nutrition exam 1 ch. 2
what are the different types of Epidemiological studies? what are their limitation
case-control study: individuals who have health condition are compared with ones with similar characteristics who do not have the condition cohort study: collects information about people, analyze the information, and measures changes in variables of a group of people over time
what is the difference between cause and correlation? what are the two types of correlation
cause: cannot be established without causation; cause leads to effect correlation: a relationship between variables; a direct (positive) and inverse (negative correlation
peer review
critical analysis of the study and its findings conducted by another group of scientist in the same field
placebo effect
effect that occurs when a person reports a positive reaction to a treatment even through he or she received the placebo
double-blind study
experimental design in which neither the participants nor the researchers are aware of each participant's group assignment
in vivo
experiments are conducted on whole living organisms, such as lab rodents
in vitro
experiments or "test tube" experiments are conducted on parts derived from living organisms, such as cells
placebo
fake treatment, such as a sham pill, injection, or medical procedure
to conduct searches for reliable information on the internet, use multiple sites such as .____ or .______
gov & org
control groups
group being studied that does not receive treatment
treatment groups
groups being studied that receive a treatment
alternative medical care
health care practices that are not widely accepted and used by conventional medical practitioners
conventional medical care
health care practices that are widely accepted and used by mainstream medical practitioners
experimental studies in humans may be used to obtain information about _______ _______ related to specific _________
health, outcome, & dietary practices
evidence base
information that is based on results of scientific studies
are dietary supplements considered appropriate substitutes for nutrients dense foods?
no
variable
personal characteristic or other features that changes and can influence an outcome
pseudoscience
presentation of information masquerading as factual and obtained by scientific methods
what is quackery? what are the red flags to look for?
promoting useless medical treatments -promise of wuick and easy remedies -claims that sound too good to be true -scare tactics -personal attack of registered dietitian nutritionist -statements about superiority of certain dietary supplements -reliance on testimonials
anecdotes
reports of personal experiences
single-blind study
researchers know which subjects are in the treatment and control groups
current nutrition science relies on _______ ________ for nutrition facts and dietary practices
scientific research
what is the difference between a "nutritionist" and an RD? who can provide reliable sources of nutrition information?
the RD is the reliable source of information; "nutritionist" usually just have a standard education in nutrition
what are dietary supplements and how are they regulated?
they add to a person's dietary intake and contains one or more dietary ingredients, including nutrients or biotanicals; it is regulated as food not as a drug but is not promoted as a conventional food
most experiments that involve animals or humans have a _____ group and a _______ group
treatment and control
integrative medicine
when two types of health care are combined
how can dietary supplements be used wisely?
when used properly, micronutrient supplements are generally safe