Nutrition Chapter 9

Hypernatremia

Abnormally high blood sodium concentration Patients with congestive heart failure or kidney disease cannot effectively excrete sodium

Hyponatremia

Abnormally low blood sodium level From prolonged sweating, vomiting, diarrhea

How do the kidneys regulate blood pressure and blood volume?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water, reducing urine Aldosterone signals the kidneys to retain sodium and chloride, thereby retaining water, increasing blood pressure, and decreasing urine output

Describe the DASH diet and identify other lifestyle changes that can reduce hypertension

Balanced 2,000 kcal diet a day to reduce hypertension. Emphasizes potassium, magnesium and calcium Lose weight Reduce alcohol intake

Interstitial fluid

Between cells that make up a particular tissue or organ (muscle, liver

What is acid-base balance? Describe the 3 major systems the body uses to regulate acid-base balance

Blood pH Blood buffers, kidneys, liver

List 3 functions of water in our bodies

Fluid balance Nutrient distribution to cells Removing toxins

Chloride

Function: Aids digestion: hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach, Assists the immune system and in the transmission of nerve impulses Source: Table salt Toxicity/Deficiency: dehydration, frequent vomiting, and eating disorders

Sodium

Function: Blood pressure and acid−base balance, Nerve impulse transmission, Muscle contraction and relaxation Source: Salt/processed foods Toxicity/Deficiency: Hypernatremia- high blood volume, edema (swelling), and high blood pressure

Phosphorus

Function: Required for fluid balance, Critical role in bone formation, Regulates biochemical reactions by activating or deactivating enzymes (phosphorylation Source: High in protein foods (meat, milk, eggs) - More readily absorbed from animal sources - Phytic acid: plant storage form - Soft drinks Toxicity/Deficiency: Causes muscle spasms, convulsions

Potassium

Function: Together with sodium, maintains fluid balance and regulates the contraction of muscles and transmission of nerve impulses, High potassium intake helps maintain a lower blood pressure Source: fresh fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grains Toxicity/Deficiency: Hyperkalemia: high blood potassium levels, Can alter normal heart rhythm, resulting in heart attack and death Hypokalemia: low blood potassium levels

Intravascular fluid

Is the water in the blood and lymph

Extracellular fluid

Outside the cell

How do electrolytes assist in the regulation of healthful fluid balance?

Sodium and potassium ensure that nerve impulses are generated, transmitted, and completed