Final Exam Art History 2

What did the "Culture Wars" during the nineties involve? Mention 2 or 3 specific works of art.

Controversy over whether public tax payer money should pay for artwork that was seen by a lot of people as obscene.

Who was one of the first artists to call himself "avant-garde" or "Realist"?

Courbet

_________ exhibited with the Surrealists from the beginning and embraced biomorphic abstraction.

Miró

________ and his compatriots designed furniture, stained glass, tiles, wallpaper, and fabrics.

Morris

Robert Smithson's Spiral Jetty (Fig. 33-26) is a permanent _______________, which is intended to reflect the "ongoing dialectic" of constructive and destructive forces in nature.

earthwork

What did the architect, Louis Sullivan believe about "form" and "function"?

"Form ever follows function".

What was Orientalism?

A fascination with Middle Eastern cultures as exotic.

What part did the French Academy (the Academie des Beaux-Arts) play in the visual arts in France during the nineteenth century?

A major part

Picasso became one of the first artists to appropriate _____________ art.

African

What were two of the possible influences that led Picasso to produce Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (The Young Ladies of Avignon)?

African masks and early Iberian sculpture.

Hartley, Dove, and O'Keeffe were all supported by __________ and shown in his gallery.

Alfred Stieglitz

Alfred Stieglitz was the chief proponent of European Modern art in __________.

America

What was the avant-garde?

Artists who saw themselves as the leading edge of the direction in which society and culture was heading.

Why were action photographs impossible in the documentation of the Civil War?

Because of the long exposure times required for photography at that time.

Why did the critic, Louis Vaux-celles refer to some of the young painters in the 1905 Salon d'Automne as fauves ("wild beasts")?

Because of their brilliant colors and blunt brushwork.

Why is the group of architects with which Frank Lloyd Wright was associated around 1900 in the Oak Park suburb of Chicago known as the "Prairie School"?

Because their low, horizontal houses with flat roofs and heavy overhangs echoed the flat plains of the prairie in the Midwest.

Why did Monet and his colleagues think the term, "impressionist" aptly described their aim?

Because they were trying to capture an instantaneous impression of a fleeting moment in paint.

What is one of the subjects that twentieth century Canadian artists painted and sketched to express Canadian national identity?

Canada's great untamed wilderness.

______ ideas of a collective unconscious of universal archetypes shared by all humans greatly influenced the Abstract Expressionist painters.

Carl Jung's

What was the name of the movement that arose as a reaction to the horrors of World War I?

Dada

George Seurat developed a distinctive style of painting that he called ___________.

Divisionism

The readymade was a concept of the artist __________, where he could transform any object into art simply by deciding to do so.

Duchamp

Although realism was not a term used in the United States, what is the name of the Philadelphia painter who made several uncompromising paintings that were criticized for their controversial subject matter?

Eakins

_______ was regarded as one of the most uncompromising American Realists of the era.

Eakins

Van Gogh's insistence on his emotional state over fidelity to nature contributed to the development of which subsequent movement in modern art?

Expressionism

Which modern art movement professed a radical political agenda based on their love of machines, speed, and war?

Futurism

What was the name of the Cubist-inspired style that arose in Italy?

Futurism.

Allan Kaprow was associated with __________.

Happenings

How were Cezanne's paintings different from those of the Impressionists?

He did not seek to capture transitory effects of light and atmosphere.

What do you think is meant by the term, "painterly" as it is used when the author discusses the work of Berthe Morisot in the 1870's?

Her brushwork is very prominent.

In what way was Gustave Courbet's Stonebreakers an explicit political statement?

His elevated his lower-class subject to the heroic status afforded history painting.

What common denominator unifies the artists considered Post-Impressionists?

Impressionism served as a springboard for their experimentation.

How did the depiction of modernity by Monet and the other Impressionists differ from that of the Realists?

Instead of challenging social commentary, the Impressionists painted pretty pictures of the upper middle class at leisure.

Although initially a revolutionary style, _____________ architecture came to stand for corporate wealth and power.

International Style

According to the text, which of the following developments in contemporary art has resulted from the rise of globalism in the twenty-first century?

International exhibitions provide opportunities for diverse artistic exchange.

The painter, Georges Seurat was particularly interested in the "law of simultaneous contrast of colors" formulated by Chevreul in the 1820's. What is the "law of simultaneous contrast of colors"?

It is when adjacent objects not only cast reflection of their own color onto their neighbors, but also create the effect of their complementary color. (This is sort of difficult to understand, but it is similar to the reason that the red square in the illustration below looks different even though it is the same color red.)

Whose painting scandalized the French public when it was exhibited at the Salon des Refuses - the exhibition of the work that had been rejected by the jury for the annual Salon of the Academie des Beaux Arts?

Manet (who is different from Monet, who will come later).

How did Picasso's treatment of space in Les Demoiselles d'Avignon dramatically change the practice of painting in the west?

It was an alternative to traditional systems of perspective.

Who does your author suggest is possibly the best known artist associated with Abstract Expressionism?

Jackson Pollock

What are the names of the 2 artists in the early 1950's in New York who, in particular, challenged the artistic assumptions of the previous generation of Abstract Expressionist artists?

Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenberg.

Who are some the Postmodern artists whose work deals with Appropriation, Identity, and Critique?

Jeff Koons, Sherrie Levine, Barbara Kruger, The Guerrilla Girls, et al.

Who was one of the first artists to investigate the theoretical possibility of purely abstract painting?

Kandinsky

Which artist inspired architect Zaha Hadid, as seen in Vitra Fire Station, Weil-am-Rhein (Fig. 33-51)?

Kazimir Malevich

What did Mondrian begin to abstract on the route to eventually arriving at his totally abstract paintings?

Nature - animals, trees, and landscapes.

From what did the Art Nouveau artists draw their inspiriation?

Nature, especially vines, snakes, sinuous forms like that.

What did the critic, Louis Leroy mean when he wrote in his review of an exhibition of a group of artists in Paris that the exhibition was "impressionist"? Did he mean this as a positive or negative criticism?

Negative - he said it looked unfinished.

What style of painting was one of the first international expressions of Postmodernism?

Neo-Expressionism

Garnering criticism from academicians, Carpeaux's The Dance (Fig. 31-5) did not possess the smooth and generalized features of _______________.

Neoclassicism

Cubism is the joint invention of what two artists?

Picasso and Braque

Which art movement employed commercial techniques to produce slick, cool works of art?

Pop

What is the name of the art movement that focused on the cult of consumerism in the late 1950's and 1960's?

Pop Art

______________ architecture rejected the purity, uniformity, and abstraction of the International Style.

Postmodern

Rossetti was one of the leaders of the __________ Brotherhood.

Pre-Raphaelite

What did some artists say about the Eiffel Tower as it was beginning to be built in Paris?

Reaction was mixed. Some artists protested "the erection... of the useless and monstrous Eiffel Tower".

________ artists were committed to painting the modern world honestly.

Realist

_____________ made a series of objects combining painting and sculpture called combines.

Robert Rauschenberg

Monet was fascinated with the subject of _______________ because of the way light played across its surface.

Rouen Cathedral

What were some of the technological innovations and some of the practical considerations that made a new type of architecture possible in the United States?

Structural steel and the electric elevator.

The __________ developed many techniques for liberating the unconscious.

Surrealists

Although associated with the Academy, Gustave Moreau's sensuous treatment of biblical themes served as a precursor to which art movement?

Symbolism

How did Manet break with conventions in his paintings?

The "immorality" of his theme showing two fully dressed men and a completely naked woman and a scantily dressed woman having a picnic; the painting's references to important artworks of the past; the crude, unvarnished modernity of the painting (the flat quality of his figures, letting the brush strokes show, etc.).

What was the name of the group of artists who, like the St. George on the city emblem of Moscow, aspired to offer spiritual leadership in the arts?

The Blue Rider.

What was the name given to the cultural re-awakening during the 1930's in Harlem, New York City which called for greater social and political activism among Afican Americans and came about as a result of the Great Migration of African Americans from the rural South to the urban North and the formation of the nationwide New Negro movement?

The Harlem Renaissance.

What are the names of some of the programs for artists that were part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal during the Great Depression to revive the nation's economy?

The Public Works of Art Project, the Federal Art Project, and other projects that were part of the Works Progress Administration.

What was the group of American artists called who began to paint themes of the Midwestern United States during the 1930's?

The Regionalists

What was the name of the group of artists who wanted to liberate the unconscious using dream analysis, free association, and other Freudian techniques?

The Surrealists

What is the name of the group of painters in Russia who were similar to the French Realists?

The Wanderers

Gaugun's painting, Manao Tupapau (Spirit of the Dead Watching) shows the late nineteenth- century desire to "get away" from the oppressive life of the city, and to get back to...what?

The simpler pleasures of pre-industrial life.

Why did the newly established Mexican government of President Obregon and the U.S.S.R. prefer a naturalistic style of art rather than abstract art?

They believed that the public at large could not understand abstract art.

What was the attitude of the Symbolists toward rationalism?

They rejected the value placed upon rationalism in favor of exploring the realms of emotion, imagination, and spirituality.

To what were the artists of Die Brϋcke (The Bridge) responding when they created their intense, brutal, expressionistic images of alienation?

To Germany's rapid and intensive urbanization.

______________ is one of the best-known works of public art in the United States.

Vietnam Veterans Memorial

Who was the founder of the Bauhaus and what was the Bauhaus?

Walter Gropius. The Bauhaus was an art school based on German traditions and styles that brought together German architects, designers, and craftspersons.

Who was the Cuban artist who created abstract and Surrealist paintings about his country's struggle against colonialism?

Wilfredo Lam.

Which movement was led informally by Damian Hirst, among the most sensational of modern artists?

Young British Artists

Saarinen wanted to evoke the excitement of air travel in his expressive and swooping design for a/an __________.

airport terminal

The manner in which Picasso and Braque broke objects into parts initiated ____________.

analytic cubism

What topic became controversial when Chris Ofili's painting The Holy Virgin Mary (Fig. 33- 47) was displayed in the Brooklyn Museum?

arts funding

Surrealist painters employed a variety of techniques, including__________.

automatism

What commercial technique did Roy Lichtenstein imitate in his paintings?

benday dots

Conceptual artists wanted to __________ the art object.

dematerialize

Malevich exhibited 39 works consisting of __________________ in a style he termed Suprematism.

flat geometric shapes collaged together

Judy Chicago's The Dinner Party (Fig. 33-23) is a large sculptural installation, celebrating women's __________.

history

During the nineteenth century, who were major patrons of the arts?

industrialists and entrepreneurs

Conceptual art's emphasis on "dematerialization" is implicitly critical of the art world because_____________.

it leaves no precious object behind for purchase

How does Postmodern architecture differ from Modern - or International Style - architecture?

it rejects the abstract purity of the International Style by incorporating elements of past styles as well as elements from popular or ordinary sources into their designs.

What motivated Picasso to create his large-scale painting Guernica (Fig. 32-64) for Spanish Pavilion at the 1938 Paris Exposition?

it was a response to the German bombing of a small Basque town, sponsored by Spanish Nationalists.

Paul Cézanne's professed aim of painting was to ______________.

make of Impressionism something solid and durable

The Belgian artist James Ensor frequently used _______in his terrifying paintings, which combined aspects of Symbolism and Expressionism.

masks

In order to emphasize the abstract nature of his paintings, Whistler often chose titles that were more commonly used in ________.

music

Kandinsky believed that looking at a painting should be comparable to experiencing ____________.

music

What does the form of Eva Hesse's No Title (Fig. 33-23) reference?

paint drips

What did Joseph Beuys incorporate into performances to explain the inexplicable?

shamanistic personality

A member of the Blue Rider Group, Kandinsky believed that abstraction would lead humanity to a deeper awareness of _________________.

spirituality

Louise Nevelson arrived at works such as Sky Cathedral (Fig. 33-2) after

stacking boxes of discarded objects

Most of the Impressionists painted en plein air, meaning they painted outside the __________ (you may have to google the term, "en plein air").

studio

Gauguin's interest in __________ led him to give up his affluent lifestyle in search for the more simple pleasures.

the "primitive"

What social issue motivated David Wojnarowicz's Untitled (Hands) (Fig. 33-56)?

the AIDS crisis

Which of the following was a significant factor in providing New York with the foundation to supersede Paris as the center of the modern art world?

the Federal Arts Project

In the 1950s and 1960s several artists argued that ______________was just as important as a finished art object.

the act of the artwork's production

In contrast to the Realists, Impressionist artists focused on scenes of the ______________.

upper middle class at leisure