Nutrition Exam 1 Review

Characteristics of proteins

- Compounds of one ore more amino acids - Distinguished by their 'R' groups

Approximately what fraction of the body's total glycogen content is found in the liver

1/3

Approximately how many different amino acids are used in the synthesis of body proteins ?

20

Approximately what minimum percentage of all grains consumed by a person should be whole grains?

50

Major sources of cholesterol include all of the following EXCEPT

Avocados

A dispensible amino acid is one that

Can be synthesized by the body

How do you do the calculations

Carbohydrate x4 Protein x4 Fat x9 Then add up all the numbers

characteristics of fats

Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Fatty acids are always even 4-24 carbons long Solid or liquid forms

The application of heat or acid to a protein that causes its shape to change is known as

Denaturation

Lipids that are solid at room temperature are known as

Fats

A tryglyceride always contains 3

Fatty acids

Which of the following is NOT one of the six classes of nutrients?

Fiber

Gluconeogensis is a term that describes the synthesis of

Glucose from a non-carbohydrate source

good cholesterol

HDL made mostly of protein

A low risk of cardiovascular disease correlates with high blood levels of

High density lipoproteins

The chemical reaction by which starch is split into monosaccharides is termed

Hydrolysis

Which of the following is among the recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans?

Increase physical activity

A common feature of the plant sterols is they

Inhibit absorption of dietary cholesterol

blood glucose homeostasis

Insulin - moves glucose from blood into cells Glucagon and Epinephrine - brings glucose out from storage

Food manufacturers prefer to use high-fructose corn syrup instead of sugar because sugar

Is more expensive

Which of the following is NOT among the features of a chronic disease?

It produces sharp pains

Immediately after absorption, what circulatory system carries the fat-soluble vitamins and large fats?

Lymphatic

Overcooking a food is least likely to affect which of the following groups of nutrients?

Minerals

In what organ does the digestion process begin?

Mouth

Lipids that are liquid at room temperature are known as

Oils

A major feature of the Mediterranean diet is liberal intake of

Olive oil

Roles of protein in the body

Structural Enzymes Hormones Regulations of fluid balance Acid-base regulators Transporters

Roles of fat in the body

Provide cells with energy Insulate against temperature extremes Protect against shock Maintain cell membranes

functions of fat

Provide the cells with energy Insulate against temperature extremes Maintain cell membranes Protect against shock

Name the essential amino acids

Phenylalanine Valine Threonine Tryptophan Methionine Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine

An important function of fat in the body is to

Protect vital organs against shock

Which of the following is an example of a macronutrient?

Protein

incomplete proteins

Proteins that are missing one or more of the essential amino acids

An empty-kcalorie food is one that contains

energy and little or no protein, vitamins, or minerals

saturated fat

fat in which all three fatty acid chains contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms and no double bonds

Bile is known to assist in the absorption of

fat only

The addition of calcium to some orange juice products by food manufacturers is most properly termed nutrient

fortification

an enzyme made in the stomach is called

gastric

enzymes that digest lipids

gastric lipase pancreatic lipase called lipase

what two monosaccharides make up sucrose

glucose + fructose

What two monosaccharides make up lactose?

glucose + galactose

what two monosaccharides make up maltose

glucose + glucose

A person who eats a bowl of oatmeal for breakfast every day is most likely making a food choice based on

habit

an enzyme made in the liver is called

hepatic

The function of a protease is to

hydrolyze proteins

What is the composition of a tripeptide?

Three amino acids bonded together

A compound composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen with 3 fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol would be known as a ___________.

Triglyceride

What is the composition of maltose

Two glucose units

Which of the following nutrients does not yield energy during its metabolism?

Vitamins

What two major nutrients are supplied by the fruit and vegetable groups?

Vitamins A and C

polyunsaturated fats

a fatty acid that lacks four or more hydrogen atoms and has two or more double bonds between carbon atoms

monounsaturated fats

a fatty that lacks two hydrogen atoms and has one double bond between carbon atoms

amylase digests

carbohydrates (amylose)

complete proteins

contain all essential amino acids

an enzyme made in the intestines is called

intestinal

A person with chronic GI bleeding is at risk for deficiency of

iron

lactase digests

lactose

An essential nutrient is one that cannot be

made in sufficient quantities by the body.

what kind of sugar is maltose

malt sugar

maltase digests

maltose

Name the disaccharides

maltose, sucrose, lactose

food high in protein

meat, eggs, fish

Providing enough, but not an excess, of a food is a diet-planning principle known as

moderation

lactose intolerance

not enough of lactase enzyme bacteria have party in stomach because lactose digested by lactose. Bloating, gas, and diarrhea are symptoms. You can take lactose pill, eat lactose in small amounts

A food label that advertises the product as a "rich source of fiber" is an example of a

nutrient claim.

food high in carbohydrates

pasta and bread

What type of compound is lecithin

phospholipid

protease digests

proteins

Nutrient dense refers to foods that

provide more nutrients relative to kcalories

an enzyme made in the mouth is called

salivary or lingual

What is one function of the gallbladder?

stores bile

functions of proteins

structural materials, enzymes, hormones, regulation of fluid balance, acid-base regulators, transporters

According to the FDA, a food label that reads "improves memory" is an example of a

structure-function claim

sucrase digests

sucrose

what kind of sugar is sucrose

table sugar

An omega 3 fatty acid has its first double bond on the

third carbon from the methyl end

The motive for a person who alters his diet due to religious convictions is most likely his

values

A person with chronic diarrhea is at risk for which of the following?

Dehydration

Bile Recirculation/ Cholesterol lowering effect

1. In the liver, bile is made from cholesterol 2. In the gallbladder bile is stored 3. In the small intestine, bile emulsifies fat 3b. In the colon, bile that has been trapped by the soluble fibers is excreted in feces

Into what region of the intestinal tract does the stomach empty?

Duodenum

After digestion of proteins, what products are absorbed into the circulation?

Free amino acids, and a few dipeptides and tripeptides

bad cholesterol

LDL mostly cholesterol; linked with heart disease

Among the following population groups, which shows the highest prevalence of lactose intolerance?

Native Americas

What is the composition of lactose?

One galactose and one glucose unit

What kind of sugar is lactose

milk sugar