction literature refers to visually apparent, lumpy forms of body fat as

cellulite

The feeling of satiety from weight-loss diets is best achieved by diets rich in

complex carbohydrates

What is the chief reason that health-care professionals advise people to engage only in low-to-moderate intensity activities for prolonged duration rather than more intense, shorter routines?

compliance is better

Hyperplastic obesity is related to a(n)

increase in the number of fat cells

What is the primary action of orlistat, a weight-loss drug?

it inhibits pancreatic lipase

As a new assistant in a weight-loss research laboratory, you are given a tour of the mouse laboratory. Why is the leptin-deficient mouse much larger than its leptin-sufficient counterpart?

leptin deficiency enhances appetite and decreases energy expenditure

Which of the following is known to promote fat storage in adipocytes?

lipoprotein lipase

Adverse effects on organs such as the liver from the presence of excess body fat is known as

lipotoxicity

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of obese people?

most weight-loss programs that use state-of-the-art techniques allow for long-term weight loss

Which of the following is a relation of "spot reducing" to exercise?

no exercise can target fat removal from any specific area of the body

Compared with non-obese people, obese people have a lower

physical activity level

Which of the following describes a trend of worldwide obesity?

prevalence of obesity has leveled out in the last few years

Because obesity apparently has many causes, even in an individual, the best approach seems to be

prevention

What is the best approach to weight loss?

reduce daily energy intake and increase energy expenditure

All of the following are characteristics of food portion sizes EXCEPT

reducing portion size has a bigger impact than reducing energy density as a means of lowering total energy intake

Which of the following would be most effective at lowering energy intake in a person on a weight reduction program?

select less energy-dense foods

The drug sibutramine reduces appetite by affecting

serotonin utilization in the brain

Your patient, Mr. Sinclair, has a BMI of 43 and is taking drugs to lose weight. He has heard that some drugs cause lots of gastrointestinal discomfort and would prefer to take one that doesn't give him any of these side effects. Which of the following should be prescribed for Mr. Sinclair?

sibutramine

The most likely explanation for why women readily store fat around the hips whereas men readily store fat around the abdomen is gender differences in

the activity of lipoprotein lipase

All of the following describe the behavior of fat cells EXCEPT

the number decreases when fat is lost from the body

What is the principal reason that the FDA has banned the sale of products containing ephedrine?

the products were implicated in several cases of heart attacks and seizures

All of the following are features of fat cell metabolism in men and women EXCEPT

the rate of fat breakdown is higher in women than in men

Which of the following describes the research results regarding obese women in weight-loss programs?

they initially expected to lose unrealistic amounts of weight

All of the following are meal-planning strategies for underweight people who desire to gain weight EXCEPT

they should refrain from between-meal snacking, especially energy drinks

Which of the following is a characteristic of the body's major types of adipose tissue?

very little brown fat is found in adults whereas more is seen in infants

Which of the following describes a connection between physical activity and energy expenditure?

walking a mile uses about the same energy as running a mile

Which of the following is the best evidence that environment must play a role in obesity?

The rate of obesity has been rising while the gene pool has remained relatively constant

Jody is taking a nutrition class, and has been assigned to evaluate a popular diet plan. She finds a description of a plan for her assignment in a magazine at the grocery store. Which of the following statements in the magazine would suggest that this plan is an unsound, fad diet?

"once you complete this 6-month plan, you'll never have to diet again."

To qualify for successful weight-loss maintenance, a 200-pound person who intentionally lost 20 lbs must hold the loss for at least

1 year

What percentage of people in the United States who use nonprescription weight-loss products have a normal weight?

10

Approximately what percentage of overweight people who intentionally lose weight are able to maintain the weight loss for at least one year?

50

In a weight reduction regimen, the most realistic time frame for losing 10% of initial body weight is

6 months

What is Prader-Willi syndrome?

A genetic disorder resulting in obesity

Obesity resulting from an increase in the NUMBER of fat cells is termed

hyperplastic obesity

Obesity resulting from an increase in the SIZE of fat cells is termed

hypertrophic obesity

An important aid in any weight-loss diet program is to

increase physical activity

What is the significance of the uncoupling proteins in adipose tissue?

increased loss of body heat

Which of the following is known to cause a reduction in fat cell number in mice?

injection of leptin

Which of the following is a feature of leptin?

it is a satiety signal

Which of the following is NOT a feature of adiponectin?

it is higher in obese people compared with lean people

An example of a behavior modification technique for weight control is to

keep a record of your eating habits

All of the following are characteristics of the results of weight-loss surgery EXCEPT

medical supervision in the postsurgery period is required only for the first 6-9 months

All of the following are features of the effect of food accessibility on food intake EXCEPT

people at home would rather travel to the store to obtain new food than eat the leftovers

When consumed in high doses, which of the following is associated with modest weight loss in people?

pyruvate

All of the following are factors that meet the conditions for surgical intervention for weight loss in obese people EXCEPT

ability to tolerate sibutramine, orlistat, or phentermine

Which of the following is a feature of weight gain and genetics?

Identical twins are twice as likely to weigh the same compared with fraternal twins

Tom was overweight when he was 13. During puberty he continued to gain weight steadily until at age 23, when he decided to lose weight. Tom successfully lost 50 pounds. Which of the following most likely happened to Tom's fat cells?

They shrank in size but did not decrease in number

What is a safe rate of weight loss on a long-term basis for most overweight people?

o.5-2 lbs/week

Bariatrics is a field of medicine that specializes in the treatment of

obesity

All of the following are hormones that promote satiety EXCEPT

ghrelin

Which of the following is NOT a satiating hormone?

ghrelin