nutrition exam 3 - smartbook questions
Which of the following are possible reasons vitamin D deficiency has reemerged as a global health concern? -clothing that fully covers the body -the use of sunscreen -spending time indoors -drinking milk fortified with vitamin D
clothing that fully covers the body, the use of sunscreen, spending time indoors
Vitamin K works to help blood _____
coagulate
Niacin serves as a ______ in energy metabolism
coenzyme
Vitamin E has 8 naturally occurring compounds known as either tocopherols or tocotrienols, which each have a wide variety of biological __________
activity
A(n) ________ is at risk for a fat-soluble vitamin deficiency
alcoholic
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a thiamin deficiency mainly found in _____.
alcoholics
Hyperkalemia ______ occurs in healthy persons.
almost never
For some minerals, ____ foods have the best bioavailability
animal-based
In response to increased osmotic pressure, the pituitary gland releases _______, which signals the kidneys to retain water, thus reducing urine output
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
The damage caused by free radicals can be decreased by the presence of ______
antioxidants
Premature infants _____ at risk for developing a vitamin A deficiency because they are born with low stores of vitamin A.
are
vitamins ____ a source of energy -are -are not
are not
Which specific reactions involve THFA? -conversion of folate to folic acid -conversion of histidine to glutamic acid -conversation of homocysteine to methionine -conversation of glycine to serine
conversion of histidine to glutamic acid, conversion of homocysteine to methionine, conversion of glycine to serine
Vitamin K is needed for the _____ -conversion of preprothrobin to prothrombin -conversion of chmyotrypsin to trypsin -synthesis of leukocytes -synthesis of blood clotting factors
conversion of preprothrombin to prothrombin, synthesis of blood clotting factors
Why are corn-based diets associated with pellagra? -corn contains little tryptophan -corn contains enzymes that degrade all niacin -corn contains no niacin -niacin in corn in unavailable
corn contains little tryptophan, niacin in corn is unavailable
Vitamins A, D, E, and K are considered to be _____ vitamins -fat soluble -water soluble
fat soluble
Which of the following are food sources of vitamin D? -fatty fish -fortified milk -strawberries -brown rice
fatty fish, fortified milk
Sweetened beverages and sodas supply _______ micronutrients to the body than milk and fruit juice.
fewer
The coenzymes of which B-vitamin are needed for the synthesis and maintenance of new cells?
folate
Vitamin B-12 is required to reform the ___ coenzyme THFA.
folate
The sources of retinoids, the preformed source of vitamin A, include _____ -fortified margarine -beef liver -fortified milk -carrots
fortified margarine, beef liver, fortified milk
The best source of vitamin B-12 would be _____.
hamburger
Free radicals damage cell membranes because they _____ -have unpaired protons -have unpaired electrons -are unstable -have unpaired neutrons
have unpaired electrons, are unstable
Vitamin B-12 is required for an enzymatic reaction involved in _____ metabolism
homocysteine
High blood potassium levels are known as ______
hyperkalemia
The consumption of vitamin A in excess of the Upper Level results in a condition called ______.
hypervitaminosis A
When either folate or vitamin B-12 is lacking, the amount of homocysteine in the body ______.
increases
Which of the following are good food sources of vitamin B-6? -fruits and vegetables -meat -poultry -fish
meat, poultry, fish
What type of anemia occurs when large red blood cells are unable to divide due to a folate deficiency?
megaloblastic
Vitamin D is incorporated into _____ in the small intestine before being absorbed.
micelles
Blood pressure is measured in _______
millimeters of mercury (mmHg)
NAD+ and NADP+ are coenzyme forms of which B vitamin?
niacin
Which of the following are the symptoms of a vitamin A deficiency? -night blindness -impaired growth -decreased brain function -increased incidence of infections
night blindness, impaired growth, increased incidence of infection
The function of PLP, the coenzyme form of vitamin B-6, pertains mainly to enzymatic reactions involving ______.
nitrogen-containing compounds
Vitamin B-6 participates in ______ metabolic reactions.
numerous
Foods that are good sources of vitamin E include _____ -nuts -fish oils -plant oils -animal fats -wheat germ
nuts, plant oils, wheat germ
Which individuals are at risk for developing a vitamin A deficiency? -older adults -alcoholics -impoverished individuals -teenagers
older adults, alcoholics, impoverished individuals
Which of the following is characteristic of many of the water-soluble vitamins? -organic compounds -low toxicity risk -high toxicity risk -have important roles in energy metabolism
organic compounds, low toxicity risk, have important roles in energy metabolism
Adequate absorption of fat-soluble vitamins depends on _____________ -gastrin -pancreatic lipase -amylase -bile
pancreatic lipase, bile
Corn-based diets are associated with which condition?
pellagra
Fish, fish oils, and liver are natural sources of ____
performed vitamin A
Identify a possible function of carotenoids
protect from eye disease
What are some functions of enzymes that utilize ATP and require magnesium? -Protein synthesis -Energy metabolism -Muscle contraction -Body fluid regulation
protein synthesis, energy metabolism, muscle contraction
Vitamin A has been shown to be helpful in treating which skin conditions? -psoriasis -acne -sunburns
psoriasis, sunburns
Which of the following are functions of phosphorus? -Regulation of acid-base balance -Regulation of fluid retention and release -Energy production and storage -Participation in cellular message systems
regulation of acid-base balance, energy production and storage, participation in cellular message systems
Which of the following are the three forms of vitamin A? -retinoic acid -menaquinone -retinal -retinol
retinoic acid, retinal, retinol
Key functions of ______ include growth and development, cell differentiation, vision, and immune function.
retinoids
Which of the following is the term used for the biologically active forms of vitamin A?
retinoids
Ariboflavinosis, which causes inflammation of the throat, mouth, and tongue; cracking of the tissue around the mouth; and red, scaly skin is caused by a deficiency of ______.
riboflavin
Milk is an excellent source of ____
riboflavin
Which B-vitamin is a component of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)?
riboflavin
Alternative plant-based milk products are typically made from _____ -rice -almonds -soy spinach
rice, almonds, soy
______ is the vitamin D deficiency disease characterized by bowed legs, an enlarged head, deformities of the ribs and pelvis, and pain in the joints
rickets
A chloride deficiency is generally ________ because of typical sodium chloride (salt) intake
unlikely
Where is calcium absorption most efficient?
upper part of small intestine
Excretion of the major minerals occurs primarily through the ______
urine
Weakness, fatigue, constipation, and irregular heartbeat are all symptoms of ________, a life-threatening problem associated with low blood potassium
Hypokalemia
Which of the following minerals is a component of hemoglobin in red blood cells? -Phosphorus -Iron -Zinc -Calcium
Iron
_________ helps stabilize ATP, plays a role in calcium metabolism, and contributes to bone structure and mineralization.
Magnesium
Which of the following are functions of potassium? -Maintains fluid balance -Contracts muscle -Transmits nerve impulses -Strengthens bones and teeth
Maintains fluid balance, transmits nerve pulses contracts muscle
Which of the following are considered to be the functions of calcium? -Nerve transmission -Regulation of body temperature -Hormone secretion -Developing and maintaining teeth
Nerve transmission, developing and maintaining teeth
_____ acid can limit the absorption of some minerals by chemically binding to them and preventing their release during digestion
Phytic
What is the term for a constituent of plant fibers found in whole grains and legumes that binds to minerals and decreases their bioavailability?
Phytic acid
Which type of food is the richest source of magnesium?
Plant products
Hypokalemia is a life-threatening problem that impairs the heart's ability to pump blood and is the result of low levels of which mineral?
Potassium
Which of the following are common sources of sodium? -Well-water -Processed foods -Food additives -Salt shaker
Processed foods, food additives, salt shaker
Phosphorus is a component of ____ -RNA -Creatine phosphate -Hemoglobin -ATP
RNA, creatine phosphate, ATP
Which mineral is required for normal muscle and nerve function and aids in water balance?
Sodium
Blood pressure measurements are expressed as which two numbers? -Diastatic pressure -Systolic Pressure -Bucolic Pressure -Diastolic Pressure
Systolic pressure, diastolic pressure
Beriberi is a deficiency disease caused by a lack of _____
Thiamin
Which vitamin is also known as cobalamin?
Vitamin B-12
______ enhances iron absorption.
Vitamin C
Which vitamin promotes and regulates the active transport and absorption of calcium?
Vitamin D
Which of the following are symptoms associated with a chloride deficiency? -Weakness -Anorexia -Weight Gain -Lethargy
Weakness, anorexia, lethargy
Dietary folate equivalents (DFE) reflect the differences in the ______ of food folate and synthetic folic acid.
absorption
Why are alcoholics more susceptible to Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome? -alcohol decreases thiamin absorption -alcoholic consume a diet low in thiamin -alcohol increases thiamin excretion in the urine -alcohol causes the retention of thiamin in the body
alcohol decreases thiamin absorption, alcoholic consume a diet low in thiamin, alcohol increases thiamin excretion in the urine
Calcium absorption occurs _____.
along the length of the intestinal tract
Vitamin B-12 is found in ______ foods only.
animal
A person suffering from weakness, muscle wasting, enlargement of the heart, and edema caused by lack of thiamin is experiencing the deficiency disease known as _____.
beriberi
Vitamin C is involved in the conversion of cholesterol to ______.
bile acids
Adequate absorption of fat-soluble vitamins requires _____ -amylase -bile -gastrin -pancreatic lipase
bile, pancreatic lipase
The signs of scurvy include ____
bleeding gums, slowed wound healing, bone pain
Where is most of the phosphorus in the body found?
bones and teeth
Once absorbed, minerals travel in the blood ____ -bound to proteins -bound to lipids -bound to vitamins -in free form
bound to proteins, in free form
Identify the sources of vitamin K -yellow fruits and vegetables -peanuts -broccoli -green leafy vegetables
broccoli, green leafy vegetables
Excess mineral intake ______
can be toxic
Thiamin is a key component required to metabolize the macronutrient ______
carbohydrate
In the blood clotting reaction, _______ is added to a glutamic acid in preprothrombin
carbon dioxide
Vitamin C is necessary for the synthesis of which of the following compounds? -hydrochloric acid -carnitine -epinephrine -thyroxine
carnitine, epinephrine, thyroxine
Dark green and yellow-orange vegetables are sources of _____
carotenoids
Sources of carotenoids include ____ -carrots -margarine -sweet potatoes -fortified milk -broccoli
carrots, sweet potatoes, broccoli
Individual's consumption of cow's milk has _______ over the past decade
decreased
Which of the following are possible benefits from eating foods rich in carotenoids? -decreased risk of cardiovascular disease -decreased risk of cancer -increased brain function
decreased risk of cancer, decreased risk of cardiovascular disease
How are folate requirements expressed?
dietary folate equivalents (DFE)
The most abundant solutes are _____
electrolytes
Which of the following are common major functions across the water-soluble vitamins? -energy metabolism -blood formation and clotting -gene expression -protein and amino acid metabolism
energy metabolism, blood formation and clotting, protein and amino acid metabolism
Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed along with dietary _______ -carbohydrate -fiber -fat -protein
fat
The body is able to readily store which group of vitamins? -fat soluble vitamins -water soluble vitamins
fat soluble
Which B-vitamin is critical for DNA synthesis and amino acid metabolism?
folate
The synthetic form(s) of the B vitamin folate is (are) called ______
folic acid
Which of the following helped with almost eradicating the epidemic of rickets during the 19th century? -fortified milk with vitamin D -fortified orange juice with vitamin E -cod liver oil -fruit and vegetable intakes
fortified milk with vitamin D, cod liver oil
Antioxidants function to regulate _____
free radicals
Which foods are rich sources of magnesium? -green vegetables -beans -squash -processed cheese
green vegetables, beans, squash
A lack of vitamin A may affect ______ -growth and development -immune function -visual function -nerve transmission
growth and development, immune function, visual function
Water-soluble vitamins ______. -help maintain tissues -are needed for normal function of body tissues -are needed for the growth of body tissues -can directly produce energy
help maintain body tissues, are needed for the normal function of body tissues, are needed for the growth of body tissues
How might a person who consumes a diet adequate in fat still develop a fat-soluble vitamin deficiency?
insufficient fat digestion and absorption
What substance produced by the digestive system is necessary in order to absorb vitamin B-12?
intrinsic factor
White bread ______ a good source of vitamin B-6 because it is lost in the refining of grain and ______ added back during refinement.
is not; is not
When an individual has poor vitamin D status, calcium absorption _____
is reduced
Risk factors associated with osteomalacia include ____ -long-term breast feeding -kidney disease -overexposure to light -poor intestinal absorption
kidney disease, poor intestinal absorption
What is the best way to balance the risk of skin cancer from too much sun exposure with the sun exposure we need to produce vitamin D?
limiting exposure to 10 to 15 minutes, 2 to 3 times per week
The generic name of the B-vitamin folate refers to the form of the vitamin found _____
naturally in foods
Vitamin C enhances the absorption of ____ iron.
nonheme
Folate is involved in the formation of the neurotransmitters ________. -norepinephrine -dopamine -serotonin -acetylcholine
norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin
The disease associated with a vitamin D deficiency that affects older adults is _____
osteomalacia
Vitamin D is different from other vitamins in that it has a site of synthesis that is different from the location of action, so it is considered to be a _______.
prohormone
Vitamin D is unique because in the presence of sunlight, skin cells can synthesize a sufficient supply of vitamin D, which is why it is also correctly classified as a conditional vitamin or as a ______
prohormone
Antioxidants help to reduce cell damage by _____
protecting them from damage from free radicals
Other possible roles for folate in the body include _____ -maintaining normal immune function -reducing the risk of diabetes -reducing the risk of stroke -maintaining normal blood pressure
reducing the risk of stroke, maintaining normal blood pressure
How long can most people survive without water?
several days
A person can survive ______ without food
several weeks
Water-soluble vitamins are essential organic substances needed in _____ amounts.
small
Where does most phosphorus absorption occur?
small intestine
Which organ produces the intrinsic factor that enhances vitamin B-12 absorption?
stomach
What is bioavailability?
the degree to which a nutrient is absorbed and available to the body
THFA is especially involved in amino acid metabolism via _____.
the interconversion of amino acids
The risk of water-soluble vitamin toxicity is low because ______.
the kidneys filter out the excess daily
Why is there a loss of water-soluble vitamins when preparing foods?
the vitamins may leach into the cooking water
The chemical name for 4 of the 8 forms of Vitamin E is ____
tocopherols
A _______ mineral is needed in small amounts, generally less than 100 mg per day
trace
The leading cause of preventable blindness in children is caused by a deficiency of which vitamin?
vitamin A
Name the fat soluble vitamins -vitamin B -vitamin D -vitamin C -vitamin A -vitamin K -vitamin E
vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K
Which fat-soluble vitamins are not readily excreted from the body? -vitamin A -vitamin E -vitamin D -vitamin K
vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin D
The Adequate Intake for sodium for individuals between the ages of 20 and 51 years is ____ mg daily
1,500
If we require _____ mg or more of a mineral daily, it is considered a major mineral
100
What is the RDA for calcium for adults under age 50?
1000 mg/day
What is the adequate intake for daily water consumption for men?
15 cups
The 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines recommend that sodium intake be restricted to ______ mg per day among U.S. adults.
2300
The upper level of intake for vitamin A has been set at _____
3000 μg/day of retinol
The RDA for vitamin C in smokers is _____ higher than those who do not smoke.
35 mg/day
What is the Adequate Intake for potassium for adults?
4700
Vitamins A and D are unlikely to cause toxicities unless taken in amounts ___________ times greater than the DRI
5 to 10
Using a sunscreen with SPF higher than ____ is beneficial in decreasing skin cancer risk but may prevent adequate vitamin D synthesis.
8
What percent of vitamin D is incorporated into micelles in the small intestine?
80%
__________ sodium consumed is absorbed in the intestinal tract.
Almost all
Which mineral is associated with benefits that include possible protection from colon cancer and reduced formation of kidney stones?
Calcium
Which mineral plays a significant role in developing and maintaining bones, blood clotting, and muscle contraction?
Calcium
________, along with sodium, helps maintain extracellular fluid volume and balance, and aids in the transmission of nerve impulses.
Chloride
One of vitamin C's main functions in the body is to _____.
donate electrons in oxidation-reduction reactions
Functions of riboflavin include ______ -preventing pernicious anemia -energy-yielding metabolism -preventing birth defects -assisting antioxidant reactions
energy-yielding metabolism, assisting antioxidant reactions
The vitamin E content of a food may be decreased by _______ -refrigeration -exposure to sunlight -exposure to oxygen -deep-fat frying
exposure to sunlight, exposure to oxygen, deep-fat frying
The ______-soluble vitamins are not easily excreted by the body, however, the kidney can filter excess ______-soluble vitamins so they are eliminated in the urine
fat (lipid), water
Where are the fat-soluble vitamins stored in the body?
liver
Decarboxylation is defined as the ______
removal of 1 molecule of carbon dioxide from a compound
The deficiency disease for vitamin C is called ______.
scurvy
Some trace minerals like copper are _______
secreted into bile and then excreted in the feces
Smokers need more vitamin C daily than nonsmokers because _____.
smoking increases vitamin C turnover
A ________ is a substance dissolved in a solution
solute
The food sources of riboflavin include _____ -oranges -spinach -mushrooms -liver
spinach, mushrooms, liver
What are the best methods for retaining the water-soluble vitamins when preparing food? -stir frying -boiling -blanching -microwaving
stir frying, microwaving
Identify the food sources of thiamin -sunflower seeds -bananas -legumes -yogurt
sunflower seeds, legumes
A riboflavin deficiency usually occurs with a deficiency of several other B-vitamins because ______
these nutrients often occur in the same foods
Pork products are excellent sources of _____
thiamin
The B vitamin required as a coenzyme to metabolize carbohydrates and some amino acids is _____
thiamin
Which major mineral is most often found in unprocessed foods like fruit, vegetables, milk, whole grains, beans, and meat?
Potassium
Aside from bone health, what are some other potential benefits associated with calcium consumption? -Decreased blood pressure -Reduced formation of kidney stones -Increased blood pressure
Decreased blood pressure, reduced formation of kidney stones
What is the RDA for calcium for adolescents?
1300 mg/day
60 mg of tryptophan will produce ____ mg of niacin
1
The salt shaker at home typically provides ______ of the sodium consumed daily in a typical U.S. diet
10-15%
Which beverages supply higher levels of micronutrients in addition to supplying water? -Diet soda -Sweetened beverages -100% fruit juice -Milk
100% fruit juice, milk
What is the Adequate Intake for total water intake per day for adult women?
11 cups
How many milligrams of tryptophan are required to yield 200 mg of niacin?
12,000
Which major mineral is thought to blunt the effects of a high salt intake and help keep blood pressure normal?
Potassium
Which of the following foods are good sources of potassium? -Potato with skin -Beans -Butter -Raisins
Potato with skin, beans, raisins
Where does most sodium absorption occur?
Intestines
Which of these are functions of water? -helps regulate body temperature -Makes up 35% of the body -Is a solvent -Is a major component of blood
Helps regulate body temperature, is a solvent, is a major component of blood
Which trace minerals can be toxic when consumed excessively? -Iron -Potassium -Calcium -Zinc
Iron, zinc
Which of the following are the functions of sodium? -It aids in water balance -It helps in the absorption of glucose in the small intestine -It is a building block for most blood components -It is essential for proper bone development
It aids in water balance, it helps in the absorption of glucose in the small intestine
Which of the following are the functions of chloride? -It is used during immune responses -It is a component of gastric acid -It prevents anemia and aids in brain development -It acts as an electrolyte in the body
It is used during immune responses, it is a component of gastric acid, it acts as an electrolyte in the body
What role does antidiuretic hormone play in relation to the regulation of water balance?
It signals the kidneys to retain water, thus reducing urine output
The Daily Value for ______ used on food and supplement labels is 4,700 mg per day
Potassium
When vitamin B-12 is lacking, ______.
THFA levels decrease
The red blood cells of a folate-deficient person differ from a healthy person by _____.
becoming very large and being unable to divide due to the lack of DNA
Calcium ions are often found in the blood, bound to the blood protein _____
Albumin
Which of the following are functions of vitamin B-6? -Major role in amino acid metabolism -necessary for the metabolism of minerals -Converts homocysteine to the amino acid cysteine -required for the release of glucose from glycogen
Major role in amino acid metabolism, converts homocysteine to the amino acid cysteine, required for the release of glucose from glycogen
Which of the following minerals are most likely to be deficient in the typical American diet? -Potassium -Chloride -Sodium -Calcium -Iron
Potassium, calcium, iron
Which minerals play a role in regulating water balance? -Potassium -Copper -Sodium -Calcium
Potassium, sodium, calcium
Which synthetic vitamin A analogs are currently being used to treat skin conditions? -accutane -ibuprofen -acetaminophen -Retin-A
accutane, Retin-A
Which are functions of thiamin? -used as an energy source for anaerobic metabolism -involved in decarboxylation reactions - coenzyme require for the metabolism of carbohydrates and branched-chain amino acids
used as an energy source for anaerobic metabolism, coenzyme required for the metabolism of carbohydrates and branched-chain amino acids
An organic compound that is needed in small amounts in the diet to help regulate and support chemical reactions and processes in the body is a ______
vitamin
Which water-soluble vitamin acts as an electron donor and has a cofactor role for several metalloenzymes?
vitamin C
Cod liver oil, sardines, and mackerel are all good sources of _____.
vitamin D
Rickets is the deficiency disease caused by the lack of vitamin _____
vitamin D
Which vitamins are the most likely to produce toxic effects when consumed in excess? -vitamin K -vitamin D -vitamin E -vitamin A
vitamin D, vitamin A
Which vitamin can be synthesized by bacteria in the large intestine?
vitamin K
Which vitamin was discovered when scientists fed chicks a nonfat diet and observed hemorrhages?
vitamin K
Which vitamin has foods of animal origin as its only reliable food source and is the only vitamin that contains a mineral as part of its structure?
vitamin b-12
Which B-vitamin participates in transamination reactions that allow the synthesis of nonessential amino acids?
vitamin b-6
The category of vitamins that are stored only to a small degree in the body are the ______-soluble vitamins.
water
The production of saliva, body temperature regulation, and the maintenance of blood volume are all most influenced by ________
water