Nutrition Exam 1
Nutrient Density
Derived by dividing a food's nutrient content by its calorie content
Constipation
Difficult or infrequent evacuation of the bowels Treatment: Increase fiber consumption Stimulates peristalsis Dried fruits
What do vitamins do for the body? Which ones are fat soluble and water soluble ?
Enable chemical reactions to occur in the body. Fat Soluble-A, D,E,K Water Soluble- B and C contain no energy
Energy Density
Energy density of a food is determined by comparing the calorie (kcal) content with the weight of food
Hunger vs. Appetite
Hunger - Primarily a physiological (internal) drive to find and eat food, mostly regulated by internal cues to eating. Appetite - Primarily a psychological (external) influence that encourages us to find and eat food, often in the absence of obvious hunger.
Environmental assessment
Living conditions, education level, ability to purchase, transport, and cook food. Weekly budget for food purchases
Endocrine System
Major role in regulation of metabolism, reproduction, water balance, many other functions Produce hormones in the endocrine glands
Calorie
The amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius
Lumen
hollow opening inside a tube, such as the GI tract
nutritional genomics
interactions between nutrition and genetics; includes nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics
Active Absorption
involves a carrier protein as well as energy to move nutrients (against a concentration gradient) into absorptive cells
Digestion
process by which large ingested molecules are mechanically and chemically broken down producing basic nutrients that can be absorbed across the wall of the GI tract
Absorption
process by which substances are taken up from GI tract and enter bloodstream or lymph system
Insulin
produced by the pancreas insulin increases synthesis of glycogen in liver and movement of glucose from bloodstream into body cells
Thyroid Hormone
produced by the thyroid gland to regulate growth and metabolic rate
Bile
released through common bile duct into the first segment of small intestine essential for digestion and absorption of fat
Cell Nucleus
These organelles convert food energy in energy-yielding nutrients (carbohydrate, protein, and fat) into a form of energy that cells can use Contains genetic material responsible for controlling actions that occur in cell
GI Tract
sites in the body for digestion and absorption of nutrients; consists of mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus
Amylase
starch-digesting enzyme produced by salivary glands and pancreas
Saliva
watery fluid, produced by salivary glands in mouth, contains lubricants, enzymes, other substances
Skin and intestinal cells
work in concert with cells and tissues of immune system to defend body against infection
Nerve Transmission
Transmission of signal occurs through change in concentration of two nutrients, sodium and potassium in the neuron Influx of sodium into neuron and loss of potassium as message is sent Concentrations of minerals are restored to normal amounts in neuron after signal passes, making it ready to conduct another message
In America how many adults are considered obese?
more than 35% 2/3 of American adults and 1/3 of children are overweight or obese
Motility
movement of food through the GI tract
Treatment for an ulcer
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) acid-blocking medications called proton pump inhibitors antacid medications
Gallbladder
organ attached to underside of liver; bile storage, concentration, and secretion
Permissive, Antagonistic, Synergistic
permissive - turn on antagonistic - turn off Synergistic - work in cooperation with another hormone
My plate
a visual representation of the advice contained in the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans
Joe ate 15% of the adult Recommended Dietary Allowance for iron (RDA = 8 milligrams) at lunch. How many milligrams did he eat?
0.15 x 8 milligrams = 1.2 milligrams
Alcohol and Binge Eating
1400 college students ages 18 to 24 die annually from alcohol-related unintentional injuries Problems include unsafe sex, health issues, suicides, academic, legal troubles, alcohol abuse, or dependence 31% of students meet criteria for alcohol use disorders
Over nutrition
A state in which nutritional intake greatly exceeds the body's needs
6 classes of nutrients
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Vitamins Minerals Water
Components of the upper GI tract
1. Bolus mixed with saliva, food mass swallowed from oral cavity into pharynx 2. Peristalsis coordinated muscular contractions to propel food down gastrointestinal tract
Passive diffusion vs. Facilitated diffusion
1. Passive diffusion diffusion of nutrients across the absorptive cell membranes 2. Facilitated diffusion uses a carrier protein to move nutrients down a concentration gradient
Cytoplasm
A combination of fluid material and organelles within the cell, not including the nucleus Energy for use by the cell can be produced by chemical processes that occur in the cytoplasm Makes energy for the cell
Water
Acts as solvent and lubricant Transports nutrients and waste Medium for temperature regulation Majority of our body weight Recommended intake is 9-13 cups/day (average) Provides no calories/energy
Recommend Physical activity ?
Adults: health benefits occur with at least 150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity physical activity Adults accumulate activity throughout week in a variety of ways Children/adolescents should include 60 minutes of physical activity per day
Gallstones
Affects 10 to 20% of U.S. adults Symptoms Upper right abdominal pain, gas, bloating, nausea and vomiting Treatment Removal of gallbladder
Hemorrhoids
Also called piles Swollen veins of rectum and anus Caused by intense pressure during bowel movements stress to the vessels from pregnancy, obesity, prolonged sitting, violent coughing or sneezing, or straining during bowel movements, particularly with constipation results in itching and bleeding from anus Treatment - warm bath, treat constipation
Nutrients needed for the brain
Amino acids, for norepinephrine and epinephrine Glucose, preferred fuel for the brain Lipids, protein, B-12 support the myelin sheath covering nerve fibers
Biochemical assessment
Biochemical functions related to a nutrient's function
Urinary System
Body system consisting of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and the ducts that carry urine removes waste products from the circulatory system, regulates blood acid-base balance, overall chemical balance, and water balance
Anthropometric assessment
Body weight, lengths, circumferences, and thicknesses of parts of the body
How many kcals per grams?
Carbohydrate 4 kcal per gram Fats: 9 kcals per gram Protein: 4 kcals per gram Alcohol: 7 kcals per gram, not considered an essential nutrient
Peroxisomes
Cell organelle destroys toxic products within cell Contain enzymes that detoxify harmful chemicals Prevents excessive accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in cell
Golgi Complex
Cell organelle near nucleus that processes newly synthesized protein for secretion or distribution to other organelles
Lysosomes
Cellular organelle contains digestive enzymes for use inside cell for turnover of cell parts Digest worn-out or damaged cell components
Celiac Disease and Gluten Sensitivity
Chronic, immune-mediated disease precipitated by exposure to dietary protein gluten in genetically predisposed people Found in certain grains, wheat, rye, barley Affects about 1% of U.S. population Flattens villi Limits absorption of nutrients Treatment Should include a blood test for antibodies to gluten Elimination of wheat, rye, and barley
Digestive System: Consist of? Fxn?
Consists of gastrointestinal tract, accessory structures liver, gallbladder, pancreas Performs mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, elimination of wastes
DV
Daily Value is the nutrient standard used on the Nutrition Facts portion of the food label The percent Daily Value for each nutrient is based on consuming a 2000-kcal diet
Ulcers
Erosion of the tissue lining, usually in stomach or upper small intestine generally referred to as peptic ulcers H. Pylori
EER
Estimates energy (kcal) intake needed to match the energy use of an average person in a specific life stage
Dietary assessment
Estimation of typical food choices relying on the recounting of one's usual intake or record of previous days' intake
Macro vs. Micro
Example: Macro- Carbohydrates Mico- vitamins and minerals
Malnutrition
Failing health from long-standing dietary practices that do not coincide with nutritional needs
Under nutrition
Failing health that results from a long-standing dietary intake that is not enough to meet nutritional needs
Clinical assessment
General appearance of skin, eyes, and tongue; evidence of rapid hair loss; sense of touch; ability to cough, walk
Good vs. Bad blood
Good: Arteries. Oxygenated Blood away from heart Bad; Veins. Deoxygenated Blood toward the heart
Pancreas
Has both endocrine and digestive functions Manufactures hormones - insulin and glucagon Produces "pancreatic juice," mixture of water, bicarbonate, and variety of digestive enzymes
Hepatic portal circulation
Hepatic portal circulation Portion of circulatory system using large vein (portal vein) to carry nutrient-rich blood from capillaries in intestines and portions of the stomach to liver
Minerals
Inorganic substances that do not contain carbon atoms Numerous functions in the body NOT destroyed during cooking Major and trace minerals Perform electrolyte functions Produce NO calories/energy
Balance
Matching your energy intake with energy expenditure
UI
Maximum chronic daily intake level of a nutrient that is unlikely to cause adverse health effects in almost all people in a specific life stage
AI
Nutrient intake amount set for any nutrient for which insufficient research is available to establish an RDA. AIs are based on estimates of intakes that appear to maintain a defined nutritional state in a specific life stage.
RDA
Nutrient intake amount sufficient to meet the needs of 97% to 98% of the individuals in a specific life stage An intake slightly above or below the RDA for a nutrient on any given day is no concern
What are the leading causes of death?
heart disease, cancer, stroke, diabetes
Endoplasmic reticulum
Part of the endoplasmic reticulum contains ribosomes Involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification of toxic substances, calcium storage release in the cell
Limitations on my plate
Provide information about overall calories, serving sizes, or number of servings Address types of foods to choose within each food group Address total diet which may include snacks
Liver
Releases number of unwanted substances that travel with bile to gallbladder End up in the small intestine, eventually in the large intestine for excretion
Carbohyrdates: Simple sugars? Complex Sugars?
Simple sugar: Monosaccharides and disaccharides Complex carbohydrates: Glycogen, starch and fiber
Satiety
State in which there is no longer a desire to eat; a feeling of satisfaction.
Lymphatic System
System of vessels and lymph accepts fluid surrounding cells and large particles, such as products of fat absorption
Eating Disorders
Up to 30% of college students are at risk of developing an eating disorder
Stomach, Upper GI (Define instrinsic factor)
Very little absorption of nutrients in stomach ~instrinsic factor protein-like compound produced by stomach enhances vitamin B-12 absorption
Are lipids energy yielding?
Yes
Are proteins energy yielding?
Yes
Lymph
bloodstream from lymphatic system A clear fluid, eventually passes into
Petrochemical
chemical found in plants; some may contribute to reduced risk of cancer or cardiovascular disease in people who consume them regularly concern that it is being overused in marketing some foods
nutrigenetics
effects of genes on nutritional health, such as variations in nutrient requirements and responsiveness to dietary modifications
Lipase
fat-digesting enzyme produced by salivary glands, stomach, pancreas
nutrigenomics
food impacts health through its interaction with our genes and its subsequent effect on gene expression.
Phagocytosis and pinocytosis
forms of active transport in which absorptive cell membrane forms an indentation that engulfs a nutrient to bring it into cell
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease/ Heartburn
half of North American adults experience occasional heartburn also known as acid reflux heartburn can damage the lining of the esophagus results from stomach acid backing up into esophagus acid irritates the lining of the esophagus, causing pain
Treatment for constipation
treatment: Drink adequate fluids, especially water Dried fruits Establish a regular bowel routine Relaxation Regular exercise Laxatives can lessen constipation With supervision of physician