FAD ch 14
what could the united states learn from other countries about early childhood education and childcare policies
the united states views childcare as a private matter left up to parents, but many other developed nations view childcare as a public concern. childcare is more available, affordable, and of higher quality in other countries.
trends in child labor
used to be that children were very desired for manufactured jobs, children were easy to negotiate with
living wages
wages that are above federal or state minimum wage levels, usually ranging from 100% to 130% of the poverty line
daycare centers
nonresidential facilities that provide childcare
people feel greater work family conflict when
1. the demands of paid work and family responsibilities are higher 2. the resources that help them manage those demands are fewer 3. the perceptions of demands they believe must fulfill are higher
5 most time consuming household tasks are
1. meal preparation 2. housecleaning 3.shopping for groceries 4.washing dishes and cleaning up after meals 5. laundary
womens labor force participation
1975- only 55% of mothers with children under the age 18 worked
macro level facors that shape the devision of household labor
sex cultural attitudes towards gender cultural expectations for mothers and fathers historical period value attributed to specific resources sex of children
work family conflict
a form of tension under which people feel that the pressures from paid work and family roles are incompatible in some way
time availability perspective
a perspective that suggests the division of labor is largely determined by 1. the need for household labor, such as the number of children in the home and 2. each partners ability to perform household tasks, such as the number of hours spent in paid work
who does what? childcare?
fathers are willing to spend more time with their sons than with their daughters and fathers are even willing to reduce their own private leisure to spend with their sons girls with brothers receive more time with there fathers then girls in all female families
early childhood education and care
an international term for daycare, preschool, and other programs to ensure that all children begin elementary school with basic skills and are ready to learn
spillover
an occurrence caused by the demands involved in one sphere of work carrying over into work in another sphere
renegotiating famly work
fathers time has increased from 2.5 hours a week to 7.3 women experience more stress and burnout then do men
role overload
feelings overwhelmed by many different commitments and not having enough time to meet each commitment effectively
children's labor in the home
children perform household labor bc: parents are attempting to socialize their children to future or adult parental roles some need extra assistance to keep up with housework and childcare demands
self care
children who are unsupervised and taking care of themselves
nannies/babysitters
non relatives that provide childcare in the home
occasional labor
household tasks that are more time flexible and discretionary such as household repairs, yard care, or paying bills
the changing dynamics of the workplace in early america
in colonial america, most families worked closely with the land, their lives revolved around seasonal work by the 19th century the us economy evolved to put emphasis on industrialization -by 1890, 17% of women were in the labor force
household labor
in general, the unpaid work done to maintain family members and/or the home- sometimes excluded childcare and other types of emotional labor and caregiving
the change during this cultural shift of woman working reflects
increasing job and education opportunities, the popularity of feminist ideas of social and economic equality promoted by the women's movement, and a change in economy
nonstandard work schedules
job schedules that are part time, sub contracted, temporary in nature, occur at night, or offer irregular work schedules
mini moms
lower income families and single parent families rely on children to help with numerous household tasks and take care of the children
unemployment personal effects
lower marriage rates, leads to fewer children being born, domestic violence, and harms children's well being
life in recession
many breadwinners lost their jobs, had their incomes reduced, contributing in: rise in home foreclosures, personal bankruptcies, and the number of families who cannot access the health care system, also affects personal relationships
routine household labor
non discretionary routine tasks that can't be postponed, such as cooking, washing dishes, and cleaning
first child labor law
passed in massachutes, if under 15 you have to go to school for at least 3 months out of the year
micro level factors
personal inclination employment status and number of hours worked
womens roles become increasingly intertwined with class and race
poor or minority women had to work, whereas white middle class women could enjoy "true womanhood"
family childcare providers
private homes other than the childs home where childcare is provided
who does what? housework?
studies indicate that women do significantly more housework than men women's work tends to be routine- non discretionary and repetitive in total, women performed about twice as much housework as did men on average woman work an extra 15 hours a week compared to men
"doing gender"
suggests that housework is ingrained as women's work that it functions as an area in which gender is symbolically created and reproduced gendered norms exert a powerful influence on what we see as normative
statistics of childcare
teenage girls do more housework than teenage boys, girls tend to do more routine inside chores where boys do outside chores children in two parent dual earner families and chldren of highly educated families tend to do less housework and childcare
relative resource perspectives
the greater the relative amount of value of resources contributed by a partner, the greater his or hew power within the relationship, which can then be translated into bargaining to avoid tasks such as housework that offer no pay and minimal social prestige
Gender perspective "doing gender"
the perspective of time availability and relative resources are largely gender neutral
disposable workforce
the threat of loosing health insurance- the affordable care act
second shift
women returned to their jobs of housework and childcare, and men returned home to "help"
work family conflict works in both ways
work is made more difficult by participation in family roles and participation in family roles in made more difficult by work