Nutrition Exam 2
Research shows that it is optimal for adults to distribute protein intake throughout the day to maintain lean mass as they age. Adults should consume approximately ______ of protein per meal at more than one meal per day to maintain healthy muscles and bones.
30 grams
Essential amino acids account for approximately ______ of total amino acids in the typical American dietary pattern.
50%
Fat makes up nearly 100% of total kcal in which of the following food items?
Canola oil
Which of the following is true about the regulation of the production and sale of vitamin and mineral supplements?
The FDA does not regulate all vitamin and mineral supplements closely.
Which of the following criteria qualifies a compound as a vitamin?
The compound is necessary for health, but the body is unable to synthesize enough of the compound to maintain health.
If a person does not eat enough carbohydrates to supply the glucose the body needs, which of the following will happen?
The liver will convert amino acids to glucose.
Which of the following describes fat-soluble vitamins?
They are readily stored in the body.
Sterols are similar to triglycerides in which of the following ways?
They do not dissolve in water
_______ is a water-soluble vitamin that is especially important in amino acid metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, and the synthesis of the heme portion of hemoglobin.
Vitamin B-6
Formation and maintenance of collagen require
Vitamin C
Scurvy can be prevented with adequate intakes of
Vitamin C
Which of the following is an antioxidant?
Vitamin C
Which of the following would be the best source of vitamin D for a person following a vegan diet?
Vitamin D-fortified soymilk
Which of the following vitamins serves as an antioxidant in cell membranes?
Vitamin E
One of the richest plant sources of omega-3 fatty acids is
Walnuts.
Vitamin B-12 is supplied almost entirely by
animal products
In the typical American diet, most dietary protein comes from
animal sources
Body proteins that bind to foreign proteins in the body are
antibodies.
The three-carbon structure that forms the "backbone" of a triglyceride is called
glycerol.
Because the DNA cannot leave the nucleus to get to the ribosomes, the genes for proteins must be transcribed into ______ that can leave the nucleus.
mRNA
If you are trying to reduce your dietary intake of cholesterol, you should limit or avoid
organ meats
When it comes to food choices, the most important factor that influences your risk for heart disease is the amount of ______ in your dietary pattern.
saturated fat
Plant-based diets may reduce the risk for cardiovascular disease. This is likely due to the fact that, compared to animal sources of protein, plant sources of protein are lower in
saturated fat and cholesterol.
Which of the B vitamins contains cobalt?
Vitamin B-12
A saturated fatty acid contains ______ double bond(s).
0
The Recommended Dietary Allowance for protein for nearly all adults is ______ g/kg/day.
0.8
Examine the Nutrition Facts label for pita chips. 1 serving of pita chips = about 9 chips. 1 serving = 130 Calories 5 grams of fat (which is 6% of the Daily Value for fat) 0.5 grams of saturated fat (which is 4% of the Daily Value for saturated fat) 0 grams of trans fat 0.5 grams of polyunsaturated fat 3.5 grams of monounsaturated fat 0 milligrams of cholesterol 260 milligrams of sodium (which is 11% of the Daily Value for sodium) 19 grams of total carbohydrate (which is 7% of the Daily Value for total carbohydrate) less than 1 gram of dietary fiber (which is 3% of the Daily Value for dietary fiber) less than 1 gram of total sugars 4 grams of protein 0 micrograms of vitamin D 0 milligrams of calcium 1 milligram of iron (which is 6% of the Daily Value for iron) 10 milligrams of potassium (which is less than 1% of the Daily Value for potassium). If Jacob eats a bowl of 18 chips, how many grams of fat will he consume?
10 grams
The Dietary Guidelines recommend that all Americans, starting at 2 years of age, should limit their saturated fat intake to ______ of total calories.
10%
The RDA for protein translates into approximately what percentage of total daily calorie needs?
10%
According to the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the National Academy of Sciences, ______ of kilocalories should come from protein.
10% to 35%
Examine the Nutrition Facts label for hummus. 17 servings per container. Serving size: 2 tablespoons (28 grams). Amount per serving, calories: 80. Percentage daily value: Total fat, 6 grams: 8% Saturated fat, 1 gram: 5 % Trans fat, 0 grams. Cholesterol, 0 milligrams: 0 % Sodium, 125 milligrams: 5% Total carbohydrate, 4 grams: 1% Dietary fiber, 1 gram: 4% Total sugars, 0 grams; includes 0 grams of added sugars, 0% Protein, 2 grams. Vitamin D, 0 micrograms, 0% Calcium, 0 milligrams, 0% Iron, less than 1 milligrams, 4% Potassium, 94 milligrams, 2%. Saturated fat provides ______% of total calories in hummus.
11%
How many different amino acids are used in the synthesis of body proteins?
20
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for fat for adults is
20% to 35% of total kcal
A breakfast sandwich from a fast food restaurant provides 33 grams of fat, 13 grams of saturated fat, and 500 kilocalories (kcal). Saturated fat accounts for approximately ______ of total kcal in the breakfast sandwich.
23%
For people who need to lower their blood cholesterol levels, the American Heart Association recommends limiting saturated fat intake to ______ of total calories.
5% to 6%
Jose is a sedentary male who weighs 176 pounds. What is his RDA for protein?
64 grams
Examine the Nutrition Facts label for hummus. 17 servings per container. Serving size: 2 tablespoons (28 grams). Amount per serving, calories: 80. Percentage daily value: Total fat, 6 grams: 8% Saturated fat, 1 gram: 5 % Trans fat, 0 grams. Cholesterol, 0 milligrams: 0 % Sodium, 125 milligrams: 5% Total carbohydrate, 4 grams: 1% Dietary fiber, 1 gram: 4% Total sugars, 0 grams; includes 0 grams of added sugars, 0% Protein, 2 grams. Vitamin D, 0 micrograms, 0% Calcium, 0 milligrams, 0% Iron, less than 1 milligrams, 4% Potassium, 94 milligrams, 2%. Fat provides ______% of the total calories in hummus.
68% - Multiply Total Servings * Total Fat Grams - Multiply by 9 - Divide by Total Calories and Move Decimal Point to two places to the right
How many grams of protein are needed per day by a sedentary adult male who weighs 87 kilograms?
70
Examine the Nutrition Facts label for hummus. 17 servings per container. Serving size: 2 tablespoons (28 grams). Amount per serving, calories: 80. Percentage daily value Total fat, 6 grams: 8% Saturated fat, 1 gram: 5% Trans fat, 0 grams. Cholesterol, 0 milligrams: 0%. Sodium, 125 milligrams: 5%. Total carbohydrate, 4 grams: 1% dietary fiber, 1 gram: 4% total sugars, 0 grams; includes 0 grams of added sugars, 0%. Protein, 2 grams. Vitamin D, 0 micrograms, 0% Calcium, 0 milligrams, 0% iron, less than 1 milligrams, 4% potassium, 94 milligrams, 2%. One serving of hummus provides ______% of the Daily Value for fat.
8%
In consideration of the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for fat, a healthy adult who requires 2400 kcal per day should consume no more than ______ grams of fat per day.
93
The childhood deficiency disease for vitamin D is called
rickets.
Plant-based dietary patterns are associated with lower risk of
All of the choices are correct (cardiovascular disease, colorectal cancer, diabetes)
Which of the following is a situation in which a person should consider vitamin D supplementation?
All of these choices are correct. (Strict vegan diet, Allergy to milk protein, Kidney disease)
Excessive use of vitamin E supplements could lead to
All of these choices are correct. (uncontrolled bleeding, nausea, diarrhea)
Anemia can result from a deficiency of
All of these choices are correct. (vitamin B-6, folate, vitamin B12)
Which of the following is an essential fatty acid?
Alpha-linolenic acid
______ is an essential omega-3 fatty acid.
Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)
In human cells, which of the following fatty acids can be made from linoleic acid?
Arachidonic acid
What disease is caused by a thiamin deficiency?
Beriberi
Which of the following is converted to vitamin A in the body?
Beta-carotene
What substance is produced by the liver to emulsify fats in the small intestine?
Bile
Which of the following combinations of plant foods will provide ample amounts of all nine essential amino acids?
Black beans and rice
Which of the following is a true statement about body proteins?
Body proteins are in a constant state of breakdown, rebuilding, and repair
Vitamin D and vitamin K share which of the following characteristics?
Both can be synthesized to some extent in the body.
What are the three main elements that make up lipids?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Which of the following is a function of fat?
Carrier of fat-soluble vitamins
______ is a building block of vitamin D and other hormones.
Cholesterol
Which of the following is the richest source of saturated fatty acids?
Coconut oil
Which of the following oils contains the most polyunsaturated fatty acids?
Corn oil
To protect bone health, vegans may require a supplemental source of vitamin
D.
Within cells, the synthesis of proteins is directed by
DNA
Which of the following is a food source of cholesterol?
Egg yolks
In human cells, which of the following fatty acids can be made from alpha-linolenic acid?
Eicosapentaenoic acid
Fatty fish, such as salmon, are rich sources of which omega-3 fatty acid?
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
A ______ is the simplest form of lipid; it is a carbon chain, flanked by hydrogens, with an acid group at one end and a methyl group at the other end.
Fatty acid
Which of the following is best for preserving the vitamin content of foods?
Flash freezing
Which of the following food combinations is an example of complementary proteins?
Green beans with slivered almonds
______ is sometimes called the "good" cholesterol because higher levels of this lipoprotein in the blood are associated with lower risk for cardiovascular disease.
HDL
Which of the following is considered a risk factor for cardiovascular disease?
High Blood Pressure
Which lipoprotein is responsible for picking up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources so it can be transported back to the liver for excretion?
High-density lipoprotein
In terms of heart disease risk, which of the following is true?
Higher LDL = increased risk
Which of the following is true about protein?
It is made up of combinations of approximately 20 amino acids.
______ is sometimes called the "bad" cholesterol because higher levels of this lipoprotein in the blood are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease.
LDL
Which of the following is an example of a phospholipid?
Lecithin
______ is an essential omega-6 fatty acid.
Linoleic acid (LA)
The major fat-digesting enzyme is
Lipase
Immediately after chylomicrons leave the intestinal cells, they are transported via what system?
Lymphatic
Which of the following is a food that provides ample amounts of all of the essential amino acids?
Milk
Which of the following is one of the eight most common food allergens?
Milk
Which of the following is true about protein intake of people in the United States?
Most consume more protein than is needed.
Which of the following body systems is particularly sensitive to choline status?
Nervous system
The Supplement Facts label on dietary supplements resembles the ______ and is required on all dietary supplements.
Nutrition Facts label on foods
What is meant by the amino acid sequence of a protein?
Order of appearance of amino acids in the peptide chain
Which of the following foods are rich sources of monounsaturated fatty acids?
Peanuts and Peanut Oil
Niacin is necessary to prevent the disease
Pellagra
The outer shell of a lipoprotein is primarily made of
Phospholipids
Which of the following is a true statement about sources of protein?
Plant sources of protein tend to be higher in dietary fiber than animal sources of protein
Which of the following is a true statement about the digestion and absorption of proteins?
Polypeptide chains are digested to yield individual amino acids, which can be absorbed into the blood.
Which of the following are the best thiamin sources?
Pork, whole grains, enriched cereals, legumes
Short chain proteins and ______ are the end products of protein digestion that can be taken up by the absorptive cells of the small intestine.
amino acids
Which of the following plant proteins is a complete source of protein?
Quinoa
Which of the following is a function of phytochemicals?
Regulates cell signaling and gene expression
Which of the following is a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids?
Salmon
Dietary fats that contain mostly ______ fatty acids tend to be solid at room temperature.
Saturated
Which of the following is a hereditary condition caused by an incorrect amino acid in a protein chain?
Sickle cell anemia
Which type of anemia results from an error in the DNA code?
Sickle cell anemia
The primary site of lipid digestion and absorption is the
Small Intestine
Human enzymes digest proteins in which areas of the body?
Stomach and small intestine
The major function of adipose tissue is to
Store energy
Which of the following is a good way to preserve the vitamin content of vegetables?
Storing vegetables in a cool place, such as the crisper drawer of the refrigerator
Which of the following is a function of protein?
Synthesis of enzymes and hormones
Beriberi is caused by a _______ deficiency.
Thiamin
The nutrient that prevents beriberi is
Thiamin
______ is a water-soluble vitamin that is important for the release of energy from carbohydrates as well as the synthesis of RNA, DNA, and some neurotransmitters.
Thiamin
The majority of the lipids in foods and in the body are in the form of
Triglycerides
Which of the following describes the structure of a phospholipid?
Two fatty acids and one phosphate-containing group attached to a glycerol backbone
When buying a vitamin or mineral supplement, look for ______ on the label, which signifies that an independent group of scientists has reviewed the product for purity, strength, and quality.
USP
______ are synthesized by the liver to transport fat to the rest of the body.
Very-low-density lipoproteins
Which of the following is most likely to result in vitamin toxicity if consumed daily over a long period of time?
Vitamin A supplements
Insulin is one example of a protein that acts as
a hormone
Proteins regulate the acid-base balance of the blood by
acting as buffers
Amino acids are absorbed via
active absorption.
In North America, which of the following populations is most susceptible to deficiencies of B vitamins?
alcoholics
The main form of vitamin E in the body is
alpha-tocopherol
Denaturation refers to
alteration of the three-dimensional structure of a protein.
The basic building block of a protein is called a(n)
amino acid.
Biotin absorption is inhibited by
avidin.
Vitamin D regulates
blood calcium levels.
Edema appears when there is a severe lack of dietary protein because
blood protein levels fall and fluid shifts into extracellular spaces.
The edema in children with kwashiorkor is the result of fluid leaking into
body tissues from the bloodstream because of decreased blood protein levels.
In the case of sickle cell anemia, slight alterations in the DNA code lead to
changes in the structure of the protein hemoglobin
Among children with kwashiorkor,
calorie intake may be low, but protein intake is severely deficient.
An essential amino acid
cannot be synthesized adequately in the body to meet the body's needs.
The following are some vitamin-like compounds found in our diets:
carnitine, inositol, taurine, and lipoic acid.
The leading cause of blindness among older Americans is macular degeneration. Eating a diet rich in can decrease the risk of this condition.
carotenoids
Carotenoid consumption may reduce the risk of
cataracts
Kwashiorkor appears in children between the ages of 2 and 5 years. The reason is that
children have been weaned from breast milk to starchy gruels.
The apparent role of ________ in prevention of birth defects is similar to that of folate.
choline
All of the following can be classified as B vitamins except
choline.
Immediately after a meal, newly absorbed dietary fats appear in the blood as
chylomicrons
Deficiency symptoms of pinpoint hemorrhages under the skin, bleeding gums, and joint pain are related to the role of vitamin C in
collagen synthesis.
Vitamin C contributes to bone health by virtue of its role in
collagen synthesis.
Food proteins are used most efficiently when we
consume enough carbohydrates and fats to meet our kilocalorie needs.
The nitrogen from amino acid breakdown is
converted to urea.
The bioavailabilty of carotenoids is affected by
cooking
Rich sources of pantothenic acid are
sunflower seeds, mushrooms, peanuts, and eggs.
Exposing a protein to acid or heat will alter the three-dimensional structure of the protein. This process is called
denaturation.
Typical North American dietary patterns ______ the RDA for vitamin E.
do not meet
The American Heart Association, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, and the National Academy of Sciences ______ vitamin E supplements for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
do not recommend
The B vitamins
facilitate chemical reactions that yield energy from macronutrients.
During rest and light activities, ______ are the main fuel for muscles.
fatty acids
Triglycerides are composed of
fatty acids and glycerol
The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994 classified vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and herbal remedies as
foods.
The most reliable source of vitamin D in the diet is
fortified milk.
The most reliable source of vitamin B-12 for the vegan would be
fortified soybean milk
Hydrogenation changes a fat
from a liquid to a solid
Amino acids are transported via the _______ vein to the liver.
hepatic portal
Vitamin B-6, folate, and vitamin B-12 are required for the metabolism of
homocysteine
The process of adding hydrogen to the double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids to extend the shelf-life of food products is called
hydrogenation
The abnormal red blood cells seen in pernicious anemia are due to
inadequate B-12 absorption.
Most plant proteins are ______ proteins, which means that they are low in one or more of the essential amino acids.
incomplete
Dietary patterns high in saturated fatty acids tend to ______ the level of LDL in the blood.
increase
High-protein diets may be harmful for
individuals with kidney disease
A protein that acts as a hormone is
insulin
A child with marasmus
is very susceptible to infections.
A pantothenic acid deficiency
is very unlikely because of its widespread availability.
In general, excess amounts of water-soluble vitamins are excreted via the
kidneys.
If a food does not contain the necessary amounts of a certain amino acid to synthesize a new protein, the amino acid present in short supply is referred to as a(n)
limiting amino acid.
Most lipids are transported in the blood as part of a structure called a(n)
lipoprotein
Vitamin D is converted to its active form by the
liver and kidneys.
Fish oil supplements may be prescribed to
lower blood triglycerides.
The best vitamin B-6 food sources include
meat, fish, and poultry
Many legumes are deficient in the essential amino acid ______, while grains are limited in lysine.
methionine
The foods that provide the largest source of riboflavin in the American diet are
milk and dairy products.
After dietary fats are digested, the small intestinal cells absorb a mixture of
monoglycerides and fatty acids
Recent research shows that older adults need ______ the current RDA for protein for adults.
more than
A deficiency of vitamin B-6 can result in depression, headaches, and confusion. These occur because of impaired
neurotransmitter synthesis.
In the body, the amino acid tryptophan can be converted into
niacin.
Megadoses of ________ may be used to lower cholesterol, but they can cause flushing of the skin.
nicotinic acid
Proteins are unique among the macronutrients because they are a source of ______ for the human body.
nitrogen
As a class of nutrients, lipids are
not soluble in water
The study of the ways in which genetic variations influence nutritional status is called
nutrigenetics
The study of the ways nutrients and food influence gene expression is called
nutrigenomics.
Vitamin A supplements are needed by
people with severe fat malabsorption.
What enzyme digests protein in the stomach?
pepsin
In proteins, amino acids are joined by ______ bonds.
peptide
The disease phenylketonuria (PKU) illustrates how a nonessential amino acid can become conditionally essential as a result of a genetic disease. A person with PKU has a limited ability to metabolize the essential amino acid
phenylalanine
Cell membranes are made of a double layer of
phospholipids
The most bioavailable source of vitamin E is
plant oil
In general, the richest sources of vitamin E are
plant oils
The majority of proteins in the traditional Mediterranean diet come from
plant sources.
Most proteins are ______, which are composed of 10 or more amino acids
polypeptides
When an essential amino acid is missing from the diet,
protein synthesis will stop.
Kwashiorkor and marasmus are two severe forms of
protein-calorie malnutrition
Antibodies are
proteins produced by white blood cells as part of the immune response.
Complete (or high-quality) proteins
provide ample amounts of all of the essential amino acids.
Dietary patterns that are high in _______ tend to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer.
red meat
Plant sterols
reduce cholesterol absorption from the small intestine
After fatty acids and monoglycerides have been absorbed into the intestinal cells, they are
reformed into triglycerides.
Taking large supplemental doses of vitamins A and E can
result in vitamin toxicity.
The ______ is the site of protein synthesis within the cell.
ribosome
B vitamins
serve as coenzymes in metabolic reactions.
Negative protein balance is likely during
starvation
Pepsin is a protein-digesting enzyme produced by the
stomach.
When protein consumption is in excess of body needs and energy needs are met, the excess amino acids are
stored as fat.
Jackie has an alcohol use disorder. Her liver has been damaged to such a degree that it cannot produce the appropriate blood proteins for fluid balance. She develops a condition called edema, which is
the accumulation of fluids in extracellular spaces.
Cell membranes are susceptible to damage by free radicals because
they contain many polyunsaturated fatty acids.
A(n) _______ is made up of a glycerol backbone attached to three fatty acids.
triglyceride
A good suggestion for eating in a heart-healthy way would be to
trim fat off meat before and after cooking it
Which of the following is an example of a fat-soluble vitamin?
vitamin A
Pernicious anemia is related to impaired absorption of
vitamin B-12.
Most water-soluble vitamins are rapidly excreted from the body when consumed in excess. However, ______ is an example of a water-soluble vitamin that can accumulate to toxic levels in the liver.
vitamin B-6
Deposition of calcium and phosphorus in the bones is regulated by
vitamin D.
Fat malabsorption may contribute to poor bone health because of impaired absorption of
vitamin D.
The childhood disease rickets is due to a deficiency of
vitamin D.
The nutrient that can be considered both a vitamin and a hormone is
vitamin D.
As part of the body's antioxidant defenses, vitamin C participates in the recycling of
vitamin E.
Because B vitamins are ________, very little is stored; excess intakes end up in the urine or stool.
water soluble
