NUTRITION FINAL

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A certain amount of fiber in foods contributes to the health of the digestive tract, but eating too much fiber leads to nutrient losses. The characteristic of healthy eating patterns illustrated by this statement is called

moderation

fructose is a

monosaccharide

deficiency of phosphorus

muscular weakness, bone pain

the essential fatty acids

must be supplied by the diet

The term "________" has no legal definition, but is often used on food labels to imply wholesomeness

natural

water soluble vitamin requirements

needed in frequent doses (1-3 days) because the body does not store most of them to any extent

folate deficiency can cause

neural tube defects

Pantothenic acid is actively involved in the synthesis of

neurotransmitters, steroid hormones, and hemoglobin

A diet consisting of mostly corn, salt pork and molasses was associated with pellagra because it was deficient in

niacin

One of the earliest signs of vitamin A deficiency is

night blindness

calcium deficiency results in

no change in blood calcium, because calcium will be pulled from the bones

sodium deficiency

no known diet lacks sodium; the body freely absorbs sodium; regulated by the kidneys which filter excess sodium out in urine and can conserve and return sodium to bloodstream in times of low intake; sodium also has small losses in sweat.

theories of obesity: inside the body theories of obesity: set point

no much you over eat or diet, you may loose or gain some pounds, but you will always be around the same set weight.

an effective stool-softening agent

oat bran

most closely related to diabetes

obesity

the elderly may need slightly more protein than

other healthy adults

vitamin A toxicity

overstimulated cell division, skin rashes, hair loss, hemorrhages, bone abnormalities, birth defects, fractures, liver failure, and death.

acid-base balance

pH of body fluids (water, H+ in excess is acidic and OH- in excess is basic).

components of energy expenditure

physical activity, thermic effect of food, basal metabolic rate - thyroxine directly controls BMR.

thrombus

plaque with fibrous cap develops, cap ruptures, and then a blood clot forms around the rupture, blocking the artery.

macronutrients include

proteins, carbohydrates, and fats

What is one difference between the Dietary Reference Intakes and the Daily Values?

The Daily Values are used in the United States only

Enriched foods in the United States are regulated by

The Food and Drug Administration

One of the chief functions of iron in the body is to

Transport oxygen to the blood and tissues

The purpose of the villi and microvilli in the intestinal tract is to:

Trap the nutrient particles and absorb them into cells

VLDL

Very Low Density Lipoprotein, transport triglycerides from liver to tissues

fat distribution

Visceral fat, Central obesity, Deep in abdomen, Associated with chronic disease, Men of all ages, Women after menopause, Moderate to high intake of alcohol, Subcutaneous fat, Hips and thighs, Women of childbearing age.

vitamins that are transported by fat are

Vitamin A, E, and D

theories of obesity: outside the body theories of obesity: food addition

addiction has specific criteria, food addition does not really exist as a disorder. Eating high sugar, fat, and salt foods makes you want them more.

For the average person exercising at the gym,

adding excess protein or amino acid supplements to an adequate diet will NOT stimulate muscle building

One of the characteristics of a nutritious diet is that the foods provide enough of each essential nutrient, fiber, and energy. This principle is called:

adequacy

selenium and chronic disease

adequate blood selenium is associated with decreased risk of prostate, colon, and breast cancer

leptin and satiety

adipokine hormone, produced in direct proportion to body fatness, suppresses appetite, and dampens sensitivity to sweet taste.

Excess food consumption leads to excess fat storage in the form of

adipose tissue

recommendations and strategies for reducing CVD risks

adopt a heart healthy eating pattern, engage in moderate physical activity, replace solid fats with foods or oils containing unsaturated fatty acids, choose fewer processed foods, limit alcohol intake, and don't smoke.

factors that affect vitamin D synthesis

advanced age, air pollution, city living, clothing, cloudy skies, geography, homebound, season, skin pigment, sunscreen, time of day

other risk factors for chronic diseases

age, environmental contaminants, genetics, sedentary lifestyle, smoking and tobacco use, and stress.

factors that affect Basal Metabolic Rate

age, height, growth, body composition, fever, stress, environmental temperature, fasting/starvation, malnutrition, thyroxine.

Acid Base Balance Regulators

buffers: proteins and mineral salts kidneys: control excretion of H+ through urine lungs: control excretion of carbonic acid through carbon dioxide [NOT BEING ASKED ON EXAM]

pellagra diet

corn, salted pork fat, and molasses.

Which research design studies an individual?

case study

folate deficiency

causes: eating pattern low in folate, illness that impairs folate absortion or increases folate excretion, and medication that interacts with folate or increases the need for folate (antacids, aspirin ).

tryptophan and niacin good sources

chicken breast, tuna, pork chop, enriched cereal, baked potato, and mushrooms

the major negative ion of the body is

chloride

the best way to increase consumption of omega-3 fatty acids is to

choose fish as a protein food often

biotin is an important

cofactor for several enzymes involved in energy metabolism

Fatty acids in foods consumed influence the

composition of fats in the body

how much sodium?

consume less than 1 teaspoon of sodium a day

theories of obesity: inside the body theories of obesity: thermogenesis

how many calories you burn just by creating heat energy. Brown adipose tissues helps keep you warm. some people have a higher amount of brown adipose tissue activity, increasing body temperature, using calories, and making you leaner.

denaturation

distorted shape, unfolding proteins. Important for digestion (stomach acid opens up protein structure to expose peptide bonds that are broken down by pepsin).

insoluble fiber

doesn't dissolve in water, does not form gels, important in digestion and elimination, prevents hemorrhoids, and prevents appendicitis

vitamin C toxicity

impaired insulin response, opposite effect to anti clotting medications, kidney stone formation in people with kidney disease or gout, mild digestive upsets, and increased iron absorption

the ocean supplies iodine

in kelp, seafood, water, sea mist.

result of protein deficiency

edema

research question

excess blood phosphorus is associated with indicators of heart disease and osteoporosis, the relationship to dietary phosphorus is unknown.

metabolic syndrome and heart disease

includes three or more of the following: high fasting blood glucose, central obesity, hypertension, low blood HDL, and high blood triglycerides. Metabolic syndrome greatly increases the risk for heart disease and diabetes.

functional foods are

foods that offer health benefits beyond basic nutrition

normal artery

has LDL-C and immune cells.

sodium in the body

has a major role in fluid and electrolyte balance, the chief ion used to maintain extracellular fluid balance; helps maintain acid-base balance; and is essential to muscle contraction and nerve transmission.

fluoride

has been demonstrated in both prospective and clinical studies to prevent dental caries.

natural foods

have no legal definition

essential amino acids

histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine

current Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend

increased consumption of fiber-rich, whole-food sources of carbohydrate

major risk factors for heart disease that cannot be modified

increasing age, male gender, and genetic inheritance.

as fatty acids are absorbed through the intestinal lining for transport throughout the body,

large-chain fatty acids are formed into lipoproteins for transport in the blood

phosphorus

second most abundant mineral in the body; roughly 80% of the body's phosphorus is combined with calcium in the crystals of the bones and teeth; the rest is everywhere else

protein deficiency: Marasmus

severe protein and caloric deficiency that leads to a loss of muscle and fat, more common in infants less than a year old, and starving and hungry with appetite

protein deficiency: Kwashiorkor

severe protein energy malnutrition that leads to edema, irritability, ulcerating dermatoses, enlarged liver with fatty infiltrates, reduced appetite

iodine deficiency

simple goiter: thyroid gland enlarges to trap as much iodine as possible. People with this deficiency may feel cold, tired, forget things, and gain weight.

methods used to assess body fat

skin fold measures, waist circumference, and dual energy x-ray absoprtiometry.

fat contributes to satiety, the feeling of fullness, by

slowing the movement of food through the digestive tract and signaling the brain

maltose is found in

sprouts

the disaccharides include

sucrose, maltose, and lactose

Some amino acids in the body, such as cysteine, cannot be synthesized in the body without the essential mineral

sulfate

sucrose is found in

table sugar

dehydration pathway

unanswered thirst > divert water from sweat to blood vessels > support blood pressure > overheat

scurvy occurs with

vitamin C deficiency

energy density

"the larger meal on the right weights more, provides more fiber, contains more water, and takes far longer to enjoy than the meal on the left. Even foods that are lower in energy density can be over consumed, so total calories remain important, too".

iron release

-10-15% of dietary iron is absorbed. -hepcidin: a hormone released from the liver that helps regulate blood iron concentrations, limits absorption from the small intestine and controls release from body stores. -when blood iron concentration is high, hepcidin production increases, and iron absorption and release decreases. -when blood iron concentration decreases, hepcidin production decreases, and iron absorption and release increases.

fat soluble vitamins

-A, D, E, K -from fats and oils in food. -require bile for absorption. -stored in the liver and fatty tissues until needed. -are mostly absorbed in the lymph, travel in blood with protein carriers, and are stored in the liver and in adipose tissue with other lipids, toxicities can occur because of storage.

B vitamins for energy

-B vitamins do not contain energy. -B vitamins help carbohydrate, protein, and fat give the body fuel for energy. -5 B vitamins help release energy from macronutrients (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, and biotin). -B6 helps the body use amino acids to synthesize proteins, helps proteins build new tissues, make hormones, fight infections, and serve as fuel for energy. -folate and B12 help cells multiply (important for cells with short life spans, digestive tract (every 3 days), red blood cells (every 120 days) - these cells absorb and deliver energy to all others.

pernicious anemia

-B12 malabsorption because of a lack of intrinsic factor (a compound made by the stomach and necessary for absorption of B12). -another cause of malabsorption is reduced stomach acid (intentional disease, surges, ulcer, diabetes pharmaceuticals). -B12 is administered by nasal spray or injection.

drawbacks to BMI

-BMI fails to indicate how much of a person's weight is from fat. -BMI fails to indicate where a person's fat is located., it is different for athletes, pregnant and lactating women, adults over 65 years of age, women over 50 with limited muscle mass, and between race and ethnicity.

Colorado brown stain

-McKay launches a research investigation into the phenomenon. -(G.V. Black, Colorado Springs dental society) 90% of the city's locally born children had brown staining. -discovered that mottled enamel resulted from developmental imperfections in children teeth (city residents whose permanent teeth had calcified without developing stains did not risk having their teeth turn brown) and teeth afflicted by Colorado brown stain where inexplicably resistant to decay. -in Oakley, stains appeared shortly after a communal water pipeline to a warm spring five miles away was constructed. -Oakley abandons the pipeline and children's secondary teeth were healthy and without mottling. -up to 1.0 ppm in drinking water did not cause enamel fluorosis in most people. -Grand Rapids Michigan was the first city in the world to fluoridate its drinking water, study lasted 15 years and monitored 30,000 school children. -rate of dental caries dropped more than 60%. -revolutionized dental care and tooth decay became a preventable disease. -today, florid is the active ingredient in toothpaste; water fluoridation affects about 200 minion Americans, and approximately 13 million schoolchildren participated in school based fluoride mouth rinse programs.

vitamin E deficiency

-People with diseases that affect fat absorption: Results in loss of muscle coordination and reflexes and impaired vision and speech. -premature infants: Before transfer of vitamin from mother to baby, Erythrocyte hemolysis, results in Anemia.

Vitamin D

-Vitamin D is not an essential nutrient, given sufficient sun each day. -Greater than 50% of the US Population has normal blood concentrations of vitamin D. -Vitamin D listed as a "Nutrient of Concern" by the DGA. -Sunlight supplies necessary amount without toxicity. -UV rays hit a cholesterol compound in the skin that gets transformed into a vitamin D precursor that is absorbed directly into the blood.

zinc for vegetarians

-Zinc from meat is bioavailable -Less bioavailable sources in vegetarian diet are whole grains and legumes -Zinc enriched cereals and whole grain breads well-leavened with yeast are advised

zinc

-a key component of many enzymes, which help to make parts of the cell's genetic material, protect cell structures against damage from oxidation, and make heme in hemoglobin. -assists the pancreases with digestive and insulin functions and helps to metabolize macronutrients. -zinc containing enzymes associate with DNA to help regulate protein synthesis and cell division, which is critical to normal growth before and after birth. -is the active form of vitamin A, deficiency can impair night vision. -affects behavior, learning, and mood. -essential to wound healing.

vitamin k deficiency

-antibiotic use. -medical conditions that affect absorption of fat.

obesity increases risk for chronic disease

-arthritis, breathing problems, cancer, diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, gallbladder disease, non alcoholic fatty liver disease, and stroke. -over 70% of obese people suffer from at least one other major health problem. -obesity triples a person's risk of developing diabetes.

beta carotene

-beta carotene is converted into retinol. -Vitamin A activity for precursors is measured in RAE (retinol activity equivalents). -12 μg of beta-carotene from food = ~1μg of retinol in the body. -sources= orange foods.

How the body loses and gains weight: Energy deficit

-brain and nervous system cannot use fat as fuel and demand glucose. -body fat cannot be converted to glucose. -body protein can be converted to glucose. -ketone bodies made from fat can feed some nervous system tissues and reduce glucose needs, sparing protein from degradation.

after 1800- "limeys"

-british navy gives lemon juice to sailors (lime was used in the initial experiment). -ascorbic acid= "no scurvy acid" -common name= vitamin C

roles of iron

-carry oxygen to blood and tissues. -enzyme function (energy metabolism). -synthesis of cells, animo acids, hormones, and neurotransmitters.

cretinism

-caused my maternal hypothyroidism. -symptoms include intellectual disability and stunted growth. -treatment for hypothyroidism must be within the first 6 months of pregnancy.

vitamin A's role in vision

-cells in the retina contain rodoxin, which cannot be formed without vitamin A

DASH eating pattern

-clinically proven to lower cholesterol. -improves vascular function, lowers TC, lowers LDL-C, and reduced inflammation. -increased fiber, potassium, magnesium, and calcium compared to the American diet. -emphasizes legumes and fish over red meat. -limits added sugar and sugar containing beverages. 1

pantothenic acid

-coenzyme that makes possible the release of energy from macronutrients. -actively involved in the synthesis of lipids, neurotransmitters, steroid hormones, and hemoglobin.

biotin

-cofactor for several enzymes involved in energy metabolism. -current research focusing on biotin's role in gene expression.

vitamin c and the common cold

-cold prevention has not been established by clinical trials. -fewer colds, shorter colds, fewer days of severe symptoms have been shown in some studies. -sufficient intake is crucial to white blood cell development (main defenders against infection). -up to 2 grams/day reduce blood histamine (sneezy, stuffy, swollen). -placebo effect.

thiamin

-critical to energy metabolism. -occupies a special site on nerve cell membranes (nerve processes and muscles depend on thiamin).

iron

-every living cell, plant or animal, contains iron. -in the human body, iron is a component of two proteins, hemoglobin in red blood cells and myoglobin in muscle cells.

how the body loses and gains weight: energy surplus

-excess calories are stored as fat, no matter what macronutrient they come from (even protein). -fat from food is particularly easy to store as fat tissue. -protein is not stored in the body, except in response to exercise: present as a working tissue.

iron storage

-ferritin: a protein that stores iron and releases it in a controlled fashion because free iron is toxic. -Apoferritin: ferritin with no iron bound to it.

vitamin A

-first vitamin discovered. -precursor from foods is beta-carotene.

potassium

-fluid and electrolyte balance. -cell integrity. -nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction. -homeostasis (relatively stable equilibrium), potassium contributes by helping to maintain a steady heart beat.

vitamin B6

-helps convert one amino acid to another that the cells are lacking (non essential). -B6 also: -aids in the converstion of tryptophan to niacin. -aids in synthesis of hemoglobin. -aids in synthesis of neurotransmitters. -assists in the release of stored glucose from glycogen. -plays a role in the immune function. -plays a role in steroid hormone activity. -critical to fetal brain and nervous development (deficiency during this stage causes behavioral problems later).

copper

-helps form hemoglobin -enzymes depend on copper for its oxygen handling capabilities -assists in handling of iron and aids in release of energy -helps control damage from free radicals

vitamin B12

-helps maintain the sheaths that surround and protect nerve fibers. -closely linked with folate, because each depends on the other for activation.

food affects iron absorption

-heme iron: contained in hemoglobin and myoglobin, heme iron is absorbed at about 23%. -non heme iron: contained in plants (and meats), non heme iron is absorbed at about 2-20%. -factors that increase absorption of non heme iron: MFP factor (meat, fish, poultry) in meat promotes absorption, vitamin C triples absorption if eaten in the same meal.

active vitamin D

-hormone function manufactured by one organ, but acts on another. -regulates calcium and phosphorus in the blood: maintains bone integrity and regulates calcium at three sites: bone, digestive tract, and kidneys. -cells: affects genetic material that dictates growth and function.

B12 Deficiency Anemia

-identical to folate deficiency. -folate will clear up the blood condition, masking B12 deficiency. -deficiency symptoms will worsen: damaged nerve sheaths, creeping paralysis, malfunctioning of nerves and muscles, impaired mental functioning in the elderly (worsening dementia), and depression (research ongoing).

impacts of folate deficiency

-immature red and white blood cells of the digestive tract are the most vulnerable to folate deficiency (amen [related to B12 deficiency], decreased immunity, and abnormal digestive function). -chronic folate deficiency is linked to an increased risk for breast cancer (particularly among those who drink alcohol), prostate cancer, BUT high doses from supplement may speed cancer progression when you already have it.

chromium

-important in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism -food chromium is safe and essential to health -industrial chromium is a toxic contaminant that damages DNA and is a known carcinogen -enhances the activity of insulin and improves cellular uptake of glucose -without chromium: diabetes-like condition, elevated blood glucose, impaired glucose tolerance and insulin and glucagon responses -present in whole/unrefined foods (liver, brewer's yeast, whole grains)

iron deficiency

-inadequate dietary iron. -iron loss. -iron deficiency anemia ("too little blood").

Vitamin D toxcity

-increased vitamin D, increased calcium in blood, decreased calcium in bones. -vitamin D collects in soft tissues, damaging them. -in extreme cases, heart and kidney failure.

vitamin B6 and PMS

-ineffective. -toxicity (>2 g/day over 2 months) led to numbness in the hands and feet and inability to walk/work.

iodine

-iodine in food is converted to iodine in the body. -part of the hormone, thyroxine, made by the thyroid gland (which controls metabolic rate, temperature, reproduction, growth, and heart function). -thyroxine cannot be synthesized without iodine.

iron toxicity

-iron, in excess, is toxic to tissues because it can cause oxidative stress. -once absorbed, it is difficult to excrete. -intestinal cells trap excess iron and hold it within their boundaries, which can promote colon and rectal cancer. -health people are protected by hepcidin pathway. -increased blood iron concentration causes increased hepcidin which causes iron absorption and release. -genetic failure of this system can impede hormonal control (especially in caucasian men). -symptoms include fatigue, mental depression, and abdominal pain.

prooxidant

-lab studies say that you don't want to give yourself a toxic dose. -high doses lead to chronic inflammation. -activate elements such as iron and copper.

niacin toxicity and pharmacology

-large dose niacin previously prescribed for management of cardiovascular disease ("niacin flush" dilation of capillaries with perceptible tingling and pain). -other reported risks: liver injury, digestive upset, impaired glucose tolerance, infection, muscle weakness, and rarely, vision disturbances).

vitamin E protection

-lungs: High oxygen content would otherwise disrupt membranes. -red blood cell membranes: To transport oxygen to other tissues. -White blood cells, Blood vessel linings, brain tissues, and bone.

Institute of Medicine National Goals

-make physical activity an integral and routine part of American life. -Make healthy foods and beverages available everywhere. -Create food and beverage environments in which healthy food and beverage choices become the easy, routine choice. -advertise and market what matters for a healthy life. -develop and enforce legislation and polices aimed at preventing obesity. -strengthen schools as centers that promote fitness and health.

other trace minerals

-manganese and molybdenum: work with body proteins and enzymes. -sources: whole grains, vegetables, fruits, legumes, and nuts.

folate toxicity

-masks subclinical deficiency of vitamin B12. -risk versus benefits in public health nutrition.

sulfate

-oxidized form of sulfur as it appears in food and water. -necessary for synthesis of sulfur-containing compounds in the body; such as sulfur-containing amino acids, cystine, skin/hair/nails, "oagurt". -no DRI, deficiencies are unknown. -excess from drinking water leads to diarrhea and can damage the colon.

niacin

-participates in energy and metabolism (like thiamin and riboflavin). -diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis, and death.

vitamin K

-produced by intestinal bacteria. -activates proteins that help clot blood: administered if uncontrolled bleeding occurs. -necessary for synthesis of key bone proteins: green leafy vegetable consumption (vitamin K) associated with fewer hip fractures compared to lower intakes,

antioxidant activity

-protects foods and cells from oxidation. -immune cells (to protect from free radicals, recycled). -intestines (protects iron from oxidation and aid absorption). -blood (proteins from oxidation, reduces tissue inflammation, and helps maintain vitamin E levels by protecting and recycling it to its active form).

energy nutrients and satiety

-protein has greatest satiating effects during a meal including protein in meal improves satiation during meal and possibly decrease energy intake at the next meal. -slow digesting carbohydrate and fiber.

leptin in the treatment of obesity

-rare inherited inability to produce leptin, leptin injection reverses obesity and insulin resistance. -normal obese people produce leptin and are resistant to its effects, leptin does not reverse obesity.

vitamin k toxicity

-rare. -opposes the effects of anticlotting medication. -pregnant women and infants taking supplements with synthetic vitamin k: red blood cells, giving a yellow tone to skin. Liver releases bilirubin (blood cell pigment) into the blood leading to jaundice, normally bilirubin is excreted into bile.

Zinc deficiency

-results in stunted growth and immature sexual organs. Is partially reversible when zinc is restored to the diet. -was discovered half a century ago in children in the Middle East. Diets high in fiber and phytates, but low in animal protein. Fiber and phytates bind zinc (and iron). -yeast in leavened bread breaks down phytates as bread rises.

active forms of vitamin A

-retinol; stored in specialized cells of the liver and is released into the bloodstream for use by cells. -cells convert retinol into retinal and retinoic acid as needed. -retinoic acid is essential for gene regulation and ultimately metabolism and health.

sterols

-rings of carbon with side changes of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. -the raw material in making emulsifiers.

wernicke-korsakoff syndrome

-severe thiamine deficiency observed in developed countries. -result of severe alcohol abuse. -alcohol= carries energy, but no nutrients; displaces food from the diet; impairs thiamin absorption; hastens thiamin excretion in urine.

impairment of immune defenses

-skin: thickness, elasticity, and connective tissue are reduced, compromising the skin's ability to serve as a barrier for the protection of underlying tissues; skin sensitivity reaction to antigens are delayed. -digestive tract membrane and other linings: antibody secretions and immune cell numbers are reduced. Barrier functions are also compromised. -lymph tissues: immune system organs are reduced in size; cells of immune defense are depleted. -general response: invader kill time is prolonged, circulating immune cells are reduced; immune response is impaired.

vitamin A reproduction and growth

-sperm development in men. -supports normal fetal development in women. -for the developing embryo, it is crucial for formation of the spinal cord, heart, and other organs. -in children, bone dismantling allows for regeneration and growth.

collagen

-structural protein found in the skin, connective tissue, tendons, bone, and teeth. -woven together to give a base protein that is flexible, but strong. -vitamin C is essential to the formation of collagen. -forms scar tissue. -reinforcing tissue that mends fractures. -supporting material of capillaries that prevents bruises.

Vitamin E toxicity

-supplements. -augments anticoagulant medication: uncontrolled bleeding and increased risk of stroke.

systolic diastolic blood pressure

-systolic blood pressure = contraction = <120. -diastolic blood pressure= relaxation = < 80.

iron deficiency anemia

-too little hemoglobin > too little oxygen to blood and tissues > decreased energy metabolism in the cell > fatigue, apathy, and tendency to feel cold. -has mental symptoms.

If calcium has been added to orange juice, the label must include

Nutrient information

Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity (NCGS)

The patient presents with symptoms but does not have the genetic marker, antibodies, or intestinal damage associated with true celiac disease

nonessential amino acids

alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine

chylomicrons

allow fats to be transported through the blood, deliver fat to depots for storage, and contain protein

functions of water: solvent

amino acids, glucose, minerals, and fatty acids are in solutions of water

selenium

anti-oxidant; selenium-containing enzymes assist iodine-containing thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism.

vitamin E is a potent

antioxidant

Which of the following people would NOT be covered by the DRI, based on assumptions made by the DRI committee?

anyone that is not healthy

factors affecting appetite

appetite stimulants or depressants (drugs), cultural habits, environmental conditions, hormones, inborn appetites (innate preference), learned preferences, social interactions, and disease states.

water recommendations: DRI committee

approximately 9 cups/day of fluids for women and 13 cups/day of fluids for men

risk factors

are associated with disease and causation is not proven.

Enzymes

are protein catalysts that facilitate chemical reactions

vitamin

are vital for life; essential, non-caloric, organic nutrients needed in tiny amounts in the body; assist in digestion, absorption, metabolism, and structure.

trans fatty acids

arise when polyunsaturated oils are hydrogenated

celiac disease

autoimmune disorder characterized by a severe reaction to foods containing gluten in which microvilli are damaged

Human dislike for bitter is called

aversion

a blood clot in the artery

blocks the blood flow to tissues fed by that artery.

totally occluded vessel

blood clot, heart attack, and cell/tissue death.

vitamin K is important for

blood clotting

BMI

body mass index, weight x 703/Height squared.

Manganese and Molybdenum are important to

body proteins and enzymes

Triglycerides make up most of the lipid present

both in the body and in food

The following are nutrients

carbohydrate, protein, fat, vitamins, minerals, and water

what happens in hyponatremia

cells begin to swell and there are symptoms of nausea and vomiting, headache, confusion, loss of energy/fatigue, restlessness and irritability, muscle weakness/spasms/cramps, and in really extreme cases, seizures, and coma.

diet lacking essential amino acids

cells breakdown internal proteins to liberate needed amino acids and limit synthesis of proteins to conserve essential amino acids

HDL and LDL cholesterol

cells of the body move HDL to the lier which moves LDL to the cells of the body.

fatty acids may differ from one another in

chain length and degree of saturation

A client is showing symptoms of diabetes such as elevated blood glucose and impaired insulin responses, but all clinical tests for diabetes come back negative. Your client may be experiencing a deficiency in

chromium

hypertension

chronic high blood pressure and one of the most prevalent forms of CVD (effects 78 million U.S. adults and contributes to an estimated 1 million heart attacks and 800,000 strokes each year.

good sources of iron

clams, beef steak, navy beans, black beans, enriched cereal, spinach, Swiss chard, beef liver

dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH)

clinical study that proved that the DASH diet reduced high blood pressure in participants. Per day: 6-8 servings of grain, 4-5 servings of fruits and vegetables, 6 or less servings of lean protein, 4-5 servings of legumes or nuts/seeds, 2-3 servings of low fat dairy, limited fats and sweets.

selenium toxicity

comes from supplement use and results in hair loss and brittle nails, diarrhea and fatigue, and bone, joint, and nerve abnormalities.

water in the body

comes from water and food consumption and is created as a byproduct of metabolic processes

strategies for consuming enough fruits, vegetables, and legumes

consume all vegetables; dark, green, red, and orange vegetables; legumes (beans, peas, lentils, and soy products); and fruit.

A person with heart disease is told she has to make some changes to her diet and lifestyle practices. She responds by saying, "I know that I should make changes, because my mother died of a heart attack, but I really like having my steak for dinner." She is in what stage of behavior change?

contemplation

A client is getting sick regularly, shows symptoms of disrupted growth and metabolism, and has been taking zinc supplements. This client may be deficient in ______.

copper

good sources of phosphorus

cottage cheese, salmon, milk, steak, beans, sunflower seeds

pica

craving and intentional consumption of nonfood substances like ice, chalk, clay, and soil.

water soluble vitamin absorption

directly into the blood

lactose is a

disaccharide

maltose is a

disaccharide

sucrose is a

disaccharide

cardiovascular diseases (CVD)

diseases of the heart and blood vessels - atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, and stroke.

the difference between soluble fiber and insoluble fiber is that soluble fiber

dissolves in water

soluble fiber

dissolves in water, forms gels, decreases heart disease, and contributes to blood glucose control

Each amino acid has its own

distinctive chemical side chain attached to the center carbon of the backbone

alcohol

each gram of alcohol presents 7 calories of energy to the body, energy that is easily stored as fat.

toxicity of calcium

elevated blood calcium, constipation, interference with the absorption of other minerals, increased risk of kidney stone formation

The mechanism by which soluble fiber may lower blood cholesterol is by

eliminating cholesterol from the body in the feces and binding cholesterol in bile and forcing the liver to use cholesterol stores for bile production, and by decreasing inflammation

the role of bile in fat digestion is to

emulsify fats in the small intestine

fat cells

enlarge to store fat

good sources of thiamin

enriched wheat bagel, enriched pasta, pork chop, enriched cereal, sunflower seeds, baked potato, green peas, waffle, and black beans

Humans can survive without water if properly supplemented with all essential vitamins, minerals and macronutrients

false

Vitamin supplements should never be taken by anyone. They are unnecessary.

false

bananas are an excellent source of potassium

false

vitamin B6 is an effective treatment for premenstrual syndrome

false

A person in an emergency situation is unable to eat for several weeks. Which of the following would provide most of the energy that this person would need to survive?

fat

fatty streak

fatty streak and immune system/inflammatory response.

fluoride in teeth and bones

fluoride ions replace hydroxide ions inside teeth/bones, small amounts of fluoride strengthens teeth/bones, and too much fluoride causes teeth/bones to be too dense and brittle

Someone with mottled brown teeth may be showing signs of

fluorosis (fluoride toxicity)

theories of obesity: outside the body theories of obesity: Where You Live

food desert or access to Whole Foods

water recommendations: factors that influence water needs

foods eaten, air temperature and humidity, altitude, physical activity, physiological changes (breastfeeding)

nutrients are

found in food and indispensable to the body's functioning

EPA and DHA are

found in the oils of fish

selenium deficiency

free radical formation leads to increased inflammation. Severe deficiency leads to muscle disorders and heart disease.

peak bone mass

from bring to age 20, the bones are actively growing, Between the ages of 12 and 30 years, the bones achieve their maximum mineral density for life- the peak bone mass. Beyond those years, bone reabsorption exceeds bone formation, and bones lose density.

folate is derived

from foliage, leafy green vegetables. Food folate versus highly absorbable synthetic folate. Raw/lightly cooked versus cooked (heat/oxidation).

monosaccharide responsible for the sweet taste of fruit

fructose

The best way to achieve a desirable fiber intake is to include _____ in the diet.

fruit, vegetables, and whole grains

On any given day, a majority of the U.S. population consumes inadequate

fruits and vegetables

sources of soluble fiber

fruits, vegetables, and legumes

the B vitamins

function as part of coenzymes (molecule that combines with an enzyme to activate it)

metabolic water

generated in tissues during the chemical breakdown of the energy-yielding nutrients in foods

The sequences of amino acids that make up a protein molecule are specified by

genes

inside the body, digestible carbohydrates are broken down or converted into

glucose

the preferred fuel for most body functions

glucose

Lactose is a molecule made up of

glucose and galactose

monosaccharides are

glucose, fructose, and galactose

C6H12O6 is the chemical makeup of

glucose, fructose, galactose

fat transportation

glycerol and shorter chain fatty acids can pass through the intestinal lining and into the blood stream to travel unassisted to the liver

phospholipids

glycerol and two fatty acids, phosphate in the place of the 3rd fatty acid (soluble in water), forms phospholipid bilayer, and is an emulsifier

a polysaccharide of glucose in animals is called

glycogen

the storage form of polysaccharides of glucose is called

glycogen or starch

leading causes of death in the united states

heart disease, cancer, chronic lung diseases, strokes, accidents

diabetes increases the risk for

heart disease, stroke, and mortality

functions of water: cleanser

helps remove nitrogen waste and dialysis

major risk factors for heart disease that can be modified

high blood LDL cholesterol, low blood HDL cholesterol, high blood triglyceride VLDL levels, high blood pressure (hypertension), diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity, smoking, and an atherogenic diet.

LDL cholesterol and inflammation

high cholesterol is not the cause of heart disease, cellular inflammation is. Small dense LDL-C are most susceptible to oxidation and triggering the inflammatory response.

atherogenic diet

high in saturated and trans fats and low in vegetables, fruits, and whole grains. Excess calories and sodium.

micronutrients are present

in smaller quantities than macronutrients

iron stores

in the bone marrow, moved to liver which supplies iron to blood cells that carry it around your body before its broken down by the spleen and sent back to the bone marrow

partially occluded vessel

inflammatory response.

oxygen in blood and muscles

inhaled oxygen enters the blood stream, iron leaves the blood and enters the tissues, CO2 and H2O are waste products.

Human liking for salt, sugar and fat is called

innate preference

thirst pathway

insufficient water in the body > decreased blood volume and increased blood concentration > decreased blood pressure and dry mouth > stimulates the hypothalamus > increases thirst > water intake

blood glucose is regulated by the hormone

insulin

characteristics of type 2 diabetes

insulin resistance of the body's cells, blood glucose levels that rise too high, and blood insulin levels that rise too high

vitamin K is produced by

intestinal bacteria

Your client comes into your office with goiter. Before interviewing your client, you know that goiter can be a result of

iodine deficiency or toxicity

sources of iodine

iodized salt, seafood, dairy products

milk

is an animal derived food that contains a significant amount of carbohydrate

vitamin A immunity

is an anti-infective, immune cascades that fight infection are vitamin A dependent

magnesium

is an important mineral that works with calcium in the body to help muscles contract and relax

energy balance

is between energy in (from food and beverages) and energy out (from basal metabolism, physical activity, and the thermic effect of food).

energy in food

is chemical energy, derived from the sun, and can be converted in the body to other forms of energy

high blood pressure

is correlated to excess sodium consumption, 1/3 of all U.S. adults have hypertension, and 42% of African American adults have high blood pressure

a peptide bond

is formed between the amine group end of one amino acid and the acid group end of the next amino acid in a protein

fiber

is non-digestible carbohydrate

fluoride

is not essential to life, it is beneficial in the diet because of its ability to inhibit the development of dental caries in children and adults.

glycogen

is the storage form of glucose, found in animals, and in humans in the liver and muscle

copper deficiency

is uncommon, but not unheard of, excess zinc can impair copper absorption, disturb growth and metabolism, and impair immunity and blood flow

ketosis

is when fat is pulled into the liver and converted into ketone bodies which are used as an alternative fuel for the body and brain

xerophthalmia

keratin accumulates and clouds the cornea (keratinization), xerosis (drying) as it worsens, thickening and permanent blindness (xerophthalmia)

calcium balance

kidneys decrease calcium loss in urine, intestine increases absorption of calcium, and bones release more calcium into the blood. Inadequate calcium intake leads to decreased bone density.

magnesium balance

kidneys decrease magnesium loss in urine, and bone releases more magnesium into the blood

nutrition and food scientists measure food energy in

kilocalories

high sodium diet

leads to water retention, could eventually lead to dehydration

sources of sodium in the U.S. diet

less processed foods, salt/brined foods/condiments, and highly processed foods

nutrient deficiency or toxicity can weaken immune function

like deficiencies in Vitamins A, D, C, K, B12, Selenium, Zinc, protein, and omega 3 fatty acids.

vitamin C deficiency

loss of appetite, growth cessation, tenderness to touch, weakness, bleeding gums, loose teeth, red spots in skin, swollen ankle and wrists, and anemia.

hyponatremia

low blood sodium concentration caused by sweat, excess water intake, vomiting, and diarrhea. Occurs in intense competition.

salt and water

low water leads to high blood sodium, which leads to increased thirst, which leads to increased water intake, which lowers blood sodium, which leads to decreased thirst and decreased water. excess water and salt is eliminated by the kidneys.

water assists in

lubricating joints

other functions of water

lubrication and cushion (between joints, amniotic sac), coolant (water released as sweat that cools capillaries/blood near the surface)

helps reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes

maintaining a healthy body weight

roles of vitamin C

maintaining connective tissue and is an antioxidant

A child suffering from protein deficiency develops edema. This is an example of protein's role in

maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance

The USDA MyPlate consumer tool recommends that consumers

make half their grains whole grains

water

makes up about 60-65% of an adults body weight

ideal body fat

male= 18-21%. Female= 23-26%.

cons of "gluten free"

manufactured gluten free foods are often high in added sugars, fat, calories, and cost compared to non gluten free counterparts

Without critical essential amino acids to perform their roles,

many of the body's life-sustaining activities would come to a halt

protein digestion

mechanical digestion in the mouth, chemical digestion in the stomach (HCl denatures protein, pepsin cleaves peptide bonds), chemical digestion in the small intestine where more enzymes break polypeptides down to tripeptides, dipeptides, and then single amino acids.

The digestion of foods in the body is facilitated

mechanically and chemically

DRI for thiamin

men= 1.2 mg/day, women= 1.1 mg/day

riboflavin DRI

men= 1.3 mg/day and women= 1.1 mg/day

vitamin C DRI

men= 90 mg/day, women= 75 mg/day, smokers add 35 mg/day

things that upset water balance: retention

menstruation and eating a high sodium meal

vitamins and minerals are

micronutrients and regulating nutrients

Lactose is found in

milk

trace minerals

minuscule amounts are required, but necessary for health and life. Nine trace minerals for which there are DRIs: iodine, iron, zinc, selenium, fluoride, chromium, copper, manganese, molybdenum.

C18:1

monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) - one double bond

Digestion of most starch beings in the

mouth

carbohydrate digestion begins in the

mouth

carbohydrate digestion occurs in the

mouth, stomach, and small intestine

calcium absorption

normal adults (25-30%), pregnant (up to 60%), breastfed infant (up to 60%), children in puberty (up to 35%), deprived (up to 60%), and abundant (about 10%)

fat soluble vitamin storage

not needed every day, can survive weeks without dietary sources, toxicity can occur.

obesity increases chronic inflammation

obesity increases pro inflammatory adipokine activity in tissues

vitamin D deficiency

obesity: greater blood volume, sequestered to fat tissues

A study conducted in several countries where a high intake of fish and a low intake of animal fat were correlated with a low rate of breast cancer death is an example of

observational study

fat soluble vitamin deficiency

occurs when diet is consistently low, after intestinal surgery, if you have fat malabsorption (liver disease), or use mineral oil as a laxative

sickle cell disease is an example

of an inherited variation in an amino acid sequence

Fat soluble vitamins are able to travel through blood because

of protein carriers in the blood

first double bond is at the 3rd carbon

omega 3

first double bond is at the 6th carbon

omega 6

SUMMARY SLIDE OF MAJOR MINERALS

on major minerals powerpoint

sucrose is composed of

one glucose and one fructose

lactose is composed of

one glucose and one galactose

maltose is composed of

one glucose and one glucose

night blindness

one of the earliest signs of vitamin A deficiency

good sources of vitamin C

orange juice, green pepper, broccoli, strawberries, bok choy, sweet potato, grape fruit, Brussels sprouts, and sweet red pepper

potassium good sources

orange juice, wild salmon, butternut squash, lima beans, baked potato, and avocado

copper food sources

organ meats, seafood, nuts/seeds, water (copper plumbing)

Dr. Bradley's food is delivered from the Intervale Food Hub each week. It is grown without hormones, genetically modified organisms or synthetic pesticides. Dr. Bradley's food is

organic

bone loss

osteoporosis is a reduction of the bone mass of older people in which the bones become more porous and fragile. as people grow older, they lose stature due to porous bones.

theories of obesity: inside the body theories of obesity: intestinal microbiota

our entire intestine is loaded with bacteria, everyone's is different (genetic fingerprint of bacteria in the gut). Our intestinal microbiota are controlling our predisposition or not to obesity.

examples of fiber

outer layers of kernels of wheat, skins of corn kernels, and hulls of seeds

good sources of zinc

oysters, beef steak, yogurt, shrimp, enriched cereal, pork chop

When the blood glucose level rises above 90 mg % after a meal, the first organ to respond is the

pancreas

compounds that are fibers

pectin, cellulose, and hemicellulose

sweat and water needs

people can lose 2-4 gallos of fluid as sweat in a day; an athlete training in heat can lose a half gallon of fluid each hour; maintaining hydration is critical

roles of phosphorus in the body

phosphorus salts are buffers that work with acid-base balance; phosphorus is part of DNA and RNA and is essential for growth and renewal of tissues; carry, store, and release energy in the metabolism of macronutrients; assist in enzymes and vitamins in extracting energy from nutrients; part of phospholipids; and present in some proteins.

theories of obesity: outside the body theories of obesity: environmental cues

plate size, eating environment, etc.

The need for vitamin E rises with the consumption of more

polyunsaturated oil

Pierce, a three-year-old boy, is going through a growth spurt. Because he needs to build new muscle tissue, what should his nitrogen status be?

positive nitrogen balance

What are factors that can significantly influence and change water needs?

pregnancy and breastfeeding

major minerals

present in larger quantities in the body than trace minerals, and are needed in larger amounts from the diet - calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, and sulfate

minimizing vitamin losses

prevent enzymatic destruction, protect from light and air, and prevent heat destruction or losses in water

Foods that have been subjected to any process such as addition of additives, milling, or cooking are called

processed

Which research design follows different populations over time?

prospective cohort study

functions of fat in the human body

protects the body from temperature extremes, cushions internal organs from physical shock, and provides the major material from which cell membranes are made

importance of protein

protein turnover (the process of breakdown, recovery, and synthesis): red blood cells live for 90-120 days, cells lining the intestinal tract live for three days, and skin cells are shed and replaced daily.

Fats in the body

provide fuel, pad internal organs, and insulate against temperature extremes

fats in foods

provide nutrients, flavor, and desirable texture

The recycling system for amino acids in the body is primarily used to

provide the cells with materials to build body proteins

Food choice is driven by

psychological and physical factors

Which research design is among the most powerful tools in nutrition research because it shows the effects of treatments on human nutrition?

randomized controlled trial

effects of fiber

reduces risk for constipation and hemorrhoids, reduces the risk for heart disease, and helps modulate blood glucose

limiting amino acids

refers to the rate-limiting amino acid, an essential amino acid that is present in dietary protein in an insufficient amount, thereby limiting the body's ability to build protein

micronutrients are

regulating nutrients, vitamins, and minerals

removing gluten from the diet has been shown to

resolve digestion problems in people with celiac disease

untreated iron toxicity

results in liver failure, bone damage, diabetes, heart failure, and infections

Milk is sold in opaque containers and kept in dark coolers to help prevent the breakdown of __________, which is susceptible to UV light.

riboflavin

Vitamin D deficiency in children results in

rickets

electrolytes

salts in water carry a charge, dissolved salts separate into electrically charged particles called ions (sodium= positively charged, chloride= negatively charged), and because charged ions carry a current in water, they are called electrolytes

good sources of calcium

sardines, milk, tofu, cheddar cheese, turnip greens, waffle, and yogurt

C18:0

saturated, no double bonds, butter.

A source considered to deliver valid nutrition information is

scientific research journals

satiation

sensations of pleasure in the mouth diminish with repeated exposure to taste or texture. Nerve stretch receptors in the stomach signal brain. Nutrients in the small intestine stimulate receptor nerves that trigger the release of hormones signaling the hypothalamus about the size and nature of a meal. Brain detects absorbed nutrients in the bloodstream and releases neurotransmitters that suppress food intake.

The majority of fat digestion occurs in the

small intestine

the nerve impulse

sodium ions usually found outside the cell, potassium ions usually found inside the cell, sodium protein channels in the cell membrane, and potassium protein channels in the cell membrane.

good sources of magnesium

spinach, bran cereal, black beans, sunflower seeds, soy milk, and yogurt

a polysaccharide of glucose in plants in called

starch

polysaccharides are

starch and glycogen

cholesterol is a

sterol

insulin

stimulates muscle to take in glucose to make glycogen, stimulates liver to make glycogen, regulates blood glucose, is a hormone released from the pancreas, and allows adipose to take in glucose

the process of milling grain into white flour

strips the grain of vitamins, minerals, and fiber

roles of protein in the body

structure and movement, enzymes, antibodies, transport (facilitated and passive), fluid and electrolyte balance, energy source through converting to glucose, and no storage form (taken from tissues when needed, converted to fat when not)

roles of calcium in bones and teeth

structure- the matrix of the bone, storage- a bank of calcium to replenish blood calcium when concentration dips, calcium in bones is not inert, formation and dissolution takes place daily, and almost the entire adult skeleton is remodeled every 10 years

things that upset water balance: dehydration

sweat and diuretics

magnesium deficiency

symptoms: low blood calcium level, muscle cramps, seizures; outcomes: disturbed bone metabolic, inflammation, increased risk of stroke, sudden death by heart attack (in otherwise healthy people); uncommon: occurring in those with GI disorders, alcoholism, type 2 diabetes, or older adults.

cells will do the following to create their own working proteins from available amino acids

synthesize nonessential amino acids that are missing for the protein that is being made, obtain amino acids that are available in the cell's amino acid pool, and slow down protein synthesis until enough of the limiting amino acid is available again

when fructose and glucose are bonded together they form

table sugar

fructose is found in

table sugar and honey

iron inhibitors

tannins in tea and coffee, calcium and phosphorus in milk, and phytates from fiber in lightly processed legumes and whole grain cereals.

The leading factor driving food choice in the U.S. is

taste

The leading factors driving food choice in the U.S. are

taste, price, and convenience

the strategy of combining two complementary plant protein sources permits

the amino acids in one food to make up for those lacking in the other food.

what is a kilocalorie?

the amount of heat energy necessary to raise the temperature of a kilogram of water by one degree Celsius

water balance

the amount of water you are getting from your food and water is balanced with the amount of water being expended through sweat, urine, feces, and breath

water is indispensable

the body needs more water than any of the nutrients (50x more than protein) and humans can survive for only days without water

water balance is regulated by

the brain and kidneys

glycolysis is

the breakdown of glucose into 2 three carbon units, initial release of energy to help fuel your cells. Then the three carbon units are broken down to carbon dioxide and a 2 carbon compound, releasing energy again. Then the 2 carbon compound is broken down to 2 molecules of carbon dioxide.

Carbohydrates are essential to provide energy for the body because

the glucose that is produced from them is vital to fuel most of the body's cells

calcium

the most abundant mineral in the body, nearly 99% of the body's calcium is stored in bones and teeth (enters the bone in the artery and leaves through a vein)

characteristic of type 1 diabetes

the person's pancreas stops producing insulin and cannot deal with increased glucose

appetite

the psychological desire to eat; a learned motivation and a positive sensation that accompanies the sight, smell, or thought of appealing foods. you can have appetite in the absence of hunger.

the first sign of dehydration

the sensation of thirst

Vitamin D from __________ and ___________ is converted into active vitamin D in the body by ___________ and _____________.

the sun, foods; the liver, kidneys

It is important to consume both linoleic and linolenic acids because

they are precursors to substances that have complementary effects in the body

grapes over grape juice because

they provide fiber and phytochemical and have less added sugar

dehydration

thirst lags behind a lack of water; thirst is the first sign of dehydration; 1% of your body weight can be lost as fluid and you can have a headache, fatigue, and confusion/forgetfulness

triglycerides consist of

three fatty acids attached to a glycerol

blood pressure

three major factors contribute to the pressure inside an artery. first, the heart forcefully pushes blood into the artery. Then the small-diameter arteries and capillaries at the other end resist the blood's flow. then the volume of fluid in the circulatory system, which depends on the number of dissolved particles in that fluid, adds to the blood pressure.

water leaves the body

through the evaporation of sweat, in the urine and feces, and in the moisture of exhaled breath

in type 2 diabetes, glucose is converted

to alcohol and cells swell, leading to apoptosis because the insulin can't clear the glucose from the system to the liver.

iodine toxicity

toxic goiter: looks the same as a simple (non toxic) goiter, need to test beyond physical appearance to test for toxicity or deficiency.

water soluble vitamin toxicity

toxicities are unlikely but possible with high doses from supplements

fluid and electrolyte balance

transport proteins in cell membranes maintain the proper balance of sodium (mostly outside of the cells) and potassium (mostly inside of the cells)

water soluble vitamin transport and storage

travel freely in watery fluids; most are not stored in the body

about 95% of the lipids in foods and in the human body are

triglycerides

the major storage form of fats in our body is

triglycerides, which are made up of fatty acids and glycerol

"Diets low in sodium may reduce the risk of high blood pressure" is an example of a health claim allowed on a food label and is reliable because the FDA had substantial scientific support for the claim.

true

By varying food choices among and within food groups in the USDA Food Intake Patterns, you will help ensure adequate nutrient intakes.

true

Diet has been directly linked with leading causes of death in the United States

true

Enriched and fortified foods are not necessarily more nutritious than whole foods

true

Functional foods contain bioactive food components that are believed to provide health benefits beyond their nutrients content

true

Malnutrition includes deficiencies, imbalances, and excesses of nutrients, alone or in combination, any of which can take a toll on health over time

true

The Daily Values are nutrient standards used to compare the nutrient contents of packaged foods

true

The primary difference between recommendations for nutrient intakes and values set for energy intake is that the value for energy intake is not generous

true

complementary proteins

two or more proteins whose amino acids complement each other to provide essential amino acids

prevalence of underweight, overweight, and obesity in U.S. adults

underweight (BMI<18.5)= 1.7%. Overweight (BMI> 25-30)= 33.9%. Obese (BMI.30)= 35.1%. Extremely obese (BMI>40)= 6.4%.

When amino acids are degraded for energy, their amine groups are stripped off and used elsewhere or incorporated by the liver into

urea

Most foods that are high in calcium are poor sources of iron. This statement illustrates the importance of the characteristic of a nutritious diet known as

variety

those affected by malnutrition and weakened immunity

very young, old, poor, hospitalized, and malnourished

a deficiency of fatty acids can cause

vision impairments in infants

Pernicious anemia is a result of

vitamin B12 deficiency

Consuming up to 2 grams per day of ___________ may reduce blood histamines, which are responsible for many of the symptoms of the common cold.

vitamin C

vitamin precursors

vitamins are available in foods; vitamin precursors are also available in foods and are converted into vitamins in the body.

electrolytes govern water flow

water flows in the direction of the more highly concentrated solution. 1) with equal numbers of dissolved particles on both sides of a water permeable divider, water levels remain equal. 2) now additional particles are added to increase the concentration on side B. Particles cannot flow across the diverted. In the case of a cell, the divider (cell membrane) partitions fluids inside and outside the cell. 3) water can flow both ways across the divider but tends to move from side A to Side B, where the concentration of dissolved particles is greater. The volume of water increases on side B, and the particle concentration on Sides A and B become equal

water weight

water follows salt, control salt intake and drink more (not less) water

water balance

water in= brain (hypothalamus) water out= brain (hypothalamus), kidneys

lifestyle modifications to reduce blood pressure

weight reduction, DASH eating plan, sodium restriction, physical activity, and moderate alcohol consumption.

Which of the following terms would you look for on a bread label to choose the most nutritious product?

whole grain

functions of water: Transport

without water, cells quickly die

at risk populations for iron deficiency

women of child bearing age, pregnant women, infants and toddlers, and adolescents and females.

roles of magnesium in the body

works as the opposite of calcium; has muscle function- calcium helps muscles contract, magnesium helps muscles relax; and is a part of tooth structure, magnesium holds calcium in tooth enamel and promotes resistance to tooth decay; works with the metabolism of potassium, calcium, and vitamin D; critical to normal heart function; necessary for energy release and use from macronutrients; assists in enzymatic and cellular functions.

theories of obesity: outside the body theories of obesity: physical inactivity

you tend to eat more sitting when in front of a screen than without.

potassium deficiency

-97% of Americans do not meet the DRI for potassium. -DGA nutrients of public health concern. -increased risk for high blood pressure and death from stroke. -adequate potassium intake associated with decreased risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke. -severe deficiency is rate: sudden deaths are associated with dehydration, fasting, eating disorders, and severe malnutrition.

beriberi story

-Christian Eijkman, Dutch physician. -chickens were being fed white rice. -when they were given brown rice, they no longer had symptoms of a B vitamin deficiency.

folate

-DNA synthesis (new cells need folate). -participates in metabolism of B12 and several amino acids.

vitamin D synthesis and activation

-Dark skin pigments protect against UV radiation. -Darker-skinned people require up to 3 hours of direct sun. -Lighter-skinned people require about 5 minutes without sunscreen or 10 - 30 minutes with sunscreen.

iron loss

-minute loss: digestive tract, nail and hair trimmings, shed skin. -significant loss: bleeding.

Stroke

Sudden shutting off of blood flow to the brain by thrombus, embolism, or hemorrhage (clot, impediment of flow, rupture of vessel, respectively).

folate deficiency and neural tube defects (NTD)

-NTD range from slight problems in the spine to major cognitive disability. -arise in the first days or week of pregnancy, long before a woman realizes that she is pregnant. -fruit and vegetable consumption is low in the U.S., so foods are fortified.

Estimated Energy Requirements

-The DRI recommendation for energy intake, accounting for age, gender, weight, height, and physical activity. -Help you estimate your energy need (men) EER ± 200 kcal (women) EER ± 160 kcal

risk factors for hypertension

-age: more than 2/3 of adults over 65 have hypertension; people with normal BP at age 55 have a 90% risk of developing hypertension in their lifetime. -genetics: families; African Americans among highest prevalence in the world. -obesity: altered kidney function, increased blood volume, blood vessel damage (from insulin resistance). -sodium intake. -alcohol consumption (more than two drinks per day).

vitamin E

-from greek work for offspring. -Compound in vegetable oil that is essential for reproduction in rats - tocopherol. -alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. -alpha-tocopherol - vitamin E activity. -is a potent anti oxidant; scavenges free radicals and gets oxidized. -need increases with increased consumption of polyunsaturated oils.

sodium UI

roughly 2,100-2,200 mg/day

vitamin B deficiencies

-not seen alone. -we eat foods, not nutrients. -deficiencies realized by animal study. -nausea, exhaustion, irritability, depression, forgetfulness, loss of appetite and weight, muscle pain, decreased immune response, loss of control of limbs, abnormal heart action, severe skin problems, teary or bloodshot eyes.

zinc toxicity

-over 50 mg (due to supplemental use) -symptoms are vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, exhaustion -high zinc limits iron absorption and vice versa

cell differentiation

-vitamin A is needed by epithelial tissues (external skin and internal lining) -goblet cells populate linings of internal organs (differentiate into cells that mucus) -without vitamin A, goblet cells are displaced by cells that produce keratin, tissue surfaces are dry, hard, and cracked, and you are vulnerable to infection (respiratory, urinary)

beriberi: thiamin deficiency

-wet beriberi= cardiovascular system; characterized by edema., when a person's ankle retains a thumb imprint. -dry beriberi= nervous system (numb hands and feet); without edema.

The DRI for protein for healthy adults is

0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight

Hunger, appetite, satiation, and satiety

1) physiological influences. 1) Hunger and appetite. 2) seek food and start meal. 2) sensory influences. 3) keep eating. 3) cognitive influences. 4) satiation: end meal. 4) post ingestive influences. 5) satiety: several hours of other activities. 5) post absorptive influences. START OVER

sodium DRI

1,400 to 1,500 mg/day

lifestyle strategies for successful weight loss

1. eating habits 2. physical activity 3. nutrition counseling/ behavior modification

the stomach has a pH of

2

Based on the USDA MyPlate, at least _____ of the plate should be occupied by fruits and vegetables at each meal.

1/2

AMDR for protein

10-35% kcal

calcium DRI

1000 mg/day (19-50 yr old men and women, 51-70 yr old men) and 1200 mg/day (51-70 yr old women, and 70+ men and women)

zinc DRI

11 mg/day for men, 8 mg/day for women

Dr. Bradley's food contains 10 grams of protein, 10 grams of carbohydrate, and 4 grams of fat. How many Calories are in Dr. Bradley's food?

116 calories

normal blood pressure

120/80 mmHg

The Daily Values reflect the needs of an "average person" consuming _____ Calories a day.

2,000

Vitamin C tolerable upper intake level

2,000 mg/day

How do the lipoproteins LDL and HDL influence risk of heart disease?

HDL play an important role in scavenging cholesterol from the tissues for disposal

Atherosclerosis

Hardening of the arteries when the arteries become blocked with plaque.

Most people have innate aversions to _____ tastes

Bitter

The body's circulating fluids include

Blood and lymph

tolerable upper intake level for magnesium

350 mg/day

Average Intake for fiber

25 grams for females, 38 grams for males

tolerable upper intake level for calcium

2500 mg/day (19-50 yr) and 2000 mg/day (less than 50 yr)

weight conversion

2.2 lb per kg

AMDR for Fat

20-35% of kcal

linolenic, alpha linolenic acid

C18:3 (9,12,15) 18 carbons long, first double bond is at 15, count backwards from 18 to 15 = 3, omega 3

When considering the digestion and absorption of proteins, it is important to know that

Cells in the small intestine absorb different types of amino acid at separate absorption sites, which causes competition by similar amino acids at these absorption sites

protein contains

4 kilograms per gram

Carbohydrates contain

4 kilograms per gram, the same amount as a gram of protein

metabolic syndrome

A combination of central obesity, diabetes or prediabetes, insulin resistance, high blood pressure, and altered blood lipids that greatly increases the risk for heart disease.

Dr. Bradley's food contains 10 grams of protein, 10 grams of carbohydrate, 4 grams of fat. What is the percentage of kilocalories from fat in Dr. Bradley's food?

31%

tolerable upper intake level

4,000 mg/day

potassium DRI

4,700 mg/day

What is the DRI for protein for a 40-year old male who is 6'4" tall and weighs 180 pounds?

65 grams

DRI for phosphorus

700 mg/day

iron DRI

8 mg/day for men 18 mg/day for women

daily water needs

80% from fluids consumed and 20% from water in foods

fat contains

9 kilograms per gram

average blood glucose levels are

90 milligrams per cent

potassium

97% of Americans fall short on consuming recommended amounts of potassium. Potassium helps regulate blood pressure.

zinc UL

40 mg/day

DRI for magnesium

400 mg/day (for men 19-30 yr), 310 mg/day (for women 19-30 yr)

The DRI Committee recommended a diet that provides ____% of its calories from carbohydrate as an acceptable macronutrient distribution range

45 - 65

iron UL

45 mg/day

AMDR for Carbohydrates

45-65% of kcal

A 135-pound woman who is 38 years old needs how much protein?

49 grams per day

DASH eating plan

6-8 servings of grains, 4-5 servings of vegetables, 4-5 servings of fruit, 2-3 servings of fat free or low fat milk products, 6 or less servings of lean meat, 4-5 servings per week of nuts, seeds, and legumes, 2-3 servings of fats and oils, 5 or less servings of sweets and added sugars.

a sedentary male college student aged 23 needs how much protein if he weighs 175 pounds?

64 grams per day

AMDR

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range

Characteristics of a healthy eating pattern include

Adequacy, Balance, Calorie Control, Moderation, Variety

medical foods

Are available in pharmacies and grocery stores and are administered on the advice of a physician

organic foods

Are grown and processed according to federal guidelines

Dietary Reference Intakes are

Are recommendations for the US and Canada

fat soluble vitamins

Are stored in the liver and fatty tissues until needed

Thiamin deficiency can cause

Beriberi

Vitamin A, abundant in animal foods, can also be obtained from orange-colored plant foods, because orange-colored plant foods contain

Beta-carotene, a vitamin A precursor

You have just consumed a meal very high in fat. As a result, hormonal messages will tell an organ to send _____ in amounts matched to the amount of fat present.

Bile

water intoxication

Can occur in infants, particularly because of their innate preference to suckle

Glucose is made up of

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

The following research designs are in order of least to highest validity

Case study, Prospective cohort study, randomized controlled trial

diet and health: infectious disease

Caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other microbes. Can be transmitted from one person to another through Air, water, food Contact, or Vector organisms (e.g., mosquitos).

the following is a processed food

bread, yogurt, and chicken nuggets

It is not recommended that healthy people strictly limit their dietary cholesterol because:

Cholesterol-containing foods have minimal effect on blood cholesterol in most healthy people

The best way for a person to get all the essential nutrients and keep caloric intake low is to

Choose foods with a high nutrient density from each food group

chloride

Cl; the major negative ion in the body that helps with fluid balance, acid-base balance, and electrolyte balance; helps create the HCl stomach acidity (up until it reaches a pH of 2 and then it stops pumping in Cl)l; accompanies sodium, making salt the principal food source of chloride; no known diet lacks chloride.

In the precontemplation stage of change, the best action to take is to

Collect information and learn about current behaviors

obesity is a chronic disease

Complications associated with obesity start to improve with the loss of just 5% of body weight. Risks improve markedly after 10% loss of body weight.

Foods are enriched to

Correct identified nutrient deficiencies in a population

diet and health: chronic disease

Degenerative conditions or illnesses that progress slowly, are long in duration, lack an immediate cure, and limit functioning, productivity, quality, and length of life.

Fat stored in the body is used as a source of energy when not enough energy is available from food. This process involves:

Dismantling stored fat in adipose tissue and releasing components into blood

A simple way to cut sodium from your diet would be to

Eat less processed foods and more fruits and vegetables

Which of the following establishes a population-wide average requirement used by nutrition policymakers?

Estimated Average Requirements

When public health officials were determining the amount of folate to add to grain products in the food supply for fortification, they most likely reviewed which of the following values for that particular vitamin for women of child-bearing age?

Estimated Average Requirements (EAR)

The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) are appropriately used for

Estimating the adequacy of an individual's nutrient intake, Ensuring that minimum nutrient requirements are met, and Planning diets for school children

Excess Visceral fat increases risk for disease

Excess visceral fat increases the risk for mortality from all causes, metabolic syndrome, and heart disease.

Ocean fish has been suggested to provide health benefits if eaten on a regular basis. What would be a recommendation concerning the consumption of fish?

Fatty fish has been shown in studies to be beneficial in reducing blood clotting

Fortified (enriched) foods are

Foods to which nutrients have been added

A compound in cranberries may prevent some bacteria from clinging to the urinary tract and help prevent urinary tract infections. Thus cranberries are an example of

Functional food

Diet has been directly linked with the following leading causes of death in the United States

Heart Disease, cancer, diabetes, and stroke

Coronary heart disease (CHD)

Heart damage caused by arteries that carry blood to the heart becoming blocked. Atherosclerosis is the major cause of CHD.

HDL

High Density Lipoprotein, clears cholesterol from cells and carries away to the liver for disposal (more protein than lipid)

What alerts your conscious mind to the sensation of hunger

Hypothalamus (part of your brain) and stomach

A young man has said to you that he is eating much more protein in his diet than the recommendation but he feels he needs the extra amount just in case he wants to build more muscle mass in the near future. How would you respond to him?

If he has excess calories in his diet, he may gain fat weight from converted protein

Food intake on a daily basis affects health because

Improper balance of nutrients over time can lead to chronic diseases in the future

Nutrient density

Is a measure of nutrients provided per calorie of food

ater is the recommended source of fluid for healthy U.S. adults because

It is safe and noncaloric

As food moves through the digestive tract, it spends the most time in the

Large intestine, because of the need to partially digest fiber and absorb water

plaque

Lipid material mixed with smooth muscle cells and calcium that develops in the artery walls during atherosclerosis. Its protective. Placken means "patch".

The bottom portion of the Nutrition Facts panel on a food package:

Lists the Daily Values reminder for selected nutrients

LDL

Low Density Lipoprotein, made from VLDL when triglycerides have been donated to cells and transport cholesterol and other lipids to cells (more lipid than protein)

Soluble fiber has been implicated in a reduced risk of heart disease because a robust body of research indicates that soluble fiber consumption

May lower blood cholesterol

sodium

Na+; 40% of table salt, which is NaCl

Potassium is the major positive ion usually found inside cells that plays an integral role in

Nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction

The digestive juices in the digestive tract include

Pancreatic juice, which neutralizes stomach acids reaching the small intestine

Digestion of foods includes the mechanical actions of:

Peristalsis waves to move the foods down through the digestive tract

sodium restriction

Recommendation is not to exceed UL of 2,300 mg / day. 50% of population is sensitive to salt intake including African Americans, people with hypertension, people with diabetes or kidney problems, and people 51 years and older. Salt sensitive people should limit intake to 1,500 mg/day.

The following is an average daily nutrient intake level that meets the needs of nearly all (97 - 98%) healthy people

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

In times of energy shortage due to inadequate carbohydrates or fats in foods, the body uses protein in what way?

Removes the nitrogen portion and uses the remaining fragments for energy

Research on the benefits of fatty acids and their components has shown that:

Seafood-containing populations have a lower rate of death from heart disease

Your mother has evaluated her usual diet by comparing it to the USDA Food Intake Patterns and has found that her intakes of fruits, vegetables, and dairy foods are lower than recommended. How would you interpret her results?

She needs to eat more of these foods and less of others to keep her calories balanced

The vast majority of fat digestion takes place in the

Small intestine with lipases released by the pancreas

Digestion of macronutrients begins in the mouth with enzyme action on

Starches by alpha-amylase

fluoride in teeth

acts directly on bacteria of plaque and suppresses their metabolism and reduces the amount of tooth destroying acid that they produce

statements about the DRI

The committee that publishes them is comprised of nutrition experts, They are based on a review of available scientific research, and They are for individuals who are healthy

What are the major roles of the villi and microvilli in the small intestine?

The microvilli trap nutrients so the villi cells can absorb them

You purchase a food product that is enriched. This means that

The product could be either nutritious or not nutritious

Define Nutrition

The study of nutrients in foods and in the body

peristalsis is defined as

The wavelike muscular squeezing of the esophagus, stomach and small intestine that pushes their contents along

Which of the following is a characteristic of Daily Values?

They are ideal for allowing comparisons among foods

how fat is too fat?

Three indicators of health risks from obesity: -Body Mass Index (BMI) Overweight ≥ BMI 25 - 30 Obese ≥ BMI 30 -Waist circumference > 35 in for women > 40 in for men -Disease risk profile in lifestyle, family history, and blood lipids.

the major role in the body that all vitamins and minerals share is

To act as regulators in body processes

For what purpose did the USDA develop the MyPlate as a consumer tool?

To help consumers understand and apply the USDA Food Intake Patterns

A strict vegetarian diet with preference for unleavened bread instead of cereal grains could be at risk for

Zinc deficiency

When making food choices, recommended foods to include in your diet are

Whole foods, because they provide the basis of a nutritious diet

Good sources of Manganese and Molybdenum include

Whole grains, vegetables, fruits, nuts and legumes

Marian, who lost a large amount of weight during an illness, is thinking about taking amino acid supplements to help regain muscle mass. What advice would you give her?

Whole protein is better handled by the digestive system and will better promote recovery

proper nutrition shields against diseases

a well chosen diet can help protect your health.

cholesterol is

a component of bile, can be made by the body, and forms the major part of the plaques that narrow the arteries in atherosclerosis

theories of obesity: outside the body theories of obesity: built environment

a conscious effort to force people to get physical activity (walking, stairs).

water intoxication

a dangerous dilution of the body's fluids resulting from excessive ingestion of plain water. Symptoms are headache, muscular weakness, lack of concentration, poor memory, and loss of appetite

osteoporosis

a disease of childhood and adolescence (when peak bone mass is determined), that is realized in adulthood (when bone mass cannot be improved).

most unrefined plant foods contain

a mix of soluble and insoluble fiber

Glucose is

a monosaccharide, derived from green plants, Is also known as, "blood sugar", fuel for humans

insulin is

a protein and a hormone released by the pancreas that can be injected into the body with a needle

gluten

a protein present in grains, particularly wheat grain, that gives stretchy texture to yeast breads and provides bulk and texture to other foods made from wheat and other gluten-containing grains

glycemic index is

a ranking system for foods according to their potential to raise blood that may be of interest to people with diabetes who strive to use diet to help regulate blood glucose control

magnesium

about one ounce present in the body; adults require about 300-400 mg/day; more than 50% is present in bone; most of the rest is in muscles, heart, liver, and other soft tissues; about 1% is in body fluids.

When a person ingests a large dose of any single amino acids,

absorption of others of its type may be limited

the side chain

accounts for the differences among the various amino acids

the stomach environment is

acidic

A person has begun to set small goals after writing an action plan for change. She is in what stage of behavior change?

action

negative nitrogen balance occurs in

an astronaut

a food desert

an urban or rural area where the availability of affordable, healthy, fresh food is limited. Up to 30 million Americans are living in food deserts.

vitamin A sources

animal foods provide vitamin A, plant foods provide beta-carotene

protein quality

based on amino acid composition and protein digestibility

Growing children are in positive nitrogen balance

because they need more protein for adding blood, bone, and muscle cells

riboflavin good sources

beef liver, milk, yogurt, cottage cheese, pork chop, enriched cereal, spinach, and mushrooms

when people have their gallbladder removed

bile is released directly into the small intestine

toxicity of phosphorus

calcification of soft tissues, partially the kidneys

the most abundant mineral in the body is

calcium

calcium in bone and teeth formation

calcium + phosphorus = hyrdoxyapatite

the 1% of calcium that isn't in bones/teeth

calcium in body fluids bathes and fills cells. Ca2+: electrically charged, regulates the transport of ions across cell membranes, nerve transmission, allows secretion of hormones, digestive enzymes and neurotransmitters, and activates cellular enzymes that regulate many processes. Muscle Contraction: actin and myosin, heart beat. Blood Clotting: working with vitamin K and fibrinogen

Hydroxyapatite

calcium phosphate salt, crystalizes on a rubbery foundation composed collagen and infiltrates the collagen and gradually lends more rigidity to bone, the chief crystal of bone

achieving peak bone mass

calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, protein, and vitamins A, D, K, and C.

energy in food

can be converted in the body to mechanical, electrical, and thermal energy

a diet low in trans fats

can help reduce the risk of heart disease

To replace saturated fats with monounsaturated fats in your diet, you could use _____________ instead of _______________.

canola oil; butter

Adequate blood selenium is associated with

decreased risk of breast cancer

dietary risk factors for chronic diseases

diets high in added sugars, in salty or pickled foods, saturated and trans fat, low in fruits, vegetables, and other foods rich and fiber and phytochemicals, low in vitamins and/or minerals, and excessive alcohol intake.

fiber consumption

falls below recommended amounts in the United State, is associated with decreased risk of chronic disease, and aids digestion and elimination

the most energy rich of the nutrients is

fat

phosphorus

is a mineral that is part of DNA and RNA, and is therefore essential for growth and renewal of tissues

nitrogen

is found in protein, but not in carbohydrate or fat

malnutrition and immune system functioning

malnutrition or disease leads to impaired appetite, digestion, absorption, and metabolism which leads to impaired nutrition status which leads to weakened immunity which leads to worsened disease which leads to further malnutrition and disease.

riboflavin

plays a role in energy metabolism, deficiencies confused for thiamin deficiency, because thiamin deficiency is the more severe form of symptoms (cracks at corners of mouth, sore throat, and hypersensitivity to light), providing riboflavin-containing foods also supplies thiamin and clears both deficiencies

C18:2

polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) - two double bonds

magnesium toxicity

rare but fatal; occurs from high intakes of non food sources; children can get them from the medicine cabinet; older adults who take too many magnesium containing laxatives, antacids, and other medications; symptoms include diarrhea, acid-base imbalance, and dehydration.

water soluble vitamin excretion

readily excreted in the urine

makes up about 60 - 65% of an adults body weight

water

hypertension and atherosclerosis

worsen each other


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