Nutrition exam 1

energy value per gram of each macronutrient.

CARBOHYDRATE: 4 kcal/g PROTEIN: 4kcal/g FAT: 9 kcal/g ALCOHOL: 7 kcal/g WATER: do not provide energy

AI

Adequate intake-daily intake amounts set for nutrients for which there are insufficient research data to establish an EAR. Essential fatty acids, 9 vitamins and minerals including some b-vitamins, vitamin D, calcium have AI.

Know the dietary recommendations for each of the macronutrients (percentage of total kcal) and fiber. What is the RDA for protein (based on body weight)? Be able to calculate these.

Adults should get 45 percent to 65 percent of their calories from carbohydrates, 20 percent to 35 percent from fat, and 10 to 35 percent from protein. fiber- 15 grams a day The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for protein is a modest 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight. ... For a 50-year-old woman who weighs 140 pounds woman and who is sedentary (doesn't exercise), that translates into 53 grams of protein a day. formula: 0.8x kg

EAR

Estimated average requirement are daily nutrient intake amounts that are estimated to meet the needs of half of the people in a certain life stge. EARs are set for 17 nutrients. An EAR for a nutrient is set only when the Food and Nutrition Board agrees that there is an accurate method of measuring whether intake is adequate. These measures called functional markers typically evaluate the activity of an enzyme in the body or the ability of a cell or an organ to maintain normal physiological function. If no measurable functional marker is available an EAR cannot be set.

RDA calculations

Multiply your daily caloric needs by the total recommended amount of carbohydrates needed each day. Since your diet should be approximately 55 percent carbohydrates, if your total caloric needs for the day is 2400 calories, your equation will look like this: 2400 X .55 = 1320. This means 1320 calories you eat each day should be made up of carbohydrates. Multiply your daily caloric needs by the total recommended amount of fat you need each day. Since your diet should consist of approximately 30 percent fat, your equation will look like this: 2400 X .30 = 720. Out of your 2400 calories each day, 720 of them should be made up of fats. for protein multiply 0.8 by your weight in kg

RDA

Recommended Dietary Allowances-daily nutrient intake amounts sufficient to meet the needs of nearly all individuals in a life stage. RDAs are based on a multiple of the EARs (generally the RDA= EAR X 1.2) Because of this relationship, an RDA can be set only for nutrients that have an EAR.

primary function of carbohydrates

The role of carbohydrates is to provide energy, as they are the body's main source of fuel, needed for physical activity, brain function and operation of the organs. All the cells and tissues in your body need carbs, and they are also important for intestinal health and waste elimination.

What makes a protein complete? What type of foods are complete proteins found in?

These are called essential amino acids—we need to eat them because we can't make them ourselves. In order to be considered "complete," a protein must contain all nine of these essential amino acids in roughly equal amounts. Yes, meat and eggs are complete proteins, and beans and nuts aren't.

UL

Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL): maximum daily intake unlikely to cause adverse health effects.

Know the difference between overnutrition, undernutrition, and malnutrition.

overnutrition- a form of malnutrition in which the intake of nutrients is oversupplied. undernutrition- lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having enough food or not eating enough food containing substances necessary for growth and health. malnutrition- Malnutrition is a condition that results from eating a diet in which nutrients are either not enough or are too much such that the diet causes health problems

A patient is to receive 2400 kcal/day while recovering from a motor vehicle accident. He is to receive 50% of calories from carbohydrates, 25% of calories from fat, and 25% of calories from protein. Which of the following represents the appropriate calories for each substrate?

1200 kcal from carbohydrate, 600 kcal from fat, and 600 kcal from protein 1200 kcal from carbohydrate, 600 kcal from fat, and 600 kcal from protein: 2400 kcal 0.50 = 1200 kcal from carbohydrates; 2400 kcal 0.25 = 600 kcal from fat; and 2400 kcal 0.25 = 600 kcal from protein. Page 4.

Know the classifications of BMI and how is it calculated? Be able to identify the correct classification of a BMI value.

BMI Classification < 18.5 underweight 18.5-24.9 normal weight 25.0-29.9 overweight 30.0-34.9 class I obesity by Body Mass Index is a simple calculation using a person's height and weight. The formula is BMI = kg/m2 where kg is a person's weight in kilograms and m2 is their height in metres squared.

EER

Estimated Energy Requirement-estimates of energy requirements for individual life groups. Unlike most vitamins and minerals carbohydrates, fats, proteins and alcohol consumed in amounts above that which is needed does not result in excretion, but is stored as body fat.

how to calculate the total caloric value of food based on nutrient composition

cabs = 4 calories a gram Protein = 4 Fat =9 if you have 10 g of carbs and 2 g of fat you would multiply 4 by 10 and 2 by 9 and add for your answer

What are the building blocks of each macronutrient? Which one contains nitrogen?

carbs- monosaccarides, disaccarides, polysaccarides fats-fatty acids and glycerol protein- amino acids protein also contains nitrogen

who is most at risk for malnutrition

middle-aged man undergoing chemotherapy for leukemia who is having difficulty eating solid and liquid food. Malnutrition appears when nutrition reserves are depleted or nutrient and energy intake is not sufficient to meet the day-to-day needs along with the added metabolic stress. In this case, cancer and chemotherapy place an increased metabolic stress on the body and the patient is unable to consume enough food to meet his nutrient requirements, placing him at risk for malnutrition. Page 5.

Malnutrition is often caused by

prolonged hospitalization. Acute trauma or chronic illness places added stress on the body, and the daily nutrient and energy intake may be insufficient to meet the needs of these patients. See page 5.

The goal of the my plate food guide is to

promote physical activity, proportionality, moderation, variety, and gradual improvements in health. The goal of MyPyramid is to promote physical activity, proportionality, moderation, variety, and gradual improvements in health. Page 7.

Vitamins and minerals function primarily in_____________.

regulation and control of metablolic processes Vitamins and minerals are essential nutrients involved in regulation of many of the body's processes including metabolism. Page 4.

The nutrients involved in metabolic regulation and control are

vitamins and minerals Vitamins and minerals are the key nutrients in regulating and controlling the many chemical processes in the body. Vitamins and minerals function as coenzyme factors, which are components of cell enzymes that govern cell chemical reactions in cell metabolism. Pages 4-5.

Know the difference between android and gynoid fat distribution. Which is more problematic for chronic disease risks and why?

Android fat distribution describes the distribution of human adipose tissue mainly around the trunk and upper body, in areas such as the abdomen, chest, shoulder and nape of the neck. ... Android fat distribution is contrasted with gynoid fat distribution; fat around the hips, thighs and bottom, causing a "pear-shape". Android is more at risk for heart diseases and gout Fat from abdominal fat cells goes directly to the small intestine, bypassing the stomach and causing diarrhea and inadequate nutrient absorption

What's the difference between an essential and non-essential nutrient?

Non-essential: the body can make the nutrient from other nutrients Essential: Must come from diet and can't be made from other nutrients

primary function of protein

One of its main roles is to act as a structural component of cells and tissues. Without adequate protein in your diet, your cells and tissues would not be able to function. Proteins are large, complex molecules made up of smaller amino acid compounds.

What are the purpose and uses of Healthy People 2020, Dietary Guidelines for Americans, and MyPlate Guidelines?

What are the purpose and uses of Healthy People 2020, Dietary Guidelines for Americans, and MyPlate Guidelines?

A bagel that provides 40 g of carbohydrate, 4 g of protein, and 1 g of fat provides

185 kcal Carbohydrates have 4 kcal/g, 40 g x 4 kcal = 160 kcal; protein has 4 kcal/g x 4 g protein = 16 kcal from protein; fat has 9 kcal per gram x 1 gram = 9 kcal from protein. 160 kcal + 16 kcal + 9 kcal = 185 kcals. See page 4.

DRI's

Dietary reference intakes-term used to encompass nutrient recommendations made by the Food and Nutrition board of the National Academy of Sciences. The food and Nutrition Board was formed in 1941 after a group of young men were rejected from the military because of the effects of poor nutrition on their health. The Food and Nutrition Board consists of a group of scientist who review existing research and established the first official dietary standards.

primary function of fats

Fat is an essential part of your diet. It provides energy, absorbs certain nutrients and maintains your core body temperature. You need to consume fat every day to support these functions, but some types of fat are better for you than others.

What is the body's prefered energy source

Glucose from carbs There are 3 sources of calories (or energy), which are also known as macronutrients: carbohydrates, protein, and fat. Of these three, carbohydrates are the body's preferred source of energy. Carbohydrates break down into glucose, which is an immediate source of energy especially for the brain and muscles.

Know what acid reflux is and what it can be a result of.

a condition in which acidic gastric fluid is regurgitated into the esophagus, causing heartburn. caused by eating large meals or laying down after you eat. One common cause of acid reflux disease is a stomach abnormality called a hiatal hernia. This occurs when the upper part of the stomach and LES move above the diaphragm, a muscle that separates your stomach from your chest. Normally, the diaphragm helps keep acid in our stomach.

In a well-balanced diet, fats should provide no more than 10%-15% of total calories.

false In a well-balanced diet fats should provide about 20-35% of the total kilocalories. Page 4.

The body's reserve store of carbohydrate is

glycogen Glycogen is a polysaccharide that is the main storage form of carbohydrate. It is mainly stored in the liver and to a lesser extent in muscle tissue. See page 4.

The health care professional responsible for the nutrition care for patients and clients is:

registered dietitian who serves as the public health nutritionist. The registered dietitian (RD), also referred to as a clinical nutrition specialist, a registered dietitian nutritionist, or a public health nutritionist, is the nutrition authority on the health care team and carries the major responsibility of nutrition care for patients and clients. See page 1.