Nutrition Exam 1

A randomized controlled trial can provide evidence of correlation between two factors, but not causation.

False

According to the AMDR, protein should make up the largest proportion of a healthy person's energy intake.

False

People can be relied upon to accurately recall what types of foods and in which amounts they ate in the last year.

False

The recommended treatment for IBS is to strictly eliminate all FODMAPs from the diet for the long-term.

False

Whole grains and enriched wheat grains are nutritionally equal.

False

Which of the following nutrients is the most ENERGY-DENSE?

Fat

Which DRI value is the average daily nutrient intake level required to meet the needs of 97 to 98% of healthy people in a particular life stage and sex group?

RDA

For a study at the National Institutes of Health, people lived at the in-patient study center for 4 weeks. For 2 weeks, they ate a diet made up of processed foods, and for the other 2 weeks, they ate a diet made up of whole foods. When they were consuming the processed foods, they ate more calories each day and gained weight. What type of study was this?

Randomized controlled trial

Which of the following are common causes of peptic ulcers? (Select one or more.)

Use of NSAID medications, like ibuprofen and aspirin Infection with H. pylori bacteria

Which of the following is not a macromolecule that makes up cells?

Vitamins

For treating and preventing diabetes, it isn't necessary to eliminate carbohydrates or eat a low-carbohydrate diet, but emphasizing _____________ food sources of carbohydrate helps with blood glucose regulation. Managing ______________ levels and getting enough _____________ can also help with blood glucose regulation

Whole Stress Sleep

Can sugar substitutes help with weight loss, in the short term? In the long term? Explain.

Yes sugar substitutes can help loose weight but there are no long term solutions to help weight loss.

If you see reports that a new study found that eating blueberries prevents bladder cancer, you should ______.

all answers are correct

Based on web domains (e.g: .gov, .edu), which of the following would be the most likely to be a credible source of nutrition information?

.gov

For this question, you'll have to look up information in the DRI tables found here:https://ods.od.nih.gov/HealthInformation/Dietary_Reference_Intakes.aspx (Links to an external site.) About how much vitamin D should a 75-year-old woman consume each day?

20 micrograms/day (800 IU)

Jane consumed a breakfast that contained 85 grams of carbohydrate, 20 grams of protein, and 18 grams of fat. How many kilocalories did Jane eat at breakfast?

582 kilocalories

Which of the following contains energy?

A chemical bond

Which of the following does the Harvard School of Public Health's Healthy Eating Plate NOT include?

A serving of dairy with every meal

Which DRI, expressed as percent of total energy intake, defines the recommended intake range for the macronutrients?

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR)

What information do you need to know to calculate the Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) for a person?

All Answers Are Correct Age & Sex Level of Physical activity height and weight

Which of these statements is TRUE of carbohydrates? (Select one or more.)

All carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. You can find them in processed foods like chips, candy, and cake. You can find them in whole foods like fruit, veggies, and dairy.

Which of the following factors influence health?

All of the Above Life Cycle, Lifestyle, Environment, Genetics

Which of the following are common challenges and limitations encountered in nutrition research?

All options are correct

A disease in which the body's immune system produces antibodies that attack and damage the body's own tissues is called

An autoimmune disease

Here's a headline I read recently: WEIGHT LOSS IS AIDED BY BLACK TEA, STUDY SUGGESTS. Here's how the article started: "There are many who are devoted to black tea, not only for its strong, distinct flavor but also for its health benefits, both known and even perceived. Now, for the first time, a new study has found that black tea may promote some form of weight loss. Researchers from UCLA reported today that in conducting mice experiments, decaffeinated black tea "alters energy metabolism in the liver by changing gut metabolites." For mice ingesting it, intestinal changes were identified where "bacteria associated with lean body mass increased." What type of study is this article describing?

Animal study

Which of the following foods would be the highest in fiber?

Beans

Which of the following would you recommend as options for a person with lactose intolerance? (Select one or more.)

Buttermilk Lactose-free milk Yogurt Aged Cheese

Lymph is a part of which organ system?

Cardiovascular

The EER is an estimate of the energy needs for 97 to 98 percent of people with the same height, weight, age, sex, and level of physical activity.

FALSE

On food labels, the ingredients are listed in which order?

From greatest amount to least amount, by weight

What is the main energy source that animals and humans use to power the synthesis of ATP?

Glucose

Which of the following is a correct statement:

Glycogen is nearly undetectable in meats.

The study of nutrition includes which of the following: (Select one or more.)

How food choices impact risk for chronic disease Digestion and absorption of nutrients How behavioral, social and environmental factors affect eating habits How food provides energy for daily activities

Which of the following is NOT a health problem related to eating too much sugar?

Hyperactivity in children

Which of the following strategies can help combat constipation?

Increased physical activity

One of the CRAAPP criteria for assessing the reliability of a website is PURPOSE. A website designed with the intention to _______ is most likely to be trustworthy.

Inform

Which of the following is TRUE of type 2 diabetes?

It begins with insulin resistance and is strongly associated with obesity.

Which of the following is TRUE of soluble fiber? (Select one or more.)

It can be found in oat bran, barley, nuts, seeds, beans, lentils, peas, and some fruits and vegetables. It can prevent sharp spikes in blood sugar levels. It can help lower blood cholesterol levels. It forms a viscous gel in the GI tract.

Why is glucose so important to humans? (Select one or more.)

It is one of the most important nutrients for fueling the body. It is an important fuel source for the brain and nervous system. It is the only fuel muscles can use.

Which of the following is true of the ketogenic diet?

It often contains high levels of saturated fat which could increase the risk of heart disease.

When Stan drinks milk, he feels gassy and often has diarrhea. This doesn't happen with all dairy products, however. Hard cheeses like parmesan and yogurt don't seem to bother him. Which of the following GI disorders do you think is the most likely explanation for Stan's symptoms?

Lactose intolerance

Which of the following are accessory organs to the GI tract? (Select one or more.)

Liver Gallbladder Pancreas

Which organ(s) aid in the chemical digestion of fat? (Select one or more.)

Liver, Stomach, Pancreas

Which of the following is a TRUE statement about minerals?

Major minerals are needed in greater quantities than trace minerals, but both are needed.

Which of the following is NOT a food group of MyPlate?

Meat

Lauren is curious if there is any evidence showing that it's beneficial to take vitamin C supplements to prevent the common cold, so she checks the PCC library database for peer-reviewed research articles on the topic. Which type of article would give her the highest-quality evidence on her question?

Meta-analysis

Which of the following characteristics helps increase the surface area of the small intestine? (Select one or more.)

Microvilli Villi Muscular folds

If you're trying to reduce your added sugar consumption AND wish to avoid sugar substitutes, which of the following would be your best beverage choices? (Select one or more.)

Milk Sparkling water Tap water Unsweetened iced tea

Which of the following foods would have naturally occurring sugar? (Select one or more.)

Milk Vegetable Fruit

You are camping, and cooking a hot dog over a campfire. It falls off your stick, and burns in the fire to ash. What class of nutrients is this ash composed of?

Minerals

Considering the levels of organization in the body, complete the following: ___________ combine to form cells; tissues combine to form _____________.

Molecules; Organs

Why is it better to get natural sugar from whole foods versus added sugar from concentrated sweets like soda? (Select one or more.)

Natural sugars come packaged with other nutrients like vitamins, minerals and fiber. Whole foods can help keep us full and satisfied.

Which organ system is responsible for appetite control?

Nervous

Researchers at the Rush Institute for Healthy Aging in Chicago surveyed a group of 800 men and women ages 65 to 94 to determine how often they ate fish. Five years later, they checked to see whether participants had developed Alzheimer's disease. The result: Those who ate at least one fish meal per week were significantly less likely to end up with Alzheimer's disease than those who never—or hardly ever—ate fish. Can you make the conclusion that not eating fish causesAlzheimer's disease from the results of this study?

No

Which of the following are chemical molecules found in foods and required by our bodies to maintain life and support growth and health?

Nutrients

Researchers at the Rush Institute for Healthy Aging in Chicago surveyed a group of 800 men and women ages 65 to 94 to determine how often they ate fish. Five years later, they checked to see whether participants had developed Alzheimer's disease. The result: Those who ate at least one fish meal per week were significantly less likely to end up with Alzheimer's disease than those who never—or hardly ever—ate fish. What type of study design was used for this research?

Observational study

Which of the following statements about the peer review process is FALSE?

Once a researcher finishes conducting a study, it's a quick and simple process to publish a report on it.

Photosynthesis produces

Oxygen and glucose

Researchers at the Rush Institute for Healthy Aging in Chicago surveyed a group of 800 men and women ages 65 to 94 to determine how often they ate fish. Five years later, they checked to see whether participants had developed Alzheimer's disease. The result: Those who ate at least one fish meal per week were significantly less likely to end up with Alzheimer's disease than those who never—or hardly ever—ate fish. What can you conclude from this study?

People who eat more fish may have a lower risk of Alzheimer's, but we don't know if that is because of the fish or some other factor.

Which of the following is not a process of life performed by cells of the human body?

Photosynthesize

A randomized controlled trial was conducted to test whether consuming fish oil supplements would improve students' scores on a math puzzle. The intervention group took capsules of 1000 mg of fish oil per day, while the control group took capsules containing an equal amount of vegetable oil. The students' performance on the math puzzle was tested at baseline (before beginning the supplements) and two weeks later. After two weeks, both groups demonstrated improved scores on the math puzzle, regardless of treatment group. This demonstrates the __________ effect.

Placebo

To test whether a high-dose vitamin C supplement prevents colds, researchers recruited volunteers who were willing to be intentionally infected with cold viruses. Participants were randomly assigned to take either a placebo pill (control group) or a pill with 3,000 mg of vitamin C each day for 4 weeks. Then, all participants had live cold viruses inserted directly into their noses, while continuing to take their assigned placebo or treatment pill for an additional two weeks. All of the volunteers got colds, which were of equal severity. What type of study design was this?

Randomized controlled trial

Which of the following is/are an example of mechanical digestion? (Select one or more.)

Segmentation Chewing Peristalsis

Where does most digestion and absorption occur in the GI tract?

Small Intestine

Where does enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates take place along the digestive tract? (Select one or more.)

Small intestine Mouth

Where do the majority of added sugars come from in the American diet?

Soda, juices, and other sugary beverages

An example of an economic factor driving food choices would be:

Someone having limited access to fresh fruits and vegetables because they live in a remote area

Which foods do you find maltose in?

Sprouted grains

Your box of Cocoa Krispies has a claim flashed across the front: "Helps support your child's immunity!" This is an example of a [blank1] claim.

Structure-function claim

Of the following types of claims made on food labels, which one does not have to be approved by the FDA?

Structure-function claims

Which monosaccharide do all 3 disaccharides have in common?

Sucrose lactose maltose

Which food(s) do you find sucrose in? (Select one or more.)

Table sugar Vegetables Fruits

One of the CRAAPP criteria for assessing the reliability of a website is CURRENCY. A website providing nutrition information notes it was last updated on June 10, 2004. Based on this date, you decide which of the following:

The information is not current and you should look for more recent information to confirm the accuracy of what you are reading

72,337 women enrolled in the Nurses' Health Study. Their diets were tracked over 18 years, and at the end of this time period, the researchers found that women who consumed the highest levels (at least 6,600 IU a day) of vitamin A from supplements and food had nearly double the risk of hip fracture compared with women who consumed the lowest level (less than 1,600 IU day). What can you conclude about the relationship between these two variables?

There is a correlation between higher vitamin A intake and fractures, but we don't know if vitamin A causes the fractures or not.

A double-blind trial is one in which neither the researchers nor participants know which group is assigned to which treatment.

True

Irritable bowel syndrome is a common disorder and can be difficult to treat.

True

No one study is enough to fully explain any one phenomenon

True

One study is never enough to fully answer a question in the complex field of nutrition.

True

The function of the digestive system is to break down the foods you eat, release their nutrients, and absorb those nutrients into the blood.

True

The sugar in table sugar is chemically the same as the sugar found naturally in fruit.

True