Nutrition Exam 1 Review
Characteristics of proteins
- Compounds of one ore more amino acids - Distinguished by their 'R' groups
Approximately what fraction of the body's total glycogen content is found in the liver
1/3
Approximately how many different amino acids are used in the synthesis of body proteins ?
20
Approximately what minimum percentage of all grains consumed by a person should be whole grains?
50
Major sources of cholesterol include all of the following EXCEPT
Avocados
A dispensible amino acid is one that
Can be synthesized by the body
How do you do the calculations
Carbohydrate x4 Protein x4 Fat x9 Then add up all the numbers
characteristics of fats
Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Fatty acids are always even 4-24 carbons long Solid or liquid forms
The application of heat or acid to a protein that causes its shape to change is known as
Denaturation
Lipids that are solid at room temperature are known as
Fats
A tryglyceride always contains 3
Fatty acids
Which of the following is NOT one of the six classes of nutrients?
Fiber
Gluconeogensis is a term that describes the synthesis of
Glucose from a non-carbohydrate source
good cholesterol
HDL made mostly of protein
A low risk of cardiovascular disease correlates with high blood levels of
High density lipoproteins
The chemical reaction by which starch is split into monosaccharides is termed
Hydrolysis
Which of the following is among the recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans?
Increase physical activity
A common feature of the plant sterols is they
Inhibit absorption of dietary cholesterol
blood glucose homeostasis
Insulin - moves glucose from blood into cells Glucagon and Epinephrine - brings glucose out from storage
Food manufacturers prefer to use high-fructose corn syrup instead of sugar because sugar
Is more expensive
Which of the following is NOT among the features of a chronic disease?
It produces sharp pains
Immediately after absorption, what circulatory system carries the fat-soluble vitamins and large fats?
Lymphatic
Overcooking a food is least likely to affect which of the following groups of nutrients?
Minerals
In what organ does the digestion process begin?
Mouth
Lipids that are liquid at room temperature are known as
Oils
A major feature of the Mediterranean diet is liberal intake of
Olive oil
Roles of protein in the body
Structural Enzymes Hormones Regulations of fluid balance Acid-base regulators Transporters
Roles of fat in the body
Provide cells with energy Insulate against temperature extremes Protect against shock Maintain cell membranes
functions of fat
Provide the cells with energy Insulate against temperature extremes Maintain cell membranes Protect against shock
Name the essential amino acids
Phenylalanine Valine Threonine Tryptophan Methionine Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine
An important function of fat in the body is to
Protect vital organs against shock
Which of the following is an example of a macronutrient?
Protein
incomplete proteins
Proteins that are missing one or more of the essential amino acids
An empty-kcalorie food is one that contains
energy and little or no protein, vitamins, or minerals
saturated fat
fat in which all three fatty acid chains contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms and no double bonds
Bile is known to assist in the absorption of
fat only
The addition of calcium to some orange juice products by food manufacturers is most properly termed nutrient
fortification
an enzyme made in the stomach is called
gastric
enzymes that digest lipids
gastric lipase pancreatic lipase called lipase
what two monosaccharides make up sucrose
glucose + fructose
What two monosaccharides make up lactose?
glucose + galactose
what two monosaccharides make up maltose
glucose + glucose
A person who eats a bowl of oatmeal for breakfast every day is most likely making a food choice based on
habit
an enzyme made in the liver is called
hepatic
The function of a protease is to
hydrolyze proteins
What is the composition of a tripeptide?
Three amino acids bonded together
A compound composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen with 3 fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol would be known as a ___________.
Triglyceride
What is the composition of maltose
Two glucose units
Which of the following nutrients does not yield energy during its metabolism?
Vitamins
What two major nutrients are supplied by the fruit and vegetable groups?
Vitamins A and C
polyunsaturated fats
a fatty acid that lacks four or more hydrogen atoms and has two or more double bonds between carbon atoms
monounsaturated fats
a fatty that lacks two hydrogen atoms and has one double bond between carbon atoms
amylase digests
carbohydrates (amylose)
complete proteins
contain all essential amino acids
an enzyme made in the intestines is called
intestinal
A person with chronic GI bleeding is at risk for deficiency of
iron
lactase digests
lactose
An essential nutrient is one that cannot be
made in sufficient quantities by the body.
what kind of sugar is maltose
malt sugar
maltase digests
maltose
Name the disaccharides
maltose, sucrose, lactose
food high in protein
meat, eggs, fish
Providing enough, but not an excess, of a food is a diet-planning principle known as
moderation
lactose intolerance
not enough of lactase enzyme bacteria have party in stomach because lactose digested by lactose. Bloating, gas, and diarrhea are symptoms. You can take lactose pill, eat lactose in small amounts
A food label that advertises the product as a "rich source of fiber" is an example of a
nutrient claim.
food high in carbohydrates
pasta and bread
What type of compound is lecithin
phospholipid
protease digests
proteins
Nutrient dense refers to foods that
provide more nutrients relative to kcalories
an enzyme made in the mouth is called
salivary or lingual
What is one function of the gallbladder?
stores bile
functions of proteins
structural materials, enzymes, hormones, regulation of fluid balance, acid-base regulators, transporters
According to the FDA, a food label that reads "improves memory" is an example of a
structure-function claim
sucrase digests
sucrose
what kind of sugar is sucrose
table sugar
An omega 3 fatty acid has its first double bond on the
third carbon from the methyl end
The motive for a person who alters his diet due to religious convictions is most likely his
values
A person with chronic diarrhea is at risk for which of the following?
Dehydration
Bile Recirculation/ Cholesterol lowering effect
1. In the liver, bile is made from cholesterol 2. In the gallbladder bile is stored 3. In the small intestine, bile emulsifies fat 3b. In the colon, bile that has been trapped by the soluble fibers is excreted in feces
Into what region of the intestinal tract does the stomach empty?
Duodenum
After digestion of proteins, what products are absorbed into the circulation?
Free amino acids, and a few dipeptides and tripeptides
bad cholesterol
LDL mostly cholesterol; linked with heart disease
Among the following population groups, which shows the highest prevalence of lactose intolerance?
Native Americas
What is the composition of lactose?
One galactose and one glucose unit
What kind of sugar is lactose
milk sugar