Nutrition Consultant Exam Chp. 12-13

What accounts for the significantly increased intestinal absorption of calcium during pregnancy? a. The fetus' skeletal development b. The mother's large increase in blood volume c. The rapid growth of the placenta d. The mother's expanding fat stores e. The mother's muscle development needed to support the uterus

a. The fetus' skeletal development

All substances are toxic if consumed or used in high enough concentrations. a. True b. False

a. True

Breast milk promotes the growth of "friendly" bacteria in the infant's digestive tract. a. True b. False

a. True

Breastfeeding rates are highest among women who are older, well educated, relatively affluent, and/or live in the western United States. a. True b. False

a. True

For manufacturers to use the USDA organic seal on labels, raw products must be 100 percent organic. a. True b. False

a. True

Incorporating physical activity and a healthful diet into one's lifestyle can contribute to controlling important risk factors for heart disease. a. True b. False

a. True

The medical consequences of pica can include malnutrition, obesity, poisoning, or intestinal obstruction. a. True b. False

a. True

Food insecurity in developing countries is most often caused by ________ while food insecurity in the United States is most often caused by _______. a. lack of food availability; poverty b. poverty; the reluctance of individuals to accept "welfare" or "charity" c. inappropriate technology; lack of assistance programs d. environmental constraints; the reluctance of individuals to accept "welfare" or "charity" e. poverty; poverty

a. lack of food availability; poverty

________ and __________ can enter breast milk, as well as adversely affect the mother's milk composition and production.

alcohol, nicotine

Which of the following is a recommended behavior for parents to encourage good eating habits in children? a. Present new foods at the end of the meal. b. Stick to three meals and eliminate snacks. c. Set an example by eating healthy meals on regular basis. d. Let children eat by themselves before parents. e. Offer only foods that the child likes at meals.

c. Set an example by eating healthy meals on regular basis.

What factor is most closely associated with the buildup of a pesticide in a food chain? a. The pesticide is present in runoff water and ground water. b. The pesticide is released into the air and widely dispersed by wind. c. The pesticide resists breakdown either inside the body or outside the body. d. The pesticide is found on products imported from foreign countries. e. Research by the EPA for the pesticide has been limited to a short time period.

c. The pesticide resists breakdown either inside the body or outside the body.

You and your roommate are getting ready to make a chicken and vegetable stir-fry using the same cutting board for both. You suggest using two cutting boards, one for the chicken and one for the ready-to-eat foods. Your roommate says she doesn't want to clean two cutting boards, so you use just one. What should you do? a. Wash the chicken thoroughly before cutting it. b. Wipe the board clean with a paper towel in between uses. c. Wash the board with hot, soapy water in between cutting the chicken and vegetables. d. Wash the board with hot, soapy water in between cutting the different vegetables. e. Rinse the board well with hot water in between cutting the different ingredients.

c. Wash the board with hot, soapy water in between cutting the chicken and vegetables.

Your sister has just returned from an appointment with the pediatrician for your 6-month old niece. She tells you that the nurse told her she should start introducing solid foods one at a time. Why did the nurse make the recommendation to start one at a time? a. It prevents overfeeding. b. The swallowing reflex is not under voluntary control. c. Immunological protection hasn't been developed. d. Allergic reactions can be detected. e. Additional foods may limit stomach space for breastmilk or formula.

d. Allergic reactions can be detected.

A cereal box is labeled with the USDA seal and the claim "organic." What does this tell you about the product? a. The cereal is made with 100 percent organic ingredients. b. The cereal is made with less than 70 percent organic ingredients. c. The cereal is more nutritious than cereals without any claims on their labels. d. The cereal is made with at least 95 percent organic ingredients. e. The cereal is made with at least 70 percent organic ingredients.

d. The cereal is made with at least 95 percent organic ingredients.

Which of the following is an example of cross-contamination? a. Inadequate reheating of leftover foods b. Marinating foods at room temperature followed by cooking at temperatures that are too low c. Cooling food items at room temperature and then freezing the foods d. Using the same cutting board or knife to cut raw meat and vegetables or fruits e. Not washing hands before handling food items

d. Using the same cutting board or knife to cut raw meat and vegetables or fruits

Absorption of _____ is decreased with reduced stomach acidity which can occur in older adults. a. vitamins B12, C, and D b. zinc, iron, and calcium c. iron, calcium, and vitamin D d. calcium, B12, and iron e. B6, B12, and iron

d. calcium, B12, and iron

he _______ and the ______ are the most influential indicators of an infant's future health status. a. mother's pre-pregnancy weight; birthweight of the infant b. mother's weight gain during pregnancy; birthweight of the infant c. mother's nutritional status prior to pregnancy; mother's weight gain during pregnancy d. length of gestation; birthweight of the infant e. mother's nutritional status prior to pregnancy; birthweight of infant

d. length of gestation; birthweight of the infant

Of the leading causes of death for adults aged 65 and older, over one-half are directly influenced by _____. a. genetic factors b. social factors c. environmental factors d. nutrition-related factors e. individual factors

d. nutrition-related factors

What is not a control measure used in food production and storage to destroy bacteria or to halt or slow bacterial growth to limit the risk of foodborne illness? a. Dehydrating b. Freezing c. Canning d. Pasteurization e. Ionization

e. Ionization

What is a safe food preparation practice? a. Letting frozen food thaw by sitting it in the sink b. Storing fresh fish at 42 degrees or lower c. Cooking ground meet to 145 degrees d. Marinating foods at room temperature e. Letting frozen food thaw by sitting it in the refrigerator

e. Letting frozen food thaw by sitting it in the refrigerator

Which of the following is safe to serve to an individual with a compromised immune system? a. Raw cookie dough b. Alfalfa sprouts c. Apple juice from a local orchard d. Soft scrambled eggs e. Macaroni and cheese

e. Macaroni and cheese

What term refers to the ability of a substance to harm living organisms? a. Risk b. Exposure threat c. Hazard d. Susceptibility level e. Toxicity

e. Toxicity

Up to one-quarter of all older adults and one-half of all hospitalized older adults may be suffering from _____. Economic hardship is one factor that contributes to this condition. a. obesity b. diabetes c. cancer d. glaucoma e. malnutrition

e. malnutrition

________________ should never be fed to infants under 1 year of age due to the risk of dormant bacterial spores.

honey

______________ are the greatest hazard in the U.S. food supply.

microorganisms that cause food poisoning

A chemical used in plastic packaging that is believed to be leaching into the food it covers is an example of a ______________________

incidental food additive

Sue is visiting her pregnant cousin Anna and notices that she is eating laundry starch when watching TV at night. Anna's consumption of this non-food item is an example of __________

pica

Keeping hot food hot and cold food cold means keeping food at or above ____ degrees or at or below ___ degrees. a. 140; 40 b. 125; 70 c. 155; 40 d. 140; 55 e. 135; 45 Hide Feedb

a. 140; 40

Which is a key indicator of an infant's future health? a. Baby's birthweight b. Mother's average energy intake c. Mother's folate and iron intake d. Mother's caffeine intake e. Mother's weight before pregnancy

a. Baby's birthweight

A pesticide residue which the body easily and rapidly excretes may not cause harm to the body. a. True b. False

a. True

Microorganisms can cause food poisoning, particularly in groups such as children and the elderly. a. True b. False

a. True

Nutrition surveys investigating people's nutritional health in the United States have demonstrated consistently that the lower a family's income, the less adequate the family's nutrition status. a. True b. False

a. True

Rinsing a dish with hot water that was used to marinate raw meat will lead to cross-contamination if you then use the dish to serve fruit salad. a. True b. False

a. True

Taking multiple medications is associated with an increased risk of malnutrition in older adults. a. True b. False

a. True

The most prevalent nutrition-related problems among U.S. children include excess weight gain, iron-deficiency anemia, and high blood cholesterol levels. a. True b. False

a. True

The pregnant woman's recommended protein intake is 25 grams per day more than her normal non-pregnant requirement. a. True b. False

a. True

Food additives _____. a. rank among the least hazardous substances in food b. are of minimal concern regarding food safety to most consumers c. such as packaging materials which accidentally get into foods during processing are called direct additives d. such as herbs and spices deliberately added to foods are called incidental food additives e. can be added by manufacturers to products without approval from the FDA or other government agency

a. rank among the least hazardous substances in food

What is the recommended weight gain for a woman who begins pregnancy overweight? a. 10 to 25 pounds b. 15 to 25 pounds c. 20 to 25 pounds d. 25 to 35 pounds e. 28 to 40 pounds

b. 15 to 25 pounds

Freezing as a control measure of foodborne illness is an effective method of destroying bacteria and their spores. a. True b. False

b. False

Fresh seafood should be cooked within four to five days of purchase. a. True b. False

b. False

Irradiation exposes foods to a low level of radiation to kill insects and bacteria, and irradiated foods may have low levels of radioactivity. a. True b. False

b. False

Pregnant teenagers should have weight gains at the lower end of the recommended range so that the developing fetus has a lower birth weight. a. True b. False

b. False

To support the metabolic demands of pregnancy and fetal development, the recommended average calories increase is about _____ higher than recommended maintenance calories. a. 5 percent b. 9 percent c. 13 percent d. 17 percent e. 23 percent

d. 17 percent

Which characteristic is associated with a higher rate of breastfeeding? a. Teenage mother b. Extended maternity leave c. Lower income d. Higher education e. Living in the Southeast United States

d. Higher education

What is a potential benefit of genetically engineered foods and crops? a. Strict controls ensuring public safety b. Inadvertent transfer of allergens c. Price increases for farming systems d. Increased tolerance to drought e. Increased environmental impact

d. Increased tolerance to drought

What is a nutritional recommendation for aging well? a. Choose calorie-dense foods. b. Eat more foods with trans fats. c. Limit fiber consumption. d. Maintain a healthy body weight. e. Eat 2 to 3 fruits and vegetables each day.

d. Maintain a healthy body weight.

Your sister, Angela, went to the doctor for the first prenatal visit today. Her physician told her to be sure to consume folate in adequate amounts, but she can't remember why. What risk does dietary folate before and early in pregnancy help to reduce? a. Morning sickness b. Low birth weights c. Heartburn d. Neural tube defects in newborns e. Infections in newborns

d. Neural tube defects in newborns

Who would be most vulnerable to problems associated with food poisoning from bacteria or other microbial agents? a. Jenny, 35 years old, a chemistry professor b. Kathryn, 27 years old, a pharmacist c. Anthony, 44 years old, a food service manager d. Sophia, 72 years old, an active grandmother e. Jeffrey, 17 years old, a high school athlete

d. Sophia, 72 years old, an active grandmother

All of the following are examples of genetically modified foods except _________. a. high-provitamin A rice b. herbicide-resistant soybeans c. insect-resistant corn d. tropically grown sugar cane e. higher-protein potatoes

d. tropically grown sugar cane

The ____________ is the organ from which the fetus receives nutrients.

placenta

leftovers can be kept at room temperature for no longer than ______________

2 hours

A healthy infant who weighed 8 pounds at birth should weigh approximately _______ at his first birthday.

24 pounds

Substances widely used for many years without apparent ill effects are on the ______ list.

GRAS

What can be done to prevent child obesity? a. Focus on energy balance—calories consumed and calories expended. b. Encourage watching educational programs on television with advertisements promoting healthy food choices. c. Promote eating while working or playing on the computer to allow more time for physical activity. d. For adolescents, the parents should serve as "gatekeepers," closely monitoring all foods consumed. e. Parents should serve as role models and consume "less-healthy" snacks when children are not present.

a. Focus on energy balance—calories consumed and calories expended.

In children and adolescents aged 2 to 17, consumption of what foods is farthest from the recommended standards of the Dietary Guidelines? a. Green vegetables and beans b. Dairy products and protein foods c. High-sodium foods d. Foods with empty calories from solid fats and sugar e. Whole grain products

a. Green vegetables and beans

A diet with adequate intakes of all essential nutrients has little impact on health, weight management, and aging. a. True b. False

b. False

An individual should assume that a food poses absolutely no health threat if it is added to the FDA's GRAS list. a. True b. False

b. False

Both nutrient and energy needs are significantly higher during pregnancy than usual. a. True b. False

b. False

Which of the following is a correct usage of the term "organic" on food labels? a. A cereal labeled as "100% organic" made with 95 percent of organic ingredients b. Dry rice mix labeled as "Organic" and made with 90 percent of organic ingredients c. Bread labeled as "Organic" and made with 95 percent of organic ingredients d. A cereal labeled as "Organic" and made with 75 percent of organic ingredients e. Bread labeled "organic" and made with some, but less than 70 percent, organic ingredients

c. Bread labeled as "Organic" and made with 95 percent of organic ingredients

What dietary situation during adolescence in girls compromises peak bone mass development and increases the risk of osteoporosis later in life? a. Consuming very few iron-rich foods b. Under-consuming fruits and vegetables c. Consuming fruit juice instead of milk d. Consuming diet soft drinks in place of milk e. Consuming diets high in saturated fats

d. Consuming diet soft drinks in place of milk

Which of the following is not a benefit of breastfeeding? a. Absorbable iron and zinc b. Immunological protection c. Fewer allergies d. Easy to accommodate lifestyle/work schedules e. Easily digested form of lactose

d. Easy to accommodate lifestyle/work schedules

Children generally become leaner between the ages of _____, after which time there is a gradual increase in fat thickness in both males and females until puberty. a. 4 to 9 months b. 10 months to 2 years c. 1 to 3 years d. 8 months to 4 years e. 6 months and 6 years

e. 6 months and 6 years

Which of the following is not associated with good physical and mental health in later years? a. Learning a new hobby. b. Having lunch with friends once a week. c. Living with other family members including those from younger generations. d. Adopting a pet. e. Consuming excess energy.

e. Consuming excess energy.

According to the FDA's rank of areas of concern in the food supply, what condition is considered one of the least dangerous? a. Microbial foodborne illness b. Naturally occurring toxins in foods c. Residues in foods d. Food processing and nutrients in foods e. Genetically modified foods

e. Genetically modified foods

Increased ____________ is associated with decreased physical activity and greater likelihood of gaining excess weight.

time spent on sedentary activities

_____________ is the process of "mixing and matching" genes from different species such as mixing the genes of a chicken with the genes of a vegetable.

transgenetics

What is the most compelling single reason for food insecurity in the United States? a. Dwindling productive land b. Overpopulation c. Poverty d. Social barriers e. Political controls

c. Poverty

What practice during pregnancy has been associated with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)? a. Smoking b. Eating a low-carbohydrate diet c. Drinking alcohol d. Drinking excess caffeine e. Overeating and excessive weight gain

a. Smoking

The National School Lunch program follows the recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and provides __________ of a child's nutritional requirements for the

33 percent

______ are toxins produced by bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus that can cause foodborne illness in the form of gastrointestinal distress. a. Enterotoxins b. Neurotoxins c. Chemical contaminants d. Aflatoxins e. Food intoxications

a. Enterotoxins

When you visit your grandparents, you notice several differences from the last time you saw them. Which of the following statements about biological changes connected with aging is true? a. You can be certain that these changes are occurring at the same rate in both grandparents. b. Changes have occurred in both, but the rate of change may be different if one grandparent is more physically active than the other. c. The changes could have been prevented by megadoses of vitamin E. d. The changes are determined only by your grandparents' lifestyle choices, not by genetics. e. The changes are determined only by genetics, not by lifestyle.

b. Changes have occurred in both, but the rate of change may be different if one grandparent is more physically active than the other.

Calorie needs of an adult increase with age because of changes in lean body mass. a. True b. False

b. False

Chemical additives and pesticide residues added during the growing and processing of foods pose a greater risk to individuals for foodborne illness than bacteria and microbes. a. True b. False

b. False

Common substances such as vitamins, herbs, and spices, deliberately added to foods are called incidental food additives. a. True b. False

b. False

Effective obesity interventions among children tend to include a component of increasing the amount of quality "screen time"—hours spent watching educational television programs or using computer time for learning activities. a. True b. False

b. False

Recent studies show the diet quality of most children and adolescents aged 2 to 17 is markedly deficient in protein and dairy products. a. True b. False

b. False

Setting the reference dose for a pesticide involves human studies to estimate the maximum amount of the chemical that a person could take in daily without suffering harm. a. True b. False

b. False

Staphylococcus aureus is commonly found when canned goods that contain little acid are improperly sterilized. a. True b. False

b. False

Teenage boys are at a higher risk than teenage girls for calcium deficiency due to milk being replaced by diet soft drinks. a. True b. False

b. False

The safest way to handle frozen foods is to leave them on the kitchen counter to thaw quickly and then refrigerate or cook as soon as the food has defrosted. a. True b. False

b. False

Women who develop gestational diabetes are at higher risk after pregnancy for developing Type 1 diabetes. a. True b. False

b. False

Your grandparents play bridge weekly at their condo and the discussion around the table always seems to be about food. They know you are taking a nutrition class and want to know which of the following statements made at the bridge table is true regarding nutrition and aging. a. Older adults need more calories, but fewer vitamins and minerals. b. Older adults need fewer calories, but may need more of certain vitamins and minerals. c. Nutrient and energy need do not change with age. d. Fluid needs decrease with aging. e. Energy needs increase with age.

b. Older adults need fewer calories, but may need more of certain vitamins and minerals.

Why are pesticides used? a. To act as preservatives in the food supply b. To kill insects, rodents, and other living things c. To enhance the flavor of produce d. To stimulate plant growth beyond the normal rate e. To enhance the nutritional content of plants

b. To kill insects, rodents, and other living things

Infants and children with protein-malnutrition are at greater risk of illness and diseases because _________. a. proteins and hormones that usually keep fluids correctly distributed are diminished b. antibodies to fight off invading bacteria have been broken down for other uses within the body c. wounds and sores don't heal d. growth has ceased e. the digestive tract lining has deteriorated making absorption difficult

b. antibodies to fight off invading bacteria have been broken down for other uses within the body

Dried oregano, salt, and granulated garlic are considered ____ when added to a food product. a. intentional food additives that enhance color and texture b. direct food additives that enhance flavor c. unintentional food additives that enhance flavor d. unintentional food additives that maintain consistency e. incidental food additives from processing

b. direct food additives that enhance flavor

What is the premilk substance, present in the first 2 or 3 days of lactation, which contains antibodies and white cells from the mother's blood? a. Bifidus factor b. Lactoferrin c. Colostrum d. Lactoflavin e. Lactoprotein

c. Colostrum

Your cousin Michael is a teenager. What is the best way to be sure he is growing normally? a. Compare his height and weight to those of his friends. b. Compare his height and weight to the standards for his age group. c. Compare his heights and weights with previous measures taken at intervals. d. Weight him and measure his height weekly.

c. Compare his heights and weights with previous measures taken at intervals.

Which is not a concern surrounding the genetic engineering of foods? a. Transferred allergens b. Creation of a "superweed" due to cross-pollination c. Development of edible vaccines d. Plants that are less resistant to environmental conditions e. Lack of long-term knowledge on effects

c. Development of edible vaccines

The ___ is responsible for determining if a pesticide is safe for use and then providing a _______, an estimated amount of that chemical that can be ingested daily without harm. a. EPA; margin of safety b. FDA; tolerance level c. EPA; reference dose d. EPA; regulatory limit e. FDA; exposure level

c. EPA; reference dose