Nutrition Exam 1

Nutrient Density

Derived by dividing a food's nutrient content by its calorie content

Constipation

Difficult or infrequent evacuation of the bowels Treatment: Increase fiber consumption Stimulates peristalsis Dried fruits

What do vitamins do for the body? Which ones are fat soluble and water soluble ?

Enable chemical reactions to occur in the body. Fat Soluble-A, D,E,K Water Soluble- B and C contain no energy

Energy Density

Energy density of a food is determined by comparing the calorie (kcal) content with the weight of food

Hunger vs. Appetite

Hunger - Primarily a physiological (internal) drive to find and eat food, mostly regulated by internal cues to eating. Appetite - Primarily a psychological (external) influence that encourages us to find and eat food, often in the absence of obvious hunger.

Environmental assessment

Living conditions, education level, ability to purchase, transport, and cook food. Weekly budget for food purchases

Endocrine System

Major role in regulation of metabolism, reproduction, water balance, many other functions Produce hormones in the endocrine glands

Calorie

The amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius

Lumen

hollow opening inside a tube, such as the GI tract

nutritional genomics

interactions between nutrition and genetics; includes nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics

Active Absorption

involves a carrier protein as well as energy to move nutrients (against a concentration gradient) into absorptive cells

Digestion

process by which large ingested molecules are mechanically and chemically broken down producing basic nutrients that can be absorbed across the wall of the GI tract

Absorption

process by which substances are taken up from GI tract and enter bloodstream or lymph system

Insulin

produced by the pancreas insulin increases synthesis of glycogen in liver and movement of glucose from bloodstream into body cells

Thyroid Hormone

produced by the thyroid gland to regulate growth and metabolic rate

Bile

released through common bile duct into the first segment of small intestine essential for digestion and absorption of fat

Cell Nucleus

These organelles convert food energy in energy-yielding nutrients (carbohydrate, protein, and fat) into a form of energy that cells can use Contains genetic material responsible for controlling actions that occur in cell

GI Tract

sites in the body for digestion and absorption of nutrients; consists of mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus

Amylase

starch-digesting enzyme produced by salivary glands and pancreas

Saliva

watery fluid, produced by salivary glands in mouth, contains lubricants, enzymes, other substances

Skin and intestinal cells

work in concert with cells and tissues of immune system to defend body against infection

Nerve Transmission

Transmission of signal occurs through change in concentration of two nutrients, sodium and potassium in the neuron Influx of sodium into neuron and loss of potassium as message is sent Concentrations of minerals are restored to normal amounts in neuron after signal passes, making it ready to conduct another message

In America how many adults are considered obese?

more than 35% 2/3 of American adults and 1/3 of children are overweight or obese

Motility

movement of food through the GI tract

Treatment for an ulcer

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) acid-blocking medications called proton pump inhibitors antacid medications

Gallbladder

organ attached to underside of liver; bile storage, concentration, and secretion

Permissive, Antagonistic, Synergistic

permissive - turn on antagonistic - turn off Synergistic - work in cooperation with another hormone

My plate

a visual representation of the advice contained in the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans

Joe ate 15% of the adult Recommended Dietary Allowance for iron (RDA = 8 milligrams) at lunch. How many milligrams did he eat?

0.15 x 8 milligrams = 1.2 milligrams

Alcohol and Binge Eating

1400 college students ages 18 to 24 die annually from alcohol-related unintentional injuries Problems include unsafe sex, health issues, suicides, academic, legal troubles, alcohol abuse, or dependence 31% of students meet criteria for alcohol use disorders

Over nutrition

A state in which nutritional intake greatly exceeds the body's needs

6 classes of nutrients

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Vitamins Minerals Water

Components of the upper GI tract

1. Bolus mixed with saliva, food mass swallowed from oral cavity into pharynx 2. Peristalsis coordinated muscular contractions to propel food down gastrointestinal tract

Passive diffusion vs. Facilitated diffusion

1. Passive diffusion diffusion of nutrients across the absorptive cell membranes 2. Facilitated diffusion uses a carrier protein to move nutrients down a concentration gradient

Cytoplasm

A combination of fluid material and organelles within the cell, not including the nucleus Energy for use by the cell can be produced by chemical processes that occur in the cytoplasm Makes energy for the cell

Water

Acts as solvent and lubricant Transports nutrients and waste Medium for temperature regulation Majority of our body weight Recommended intake is 9-13 cups/day (average) Provides no calories/energy

Recommend Physical activity ?

Adults: health benefits occur with at least 150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity physical activity Adults accumulate activity throughout week in a variety of ways Children/adolescents should include 60 minutes of physical activity per day

Gallstones

Affects 10 to 20% of U.S. adults Symptoms Upper right abdominal pain, gas, bloating, nausea and vomiting Treatment Removal of gallbladder

Hemorrhoids

Also called piles Swollen veins of rectum and anus Caused by intense pressure during bowel movements stress to the vessels from pregnancy, obesity, prolonged sitting, violent coughing or sneezing, or straining during bowel movements, particularly with constipation results in itching and bleeding from anus Treatment - warm bath, treat constipation

Nutrients needed for the brain

Amino acids, for norepinephrine and epinephrine Glucose, preferred fuel for the brain Lipids, protein, B-12 support the myelin sheath covering nerve fibers

Biochemical assessment

Biochemical functions related to a nutrient's function

Urinary System

Body system consisting of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and the ducts that carry urine removes waste products from the circulatory system, regulates blood acid-base balance, overall chemical balance, and water balance

Anthropometric assessment

Body weight, lengths, circumferences, and thicknesses of parts of the body

How many kcals per grams?

Carbohydrate 4 kcal per gram Fats: 9 kcals per gram Protein: 4 kcals per gram Alcohol: 7 kcals per gram, not considered an essential nutrient

Peroxisomes

Cell organelle destroys toxic products within cell Contain enzymes that detoxify harmful chemicals Prevents excessive accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in cell

Golgi Complex

Cell organelle near nucleus that processes newly synthesized protein for secretion or distribution to other organelles

Lysosomes

Cellular organelle contains digestive enzymes for use inside cell for turnover of cell parts Digest worn-out or damaged cell components

Celiac Disease and Gluten Sensitivity

Chronic, immune-mediated disease precipitated by exposure to dietary protein gluten in genetically predisposed people Found in certain grains, wheat, rye, barley Affects about 1% of U.S. population Flattens villi Limits absorption of nutrients Treatment Should include a blood test for antibodies to gluten Elimination of wheat, rye, and barley

Digestive System: Consist of? Fxn?

Consists of gastrointestinal tract, accessory structures liver, gallbladder, pancreas Performs mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, elimination of wastes

DV

Daily Value is the nutrient standard used on the Nutrition Facts portion of the food label The percent Daily Value for each nutrient is based on consuming a 2000-kcal diet

Ulcers

Erosion of the tissue lining, usually in stomach or upper small intestine generally referred to as peptic ulcers H. Pylori

EER

Estimates energy (kcal) intake needed to match the energy use of an average person in a specific life stage

Dietary assessment

Estimation of typical food choices relying on the recounting of one's usual intake or record of previous days' intake

Macro vs. Micro

Example: Macro- Carbohydrates Mico- vitamins and minerals

Malnutrition

Failing health from long-standing dietary practices that do not coincide with nutritional needs

Under nutrition

Failing health that results from a long-standing dietary intake that is not enough to meet nutritional needs

Clinical assessment

General appearance of skin, eyes, and tongue; evidence of rapid hair loss; sense of touch; ability to cough, walk

Good vs. Bad blood

Good: Arteries. Oxygenated Blood away from heart Bad; Veins. Deoxygenated Blood toward the heart

Pancreas

Has both endocrine and digestive functions Manufactures hormones - insulin and glucagon Produces "pancreatic juice," mixture of water, bicarbonate, and variety of digestive enzymes

Hepatic portal circulation

Hepatic portal circulation Portion of circulatory system using large vein (portal vein) to carry nutrient-rich blood from capillaries in intestines and portions of the stomach to liver

Minerals

Inorganic substances that do not contain carbon atoms Numerous functions in the body NOT destroyed during cooking Major and trace minerals Perform electrolyte functions Produce NO calories/energy

Balance

Matching your energy intake with energy expenditure

UI

Maximum chronic daily intake level of a nutrient that is unlikely to cause adverse health effects in almost all people in a specific life stage

AI

Nutrient intake amount set for any nutrient for which insufficient research is available to establish an RDA. AIs are based on estimates of intakes that appear to maintain a defined nutritional state in a specific life stage.

RDA

Nutrient intake amount sufficient to meet the needs of 97% to 98% of the individuals in a specific life stage An intake slightly above or below the RDA for a nutrient on any given day is no concern

What are the leading causes of death?

heart disease, cancer, stroke, diabetes

Endoplasmic reticulum

Part of the endoplasmic reticulum contains ribosomes Involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification of toxic substances, calcium storage release in the cell

Limitations on my plate

Provide information about overall calories, serving sizes, or number of servings Address types of foods to choose within each food group Address total diet which may include snacks

Liver

Releases number of unwanted substances that travel with bile to gallbladder End up in the small intestine, eventually in the large intestine for excretion

Carbohyrdates: Simple sugars? Complex Sugars?

Simple sugar: Monosaccharides and disaccharides Complex carbohydrates: Glycogen, starch and fiber

Satiety

State in which there is no longer a desire to eat; a feeling of satisfaction.

Lymphatic System

System of vessels and lymph accepts fluid surrounding cells and large particles, such as products of fat absorption

Eating Disorders

Up to 30% of college students are at risk of developing an eating disorder

Stomach, Upper GI (Define instrinsic factor)

Very little absorption of nutrients in stomach ~instrinsic factor protein-like compound produced by stomach enhances vitamin B-12 absorption

Are lipids energy yielding?

Yes

Are proteins energy yielding?

Yes

Lymph

bloodstream from lymphatic system A clear fluid, eventually passes into

Petrochemical

chemical found in plants; some may contribute to reduced risk of cancer or cardiovascular disease in people who consume them regularly concern that it is being overused in marketing some foods

nutrigenetics

effects of genes on nutritional health, such as variations in nutrient requirements and responsiveness to dietary modifications

Lipase

fat-digesting enzyme produced by salivary glands, stomach, pancreas

nutrigenomics

food impacts health through its interaction with our genes and its subsequent effect on gene expression.

Phagocytosis and pinocytosis

forms of active transport in which absorptive cell membrane forms an indentation that engulfs a nutrient to bring it into cell

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease/ Heartburn

half of North American adults experience occasional heartburn also known as acid reflux heartburn can damage the lining of the esophagus results from stomach acid backing up into esophagus acid irritates the lining of the esophagus, causing pain

Treatment for constipation

treatment: Drink adequate fluids, especially water Dried fruits Establish a regular bowel routine Relaxation Regular exercise Laxatives can lessen constipation With supervision of physician