nutrition exam 3 - smartbook questions

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Which of the following are possible reasons vitamin D deficiency has reemerged as a global health concern? -clothing that fully covers the body -the use of sunscreen -spending time indoors -drinking milk fortified with vitamin D

clothing that fully covers the body, the use of sunscreen, spending time indoors

Vitamin K works to help blood _____

coagulate

Niacin serves as a ______ in energy metabolism

coenzyme

Vitamin E has 8 naturally occurring compounds known as either tocopherols or tocotrienols, which each have a wide variety of biological __________

activity

A(n) ________ is at risk for a fat-soluble vitamin deficiency

alcoholic

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a thiamin deficiency mainly found in _____.

alcoholics

Hyperkalemia ______ occurs in healthy persons.

almost never

For some minerals, ____ foods have the best bioavailability

animal-based

In response to increased osmotic pressure, the pituitary gland releases _______, which signals the kidneys to retain water, thus reducing urine output

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

The damage caused by free radicals can be decreased by the presence of ______

antioxidants

Premature infants _____ at risk for developing a vitamin A deficiency because they are born with low stores of vitamin A.

are

vitamins ____ a source of energy -are -are not

are not

Which specific reactions involve THFA? -conversion of folate to folic acid -conversion of histidine to glutamic acid -conversation of homocysteine to methionine -conversation of glycine to serine

conversion of histidine to glutamic acid, conversion of homocysteine to methionine, conversion of glycine to serine

Vitamin K is needed for the _____ -conversion of preprothrobin to prothrombin -conversion of chmyotrypsin to trypsin -synthesis of leukocytes -synthesis of blood clotting factors

conversion of preprothrombin to prothrombin, synthesis of blood clotting factors

Why are corn-based diets associated with pellagra? -corn contains little tryptophan -corn contains enzymes that degrade all niacin -corn contains no niacin -niacin in corn in unavailable

corn contains little tryptophan, niacin in corn is unavailable

Vitamins A, D, E, and K are considered to be _____ vitamins -fat soluble -water soluble

fat soluble

Which of the following are food sources of vitamin D? -fatty fish -fortified milk -strawberries -brown rice

fatty fish, fortified milk

Sweetened beverages and sodas supply _______ micronutrients to the body than milk and fruit juice.

fewer

The coenzymes of which B-vitamin are needed for the synthesis and maintenance of new cells?

folate

Vitamin B-12 is required to reform the ___ coenzyme THFA.

folate

The sources of retinoids, the preformed source of vitamin A, include _____ -fortified margarine -beef liver -fortified milk -carrots

fortified margarine, beef liver, fortified milk

The best source of vitamin B-12 would be _____.

hamburger

Free radicals damage cell membranes because they _____ -have unpaired protons -have unpaired electrons -are unstable -have unpaired neutrons

have unpaired electrons, are unstable

Vitamin B-12 is required for an enzymatic reaction involved in _____ metabolism

homocysteine

High blood potassium levels are known as ______

hyperkalemia

The consumption of vitamin A in excess of the Upper Level results in a condition called ______.

hypervitaminosis A

When either folate or vitamin B-12 is lacking, the amount of homocysteine in the body ______.

increases

Which of the following are good food sources of vitamin B-6? -fruits and vegetables -meat -poultry -fish

meat, poultry, fish

What type of anemia occurs when large red blood cells are unable to divide due to a folate deficiency?

megaloblastic

Vitamin D is incorporated into _____ in the small intestine before being absorbed.

micelles

Blood pressure is measured in _______

millimeters of mercury (mmHg)

NAD+ and NADP+ are coenzyme forms of which B vitamin?

niacin

Which of the following are the symptoms of a vitamin A deficiency? -night blindness -impaired growth -decreased brain function -increased incidence of infections

night blindness, impaired growth, increased incidence of infection

The function of PLP, the coenzyme form of vitamin B-6, pertains mainly to enzymatic reactions involving ______.

nitrogen-containing compounds

Vitamin B-6 participates in ______ metabolic reactions.

numerous

Foods that are good sources of vitamin E include _____ -nuts -fish oils -plant oils -animal fats -wheat germ

nuts, plant oils, wheat germ

Which individuals are at risk for developing a vitamin A deficiency? -older adults -alcoholics -impoverished individuals -teenagers

older adults, alcoholics, impoverished individuals

Which of the following is characteristic of many of the water-soluble vitamins? -organic compounds -low toxicity risk -high toxicity risk -have important roles in energy metabolism

organic compounds, low toxicity risk, have important roles in energy metabolism

Adequate absorption of fat-soluble vitamins depends on _____________ -gastrin -pancreatic lipase -amylase -bile

pancreatic lipase, bile

Corn-based diets are associated with which condition?

pellagra

Fish, fish oils, and liver are natural sources of ____

performed vitamin A

Identify a possible function of carotenoids

protect from eye disease

What are some functions of enzymes that utilize ATP and require magnesium? -Protein synthesis -Energy metabolism -Muscle contraction -Body fluid regulation

protein synthesis, energy metabolism, muscle contraction

Vitamin A has been shown to be helpful in treating which skin conditions? -psoriasis -acne -sunburns

psoriasis, sunburns

Which of the following are functions of phosphorus? -Regulation of acid-base balance -Regulation of fluid retention and release -Energy production and storage -Participation in cellular message systems

regulation of acid-base balance, energy production and storage, participation in cellular message systems

Which of the following are the three forms of vitamin A? -retinoic acid -menaquinone -retinal -retinol

retinoic acid, retinal, retinol

Key functions of ______ include growth and development, cell differentiation, vision, and immune function.

retinoids

Which of the following is the term used for the biologically active forms of vitamin A?

retinoids

Ariboflavinosis, which causes inflammation of the throat, mouth, and tongue; cracking of the tissue around the mouth; and red, scaly skin is caused by a deficiency of ______.

riboflavin

Milk is an excellent source of ____

riboflavin

Which B-vitamin is a component of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)?

riboflavin

Alternative plant-based milk products are typically made from _____ -rice -almonds -soy spinach

rice, almonds, soy

______ is the vitamin D deficiency disease characterized by bowed legs, an enlarged head, deformities of the ribs and pelvis, and pain in the joints

rickets

A chloride deficiency is generally ________ because of typical sodium chloride (salt) intake

unlikely

Where is calcium absorption most efficient?

upper part of small intestine

Excretion of the major minerals occurs primarily through the ______

urine

Weakness, fatigue, constipation, and irregular heartbeat are all symptoms of ________, a life-threatening problem associated with low blood potassium

Hypokalemia

Which of the following minerals is a component of hemoglobin in red blood cells? -Phosphorus -Iron -Zinc -Calcium

Iron

_________ helps stabilize ATP, plays a role in calcium metabolism, and contributes to bone structure and mineralization.

Magnesium

Which of the following are functions of potassium? -Maintains fluid balance -Contracts muscle -Transmits nerve impulses -Strengthens bones and teeth

Maintains fluid balance, transmits nerve pulses contracts muscle

Which of the following are considered to be the functions of calcium? -Nerve transmission -Regulation of body temperature -Hormone secretion -Developing and maintaining teeth

Nerve transmission, developing and maintaining teeth

_____ acid can limit the absorption of some minerals by chemically binding to them and preventing their release during digestion

Phytic

What is the term for a constituent of plant fibers found in whole grains and legumes that binds to minerals and decreases their bioavailability?

Phytic acid

Which type of food is the richest source of magnesium?

Plant products

Hypokalemia is a life-threatening problem that impairs the heart's ability to pump blood and is the result of low levels of which mineral?

Potassium

Which of the following are common sources of sodium? -Well-water -Processed foods -Food additives -Salt shaker

Processed foods, food additives, salt shaker

Phosphorus is a component of ____ -RNA -Creatine phosphate -Hemoglobin -ATP

RNA, creatine phosphate, ATP

Which mineral is required for normal muscle and nerve function and aids in water balance?

Sodium

Blood pressure measurements are expressed as which two numbers? -Diastatic pressure -Systolic Pressure -Bucolic Pressure -Diastolic Pressure

Systolic pressure, diastolic pressure

Beriberi is a deficiency disease caused by a lack of _____

Thiamin

Which vitamin is also known as cobalamin?

Vitamin B-12

______ enhances iron absorption.

Vitamin C

Which vitamin promotes and regulates the active transport and absorption of calcium?

Vitamin D

Which of the following are symptoms associated with a chloride deficiency? -Weakness -Anorexia -Weight Gain -Lethargy

Weakness, anorexia, lethargy

Dietary folate equivalents (DFE) reflect the differences in the ______ of food folate and synthetic folic acid.

absorption

Why are alcoholics more susceptible to Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome? -alcohol decreases thiamin absorption -alcoholic consume a diet low in thiamin -alcohol increases thiamin excretion in the urine -alcohol causes the retention of thiamin in the body

alcohol decreases thiamin absorption, alcoholic consume a diet low in thiamin, alcohol increases thiamin excretion in the urine

Calcium absorption occurs _____.

along the length of the intestinal tract

Vitamin B-12 is found in ______ foods only.

animal

A person suffering from weakness, muscle wasting, enlargement of the heart, and edema caused by lack of thiamin is experiencing the deficiency disease known as _____.

beriberi

Vitamin C is involved in the conversion of cholesterol to ______.

bile acids

Adequate absorption of fat-soluble vitamins requires _____ -amylase -bile -gastrin -pancreatic lipase

bile, pancreatic lipase

The signs of scurvy include ____

bleeding gums, slowed wound healing, bone pain

Where is most of the phosphorus in the body found?

bones and teeth

Once absorbed, minerals travel in the blood ____ -bound to proteins -bound to lipids -bound to vitamins -in free form

bound to proteins, in free form

Identify the sources of vitamin K -yellow fruits and vegetables -peanuts -broccoli -green leafy vegetables

broccoli, green leafy vegetables

Excess mineral intake ______

can be toxic

Thiamin is a key component required to metabolize the macronutrient ______

carbohydrate

In the blood clotting reaction, _______ is added to a glutamic acid in preprothrombin

carbon dioxide

Vitamin C is necessary for the synthesis of which of the following compounds? -hydrochloric acid -carnitine -epinephrine -thyroxine

carnitine, epinephrine, thyroxine

Dark green and yellow-orange vegetables are sources of _____

carotenoids

Sources of carotenoids include ____ -carrots -margarine -sweet potatoes -fortified milk -broccoli

carrots, sweet potatoes, broccoli

Individual's consumption of cow's milk has _______ over the past decade

decreased

Which of the following are possible benefits from eating foods rich in carotenoids? -decreased risk of cardiovascular disease -decreased risk of cancer -increased brain function

decreased risk of cancer, decreased risk of cardiovascular disease

How are folate requirements expressed?

dietary folate equivalents (DFE)

The most abundant solutes are _____

electrolytes

Which of the following are common major functions across the water-soluble vitamins? -energy metabolism -blood formation and clotting -gene expression -protein and amino acid metabolism

energy metabolism, blood formation and clotting, protein and amino acid metabolism

Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed along with dietary _______ -carbohydrate -fiber -fat -protein

fat

The body is able to readily store which group of vitamins? -fat soluble vitamins -water soluble vitamins

fat soluble

Which B-vitamin is critical for DNA synthesis and amino acid metabolism?

folate

The synthetic form(s) of the B vitamin folate is (are) called ______

folic acid

Which of the following helped with almost eradicating the epidemic of rickets during the 19th century? -fortified milk with vitamin D -fortified orange juice with vitamin E -cod liver oil -fruit and vegetable intakes

fortified milk with vitamin D, cod liver oil

Antioxidants function to regulate _____

free radicals

Which foods are rich sources of magnesium? -green vegetables -beans -squash -processed cheese

green vegetables, beans, squash

A lack of vitamin A may affect ______ -growth and development -immune function -visual function -nerve transmission

growth and development, immune function, visual function

Water-soluble vitamins ______. -help maintain tissues -are needed for normal function of body tissues -are needed for the growth of body tissues -can directly produce energy

help maintain body tissues, are needed for the normal function of body tissues, are needed for the growth of body tissues

How might a person who consumes a diet adequate in fat still develop a fat-soluble vitamin deficiency?

insufficient fat digestion and absorption

What substance produced by the digestive system is necessary in order to absorb vitamin B-12?

intrinsic factor

White bread ______ a good source of vitamin B-6 because it is lost in the refining of grain and ______ added back during refinement.

is not; is not

When an individual has poor vitamin D status, calcium absorption _____

is reduced

Risk factors associated with osteomalacia include ____ -long-term breast feeding -kidney disease -overexposure to light -poor intestinal absorption

kidney disease, poor intestinal absorption

What is the best way to balance the risk of skin cancer from too much sun exposure with the sun exposure we need to produce vitamin D?

limiting exposure to 10 to 15 minutes, 2 to 3 times per week

The generic name of the B-vitamin folate refers to the form of the vitamin found _____

naturally in foods

Vitamin C enhances the absorption of ____ iron.

nonheme

Folate is involved in the formation of the neurotransmitters ________. -norepinephrine -dopamine -serotonin -acetylcholine

norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin

The disease associated with a vitamin D deficiency that affects older adults is _____

osteomalacia

Vitamin D is different from other vitamins in that it has a site of synthesis that is different from the location of action, so it is considered to be a _______.

prohormone

Vitamin D is unique because in the presence of sunlight, skin cells can synthesize a sufficient supply of vitamin D, which is why it is also correctly classified as a conditional vitamin or as a ______

prohormone

Antioxidants help to reduce cell damage by _____

protecting them from damage from free radicals

Other possible roles for folate in the body include _____ -maintaining normal immune function -reducing the risk of diabetes -reducing the risk of stroke -maintaining normal blood pressure

reducing the risk of stroke, maintaining normal blood pressure

How long can most people survive without water?

several days

A person can survive ______ without food

several weeks

Water-soluble vitamins are essential organic substances needed in _____ amounts.

small

Where does most phosphorus absorption occur?

small intestine

Which organ produces the intrinsic factor that enhances vitamin B-12 absorption?

stomach

What is bioavailability?

the degree to which a nutrient is absorbed and available to the body

THFA is especially involved in amino acid metabolism via _____.

the interconversion of amino acids

The risk of water-soluble vitamin toxicity is low because ______.

the kidneys filter out the excess daily

Why is there a loss of water-soluble vitamins when preparing foods?

the vitamins may leach into the cooking water

The chemical name for 4 of the 8 forms of Vitamin E is ____

tocopherols

A _______ mineral is needed in small amounts, generally less than 100 mg per day

trace

The leading cause of preventable blindness in children is caused by a deficiency of which vitamin?

vitamin A

Name the fat soluble vitamins -vitamin B -vitamin D -vitamin C -vitamin A -vitamin K -vitamin E

vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K

Which fat-soluble vitamins are not readily excreted from the body? -vitamin A -vitamin E -vitamin D -vitamin K

vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin D

The Adequate Intake for sodium for individuals between the ages of 20 and 51 years is ____ mg daily

1,500

If we require _____ mg or more of a mineral daily, it is considered a major mineral

100

What is the RDA for calcium for adults under age 50?

1000 mg/day

What is the adequate intake for daily water consumption for men?

15 cups

The 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines recommend that sodium intake be restricted to ______ mg per day among U.S. adults.

2300

The upper level of intake for vitamin A has been set at _____

3000 μg/day of retinol

The RDA for vitamin C in smokers is _____ higher than those who do not smoke.

35 mg/day

What is the Adequate Intake for potassium for adults?

4700

Vitamins A and D are unlikely to cause toxicities unless taken in amounts ___________ times greater than the DRI

5 to 10

Using a sunscreen with SPF higher than ____ is beneficial in decreasing skin cancer risk but may prevent adequate vitamin D synthesis.

8

What percent of vitamin D is incorporated into micelles in the small intestine?

80%

__________ sodium consumed is absorbed in the intestinal tract.

Almost all

Which mineral is associated with benefits that include possible protection from colon cancer and reduced formation of kidney stones?

Calcium

Which mineral plays a significant role in developing and maintaining bones, blood clotting, and muscle contraction?

Calcium

________, along with sodium, helps maintain extracellular fluid volume and balance, and aids in the transmission of nerve impulses.

Chloride

One of vitamin C's main functions in the body is to _____.

donate electrons in oxidation-reduction reactions

Functions of riboflavin include ______ -preventing pernicious anemia -energy-yielding metabolism -preventing birth defects -assisting antioxidant reactions

energy-yielding metabolism, assisting antioxidant reactions

The vitamin E content of a food may be decreased by _______ -refrigeration -exposure to sunlight -exposure to oxygen -deep-fat frying

exposure to sunlight, exposure to oxygen, deep-fat frying

The ______-soluble vitamins are not easily excreted by the body, however, the kidney can filter excess ______-soluble vitamins so they are eliminated in the urine

fat (lipid), water

Where are the fat-soluble vitamins stored in the body?

liver

Decarboxylation is defined as the ______

removal of 1 molecule of carbon dioxide from a compound

The deficiency disease for vitamin C is called ______.

scurvy

Some trace minerals like copper are _______

secreted into bile and then excreted in the feces

Smokers need more vitamin C daily than nonsmokers because _____.

smoking increases vitamin C turnover

A ________ is a substance dissolved in a solution

solute

The food sources of riboflavin include _____ -oranges -spinach -mushrooms -liver

spinach, mushrooms, liver

What are the best methods for retaining the water-soluble vitamins when preparing food? -stir frying -boiling -blanching -microwaving

stir frying, microwaving

Identify the food sources of thiamin -sunflower seeds -bananas -legumes -yogurt

sunflower seeds, legumes

A riboflavin deficiency usually occurs with a deficiency of several other B-vitamins because ______

these nutrients often occur in the same foods

Pork products are excellent sources of _____

thiamin

The B vitamin required as a coenzyme to metabolize carbohydrates and some amino acids is _____

thiamin

Which major mineral is most often found in unprocessed foods like fruit, vegetables, milk, whole grains, beans, and meat?

Potassium

Aside from bone health, what are some other potential benefits associated with calcium consumption? -Decreased blood pressure -Reduced formation of kidney stones -Increased blood pressure

Decreased blood pressure, reduced formation of kidney stones

What is the RDA for calcium for adolescents?

1300 mg/day

60 mg of tryptophan will produce ____ mg of niacin

1

The salt shaker at home typically provides ______ of the sodium consumed daily in a typical U.S. diet

10-15%

Which beverages supply higher levels of micronutrients in addition to supplying water? -Diet soda -Sweetened beverages -100% fruit juice -Milk

100% fruit juice, milk

What is the Adequate Intake for total water intake per day for adult women?

11 cups

How many milligrams of tryptophan are required to yield 200 mg of niacin?

12,000

Which major mineral is thought to blunt the effects of a high salt intake and help keep blood pressure normal?

Potassium

Which of the following foods are good sources of potassium? -Potato with skin -Beans -Butter -Raisins

Potato with skin, beans, raisins

Where does most sodium absorption occur?

Intestines

Which of these are functions of water? -helps regulate body temperature -Makes up 35% of the body -Is a solvent -Is a major component of blood

Helps regulate body temperature, is a solvent, is a major component of blood

Which trace minerals can be toxic when consumed excessively? -Iron -Potassium -Calcium -Zinc

Iron, zinc

Which of the following are the functions of sodium? -It aids in water balance -It helps in the absorption of glucose in the small intestine -It is a building block for most blood components -It is essential for proper bone development

It aids in water balance, it helps in the absorption of glucose in the small intestine

Which of the following are the functions of chloride? -It is used during immune responses -It is a component of gastric acid -It prevents anemia and aids in brain development -It acts as an electrolyte in the body

It is used during immune responses, it is a component of gastric acid, it acts as an electrolyte in the body

What role does antidiuretic hormone play in relation to the regulation of water balance?

It signals the kidneys to retain water, thus reducing urine output

The Daily Value for ______ used on food and supplement labels is 4,700 mg per day

Potassium

When vitamin B-12 is lacking, ______.

THFA levels decrease

The red blood cells of a folate-deficient person differ from a healthy person by _____.

becoming very large and being unable to divide due to the lack of DNA

Calcium ions are often found in the blood, bound to the blood protein _____

Albumin

Which of the following are functions of vitamin B-6? -Major role in amino acid metabolism -necessary for the metabolism of minerals -Converts homocysteine to the amino acid cysteine -required for the release of glucose from glycogen

Major role in amino acid metabolism, converts homocysteine to the amino acid cysteine, required for the release of glucose from glycogen

Which of the following minerals are most likely to be deficient in the typical American diet? -Potassium -Chloride -Sodium -Calcium -Iron

Potassium, calcium, iron

Which minerals play a role in regulating water balance? -Potassium -Copper -Sodium -Calcium

Potassium, sodium, calcium

Which synthetic vitamin A analogs are currently being used to treat skin conditions? -accutane -ibuprofen -acetaminophen -Retin-A

accutane, Retin-A

Which are functions of thiamin? -used as an energy source for anaerobic metabolism -involved in decarboxylation reactions - coenzyme require for the metabolism of carbohydrates and branched-chain amino acids

used as an energy source for anaerobic metabolism, coenzyme required for the metabolism of carbohydrates and branched-chain amino acids

An organic compound that is needed in small amounts in the diet to help regulate and support chemical reactions and processes in the body is a ______

vitamin

Which water-soluble vitamin acts as an electron donor and has a cofactor role for several metalloenzymes?

vitamin C

Cod liver oil, sardines, and mackerel are all good sources of _____.

vitamin D

Rickets is the deficiency disease caused by the lack of vitamin _____

vitamin D

Which vitamins are the most likely to produce toxic effects when consumed in excess? -vitamin K -vitamin D -vitamin E -vitamin A

vitamin D, vitamin A

Which vitamin can be synthesized by bacteria in the large intestine?

vitamin K

Which vitamin was discovered when scientists fed chicks a nonfat diet and observed hemorrhages?

vitamin K

Which vitamin has foods of animal origin as its only reliable food source and is the only vitamin that contains a mineral as part of its structure?

vitamin b-12

Which B-vitamin participates in transamination reactions that allow the synthesis of nonessential amino acids?

vitamin b-6

The category of vitamins that are stored only to a small degree in the body are the ______-soluble vitamins.

water

The production of saliva, body temperature regulation, and the maintenance of blood volume are all most influenced by ________

water


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