nutrition exam 1 ch. 2

what are the different types of Epidemiological studies? what are their limitation

case-control study: individuals who have health condition are compared with ones with similar characteristics who do not have the condition cohort study: collects information about people, analyze the information, and measures changes in variables of a group of people over time

what is the difference between cause and correlation? what are the two types of correlation

cause: cannot be established without causation; cause leads to effect correlation: a relationship between variables; a direct (positive) and inverse (negative correlation

peer review

critical analysis of the study and its findings conducted by another group of scientist in the same field

placebo effect

effect that occurs when a person reports a positive reaction to a treatment even through he or she received the placebo

double-blind study

experimental design in which neither the participants nor the researchers are aware of each participant's group assignment

in vivo

experiments are conducted on whole living organisms, such as lab rodents

in vitro

experiments or "test tube" experiments are conducted on parts derived from living organisms, such as cells

placebo

fake treatment, such as a sham pill, injection, or medical procedure

to conduct searches for reliable information on the internet, use multiple sites such as .____ or .______

gov & org

control groups

group being studied that does not receive treatment

treatment groups

groups being studied that receive a treatment

alternative medical care

health care practices that are not widely accepted and used by conventional medical practitioners

conventional medical care

health care practices that are widely accepted and used by mainstream medical practitioners

experimental studies in humans may be used to obtain information about _______ _______ related to specific _________

health, outcome, & dietary practices

evidence base

information that is based on results of scientific studies

are dietary supplements considered appropriate substitutes for nutrients dense foods?

no

variable

personal characteristic or other features that changes and can influence an outcome

pseudoscience

presentation of information masquerading as factual and obtained by scientific methods

what is quackery? what are the red flags to look for?

promoting useless medical treatments -promise of wuick and easy remedies -claims that sound too good to be true -scare tactics -personal attack of registered dietitian nutritionist -statements about superiority of certain dietary supplements -reliance on testimonials

anecdotes

reports of personal experiences

single-blind study

researchers know which subjects are in the treatment and control groups

current nutrition science relies on _______ ________ for nutrition facts and dietary practices

scientific research

what is the difference between a "nutritionist" and an RD? who can provide reliable sources of nutrition information?

the RD is the reliable source of information; "nutritionist" usually just have a standard education in nutrition

what are dietary supplements and how are they regulated?

they add to a person's dietary intake and contains one or more dietary ingredients, including nutrients or biotanicals; it is regulated as food not as a drug but is not promoted as a conventional food

most experiments that involve animals or humans have a _____ group and a _______ group

treatment and control

integrative medicine

when two types of health care are combined

how can dietary supplements be used wisely?

when used properly, micronutrient supplements are generally safe