Nutrition Chapter 9
Hypernatremia
Abnormally high blood sodium concentration Patients with congestive heart failure or kidney disease cannot effectively excrete sodium
Hyponatremia
Abnormally low blood sodium level From prolonged sweating, vomiting, diarrhea
How do the kidneys regulate blood pressure and blood volume?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water, reducing urine Aldosterone signals the kidneys to retain sodium and chloride, thereby retaining water, increasing blood pressure, and decreasing urine output
Describe the DASH diet and identify other lifestyle changes that can reduce hypertension
Balanced 2,000 kcal diet a day to reduce hypertension. Emphasizes potassium, magnesium and calcium Lose weight Reduce alcohol intake
Interstitial fluid
Between cells that make up a particular tissue or organ (muscle, liver
What is acid-base balance? Describe the 3 major systems the body uses to regulate acid-base balance
Blood pH Blood buffers, kidneys, liver
List 3 functions of water in our bodies
Fluid balance Nutrient distribution to cells Removing toxins
Chloride
Function: Aids digestion: hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach, Assists the immune system and in the transmission of nerve impulses Source: Table salt Toxicity/Deficiency: dehydration, frequent vomiting, and eating disorders
Sodium
Function: Blood pressure and acid−base balance, Nerve impulse transmission, Muscle contraction and relaxation Source: Salt/processed foods Toxicity/Deficiency: Hypernatremia- high blood volume, edema (swelling), and high blood pressure
Phosphorus
Function: Required for fluid balance, Critical role in bone formation, Regulates biochemical reactions by activating or deactivating enzymes (phosphorylation Source: High in protein foods (meat, milk, eggs) - More readily absorbed from animal sources - Phytic acid: plant storage form - Soft drinks Toxicity/Deficiency: Causes muscle spasms, convulsions
Potassium
Function: Together with sodium, maintains fluid balance and regulates the contraction of muscles and transmission of nerve impulses, High potassium intake helps maintain a lower blood pressure Source: fresh fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grains Toxicity/Deficiency: Hyperkalemia: high blood potassium levels, Can alter normal heart rhythm, resulting in heart attack and death Hypokalemia: low blood potassium levels
Intravascular fluid
Is the water in the blood and lymph
Extracellular fluid
Outside the cell
How do electrolytes assist in the regulation of healthful fluid balance?
Sodium and potassium ensure that nerve impulses are generated, transmitted, and completed