NUTRITION FINAL
A certain amount of fiber in foods contributes to the health of the digestive tract, but eating too much fiber leads to nutrient losses. The characteristic of healthy eating patterns illustrated by this statement is called
moderation
fructose is a
monosaccharide
deficiency of phosphorus
muscular weakness, bone pain
the essential fatty acids
must be supplied by the diet
The term "________" has no legal definition, but is often used on food labels to imply wholesomeness
natural
water soluble vitamin requirements
needed in frequent doses (1-3 days) because the body does not store most of them to any extent
folate deficiency can cause
neural tube defects
Pantothenic acid is actively involved in the synthesis of
neurotransmitters, steroid hormones, and hemoglobin
A diet consisting of mostly corn, salt pork and molasses was associated with pellagra because it was deficient in
niacin
One of the earliest signs of vitamin A deficiency is
night blindness
calcium deficiency results in
no change in blood calcium, because calcium will be pulled from the bones
sodium deficiency
no known diet lacks sodium; the body freely absorbs sodium; regulated by the kidneys which filter excess sodium out in urine and can conserve and return sodium to bloodstream in times of low intake; sodium also has small losses in sweat.
theories of obesity: inside the body theories of obesity: set point
no much you over eat or diet, you may loose or gain some pounds, but you will always be around the same set weight.
an effective stool-softening agent
oat bran
most closely related to diabetes
obesity
the elderly may need slightly more protein than
other healthy adults
vitamin A toxicity
overstimulated cell division, skin rashes, hair loss, hemorrhages, bone abnormalities, birth defects, fractures, liver failure, and death.
acid-base balance
pH of body fluids (water, H+ in excess is acidic and OH- in excess is basic).
components of energy expenditure
physical activity, thermic effect of food, basal metabolic rate - thyroxine directly controls BMR.
thrombus
plaque with fibrous cap develops, cap ruptures, and then a blood clot forms around the rupture, blocking the artery.
macronutrients include
proteins, carbohydrates, and fats
What is one difference between the Dietary Reference Intakes and the Daily Values?
The Daily Values are used in the United States only
Enriched foods in the United States are regulated by
The Food and Drug Administration
One of the chief functions of iron in the body is to
Transport oxygen to the blood and tissues
The purpose of the villi and microvilli in the intestinal tract is to:
Trap the nutrient particles and absorb them into cells
VLDL
Very Low Density Lipoprotein, transport triglycerides from liver to tissues
fat distribution
Visceral fat, Central obesity, Deep in abdomen, Associated with chronic disease, Men of all ages, Women after menopause, Moderate to high intake of alcohol, Subcutaneous fat, Hips and thighs, Women of childbearing age.
vitamins that are transported by fat are
Vitamin A, E, and D
theories of obesity: outside the body theories of obesity: food addition
addiction has specific criteria, food addition does not really exist as a disorder. Eating high sugar, fat, and salt foods makes you want them more.
For the average person exercising at the gym,
adding excess protein or amino acid supplements to an adequate diet will NOT stimulate muscle building
One of the characteristics of a nutritious diet is that the foods provide enough of each essential nutrient, fiber, and energy. This principle is called:
adequacy
selenium and chronic disease
adequate blood selenium is associated with decreased risk of prostate, colon, and breast cancer
leptin and satiety
adipokine hormone, produced in direct proportion to body fatness, suppresses appetite, and dampens sensitivity to sweet taste.
Excess food consumption leads to excess fat storage in the form of
adipose tissue
recommendations and strategies for reducing CVD risks
adopt a heart healthy eating pattern, engage in moderate physical activity, replace solid fats with foods or oils containing unsaturated fatty acids, choose fewer processed foods, limit alcohol intake, and don't smoke.
factors that affect vitamin D synthesis
advanced age, air pollution, city living, clothing, cloudy skies, geography, homebound, season, skin pigment, sunscreen, time of day
other risk factors for chronic diseases
age, environmental contaminants, genetics, sedentary lifestyle, smoking and tobacco use, and stress.
factors that affect Basal Metabolic Rate
age, height, growth, body composition, fever, stress, environmental temperature, fasting/starvation, malnutrition, thyroxine.
Acid Base Balance Regulators
buffers: proteins and mineral salts kidneys: control excretion of H+ through urine lungs: control excretion of carbonic acid through carbon dioxide [NOT BEING ASKED ON EXAM]
pellagra diet
corn, salted pork fat, and molasses.
Which research design studies an individual?
case study
folate deficiency
causes: eating pattern low in folate, illness that impairs folate absortion or increases folate excretion, and medication that interacts with folate or increases the need for folate (antacids, aspirin ).
tryptophan and niacin good sources
chicken breast, tuna, pork chop, enriched cereal, baked potato, and mushrooms
the major negative ion of the body is
chloride
the best way to increase consumption of omega-3 fatty acids is to
choose fish as a protein food often
biotin is an important
cofactor for several enzymes involved in energy metabolism
Fatty acids in foods consumed influence the
composition of fats in the body
how much sodium?
consume less than 1 teaspoon of sodium a day
theories of obesity: inside the body theories of obesity: thermogenesis
how many calories you burn just by creating heat energy. Brown adipose tissues helps keep you warm. some people have a higher amount of brown adipose tissue activity, increasing body temperature, using calories, and making you leaner.
denaturation
distorted shape, unfolding proteins. Important for digestion (stomach acid opens up protein structure to expose peptide bonds that are broken down by pepsin).
insoluble fiber
doesn't dissolve in water, does not form gels, important in digestion and elimination, prevents hemorrhoids, and prevents appendicitis
vitamin C toxicity
impaired insulin response, opposite effect to anti clotting medications, kidney stone formation in people with kidney disease or gout, mild digestive upsets, and increased iron absorption
the ocean supplies iodine
in kelp, seafood, water, sea mist.
result of protein deficiency
edema
research question
excess blood phosphorus is associated with indicators of heart disease and osteoporosis, the relationship to dietary phosphorus is unknown.
metabolic syndrome and heart disease
includes three or more of the following: high fasting blood glucose, central obesity, hypertension, low blood HDL, and high blood triglycerides. Metabolic syndrome greatly increases the risk for heart disease and diabetes.
functional foods are
foods that offer health benefits beyond basic nutrition
normal artery
has LDL-C and immune cells.
sodium in the body
has a major role in fluid and electrolyte balance, the chief ion used to maintain extracellular fluid balance; helps maintain acid-base balance; and is essential to muscle contraction and nerve transmission.
fluoride
has been demonstrated in both prospective and clinical studies to prevent dental caries.
natural foods
have no legal definition
essential amino acids
histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine
current Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend
increased consumption of fiber-rich, whole-food sources of carbohydrate
major risk factors for heart disease that cannot be modified
increasing age, male gender, and genetic inheritance.
as fatty acids are absorbed through the intestinal lining for transport throughout the body,
large-chain fatty acids are formed into lipoproteins for transport in the blood
phosphorus
second most abundant mineral in the body; roughly 80% of the body's phosphorus is combined with calcium in the crystals of the bones and teeth; the rest is everywhere else
protein deficiency: Marasmus
severe protein and caloric deficiency that leads to a loss of muscle and fat, more common in infants less than a year old, and starving and hungry with appetite
protein deficiency: Kwashiorkor
severe protein energy malnutrition that leads to edema, irritability, ulcerating dermatoses, enlarged liver with fatty infiltrates, reduced appetite
iodine deficiency
simple goiter: thyroid gland enlarges to trap as much iodine as possible. People with this deficiency may feel cold, tired, forget things, and gain weight.
methods used to assess body fat
skin fold measures, waist circumference, and dual energy x-ray absoprtiometry.
fat contributes to satiety, the feeling of fullness, by
slowing the movement of food through the digestive tract and signaling the brain
maltose is found in
sprouts
the disaccharides include
sucrose, maltose, and lactose
Some amino acids in the body, such as cysteine, cannot be synthesized in the body without the essential mineral
sulfate
sucrose is found in
table sugar
dehydration pathway
unanswered thirst > divert water from sweat to blood vessels > support blood pressure > overheat
scurvy occurs with
vitamin C deficiency
energy density
"the larger meal on the right weights more, provides more fiber, contains more water, and takes far longer to enjoy than the meal on the left. Even foods that are lower in energy density can be over consumed, so total calories remain important, too".
iron release
-10-15% of dietary iron is absorbed. -hepcidin: a hormone released from the liver that helps regulate blood iron concentrations, limits absorption from the small intestine and controls release from body stores. -when blood iron concentration is high, hepcidin production increases, and iron absorption and release decreases. -when blood iron concentration decreases, hepcidin production decreases, and iron absorption and release increases.
fat soluble vitamins
-A, D, E, K -from fats and oils in food. -require bile for absorption. -stored in the liver and fatty tissues until needed. -are mostly absorbed in the lymph, travel in blood with protein carriers, and are stored in the liver and in adipose tissue with other lipids, toxicities can occur because of storage.
B vitamins for energy
-B vitamins do not contain energy. -B vitamins help carbohydrate, protein, and fat give the body fuel for energy. -5 B vitamins help release energy from macronutrients (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, and biotin). -B6 helps the body use amino acids to synthesize proteins, helps proteins build new tissues, make hormones, fight infections, and serve as fuel for energy. -folate and B12 help cells multiply (important for cells with short life spans, digestive tract (every 3 days), red blood cells (every 120 days) - these cells absorb and deliver energy to all others.
pernicious anemia
-B12 malabsorption because of a lack of intrinsic factor (a compound made by the stomach and necessary for absorption of B12). -another cause of malabsorption is reduced stomach acid (intentional disease, surges, ulcer, diabetes pharmaceuticals). -B12 is administered by nasal spray or injection.
drawbacks to BMI
-BMI fails to indicate how much of a person's weight is from fat. -BMI fails to indicate where a person's fat is located., it is different for athletes, pregnant and lactating women, adults over 65 years of age, women over 50 with limited muscle mass, and between race and ethnicity.
Colorado brown stain
-McKay launches a research investigation into the phenomenon. -(G.V. Black, Colorado Springs dental society) 90% of the city's locally born children had brown staining. -discovered that mottled enamel resulted from developmental imperfections in children teeth (city residents whose permanent teeth had calcified without developing stains did not risk having their teeth turn brown) and teeth afflicted by Colorado brown stain where inexplicably resistant to decay. -in Oakley, stains appeared shortly after a communal water pipeline to a warm spring five miles away was constructed. -Oakley abandons the pipeline and children's secondary teeth were healthy and without mottling. -up to 1.0 ppm in drinking water did not cause enamel fluorosis in most people. -Grand Rapids Michigan was the first city in the world to fluoridate its drinking water, study lasted 15 years and monitored 30,000 school children. -rate of dental caries dropped more than 60%. -revolutionized dental care and tooth decay became a preventable disease. -today, florid is the active ingredient in toothpaste; water fluoridation affects about 200 minion Americans, and approximately 13 million schoolchildren participated in school based fluoride mouth rinse programs.
vitamin E deficiency
-People with diseases that affect fat absorption: Results in loss of muscle coordination and reflexes and impaired vision and speech. -premature infants: Before transfer of vitamin from mother to baby, Erythrocyte hemolysis, results in Anemia.
Vitamin D
-Vitamin D is not an essential nutrient, given sufficient sun each day. -Greater than 50% of the US Population has normal blood concentrations of vitamin D. -Vitamin D listed as a "Nutrient of Concern" by the DGA. -Sunlight supplies necessary amount without toxicity. -UV rays hit a cholesterol compound in the skin that gets transformed into a vitamin D precursor that is absorbed directly into the blood.
zinc for vegetarians
-Zinc from meat is bioavailable -Less bioavailable sources in vegetarian diet are whole grains and legumes -Zinc enriched cereals and whole grain breads well-leavened with yeast are advised
zinc
-a key component of many enzymes, which help to make parts of the cell's genetic material, protect cell structures against damage from oxidation, and make heme in hemoglobin. -assists the pancreases with digestive and insulin functions and helps to metabolize macronutrients. -zinc containing enzymes associate with DNA to help regulate protein synthesis and cell division, which is critical to normal growth before and after birth. -is the active form of vitamin A, deficiency can impair night vision. -affects behavior, learning, and mood. -essential to wound healing.
vitamin k deficiency
-antibiotic use. -medical conditions that affect absorption of fat.
obesity increases risk for chronic disease
-arthritis, breathing problems, cancer, diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, gallbladder disease, non alcoholic fatty liver disease, and stroke. -over 70% of obese people suffer from at least one other major health problem. -obesity triples a person's risk of developing diabetes.
beta carotene
-beta carotene is converted into retinol. -Vitamin A activity for precursors is measured in RAE (retinol activity equivalents). -12 μg of beta-carotene from food = ~1μg of retinol in the body. -sources= orange foods.
How the body loses and gains weight: Energy deficit
-brain and nervous system cannot use fat as fuel and demand glucose. -body fat cannot be converted to glucose. -body protein can be converted to glucose. -ketone bodies made from fat can feed some nervous system tissues and reduce glucose needs, sparing protein from degradation.
after 1800- "limeys"
-british navy gives lemon juice to sailors (lime was used in the initial experiment). -ascorbic acid= "no scurvy acid" -common name= vitamin C
roles of iron
-carry oxygen to blood and tissues. -enzyme function (energy metabolism). -synthesis of cells, animo acids, hormones, and neurotransmitters.
cretinism
-caused my maternal hypothyroidism. -symptoms include intellectual disability and stunted growth. -treatment for hypothyroidism must be within the first 6 months of pregnancy.
vitamin A's role in vision
-cells in the retina contain rodoxin, which cannot be formed without vitamin A
DASH eating pattern
-clinically proven to lower cholesterol. -improves vascular function, lowers TC, lowers LDL-C, and reduced inflammation. -increased fiber, potassium, magnesium, and calcium compared to the American diet. -emphasizes legumes and fish over red meat. -limits added sugar and sugar containing beverages. 1
pantothenic acid
-coenzyme that makes possible the release of energy from macronutrients. -actively involved in the synthesis of lipids, neurotransmitters, steroid hormones, and hemoglobin.
biotin
-cofactor for several enzymes involved in energy metabolism. -current research focusing on biotin's role in gene expression.
vitamin c and the common cold
-cold prevention has not been established by clinical trials. -fewer colds, shorter colds, fewer days of severe symptoms have been shown in some studies. -sufficient intake is crucial to white blood cell development (main defenders against infection). -up to 2 grams/day reduce blood histamine (sneezy, stuffy, swollen). -placebo effect.
thiamin
-critical to energy metabolism. -occupies a special site on nerve cell membranes (nerve processes and muscles depend on thiamin).
iron
-every living cell, plant or animal, contains iron. -in the human body, iron is a component of two proteins, hemoglobin in red blood cells and myoglobin in muscle cells.
how the body loses and gains weight: energy surplus
-excess calories are stored as fat, no matter what macronutrient they come from (even protein). -fat from food is particularly easy to store as fat tissue. -protein is not stored in the body, except in response to exercise: present as a working tissue.
iron storage
-ferritin: a protein that stores iron and releases it in a controlled fashion because free iron is toxic. -Apoferritin: ferritin with no iron bound to it.
vitamin A
-first vitamin discovered. -precursor from foods is beta-carotene.
potassium
-fluid and electrolyte balance. -cell integrity. -nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction. -homeostasis (relatively stable equilibrium), potassium contributes by helping to maintain a steady heart beat.
vitamin B6
-helps convert one amino acid to another that the cells are lacking (non essential). -B6 also: -aids in the converstion of tryptophan to niacin. -aids in synthesis of hemoglobin. -aids in synthesis of neurotransmitters. -assists in the release of stored glucose from glycogen. -plays a role in the immune function. -plays a role in steroid hormone activity. -critical to fetal brain and nervous development (deficiency during this stage causes behavioral problems later).
copper
-helps form hemoglobin -enzymes depend on copper for its oxygen handling capabilities -assists in handling of iron and aids in release of energy -helps control damage from free radicals
vitamin B12
-helps maintain the sheaths that surround and protect nerve fibers. -closely linked with folate, because each depends on the other for activation.
food affects iron absorption
-heme iron: contained in hemoglobin and myoglobin, heme iron is absorbed at about 23%. -non heme iron: contained in plants (and meats), non heme iron is absorbed at about 2-20%. -factors that increase absorption of non heme iron: MFP factor (meat, fish, poultry) in meat promotes absorption, vitamin C triples absorption if eaten in the same meal.
active vitamin D
-hormone function manufactured by one organ, but acts on another. -regulates calcium and phosphorus in the blood: maintains bone integrity and regulates calcium at three sites: bone, digestive tract, and kidneys. -cells: affects genetic material that dictates growth and function.
B12 Deficiency Anemia
-identical to folate deficiency. -folate will clear up the blood condition, masking B12 deficiency. -deficiency symptoms will worsen: damaged nerve sheaths, creeping paralysis, malfunctioning of nerves and muscles, impaired mental functioning in the elderly (worsening dementia), and depression (research ongoing).
impacts of folate deficiency
-immature red and white blood cells of the digestive tract are the most vulnerable to folate deficiency (amen [related to B12 deficiency], decreased immunity, and abnormal digestive function). -chronic folate deficiency is linked to an increased risk for breast cancer (particularly among those who drink alcohol), prostate cancer, BUT high doses from supplement may speed cancer progression when you already have it.
chromium
-important in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism -food chromium is safe and essential to health -industrial chromium is a toxic contaminant that damages DNA and is a known carcinogen -enhances the activity of insulin and improves cellular uptake of glucose -without chromium: diabetes-like condition, elevated blood glucose, impaired glucose tolerance and insulin and glucagon responses -present in whole/unrefined foods (liver, brewer's yeast, whole grains)
iron deficiency
-inadequate dietary iron. -iron loss. -iron deficiency anemia ("too little blood").
Vitamin D toxcity
-increased vitamin D, increased calcium in blood, decreased calcium in bones. -vitamin D collects in soft tissues, damaging them. -in extreme cases, heart and kidney failure.
vitamin B6 and PMS
-ineffective. -toxicity (>2 g/day over 2 months) led to numbness in the hands and feet and inability to walk/work.
iodine
-iodine in food is converted to iodine in the body. -part of the hormone, thyroxine, made by the thyroid gland (which controls metabolic rate, temperature, reproduction, growth, and heart function). -thyroxine cannot be synthesized without iodine.
iron toxicity
-iron, in excess, is toxic to tissues because it can cause oxidative stress. -once absorbed, it is difficult to excrete. -intestinal cells trap excess iron and hold it within their boundaries, which can promote colon and rectal cancer. -health people are protected by hepcidin pathway. -increased blood iron concentration causes increased hepcidin which causes iron absorption and release. -genetic failure of this system can impede hormonal control (especially in caucasian men). -symptoms include fatigue, mental depression, and abdominal pain.
prooxidant
-lab studies say that you don't want to give yourself a toxic dose. -high doses lead to chronic inflammation. -activate elements such as iron and copper.
niacin toxicity and pharmacology
-large dose niacin previously prescribed for management of cardiovascular disease ("niacin flush" dilation of capillaries with perceptible tingling and pain). -other reported risks: liver injury, digestive upset, impaired glucose tolerance, infection, muscle weakness, and rarely, vision disturbances).
vitamin E protection
-lungs: High oxygen content would otherwise disrupt membranes. -red blood cell membranes: To transport oxygen to other tissues. -White blood cells, Blood vessel linings, brain tissues, and bone.
Institute of Medicine National Goals
-make physical activity an integral and routine part of American life. -Make healthy foods and beverages available everywhere. -Create food and beverage environments in which healthy food and beverage choices become the easy, routine choice. -advertise and market what matters for a healthy life. -develop and enforce legislation and polices aimed at preventing obesity. -strengthen schools as centers that promote fitness and health.
other trace minerals
-manganese and molybdenum: work with body proteins and enzymes. -sources: whole grains, vegetables, fruits, legumes, and nuts.
folate toxicity
-masks subclinical deficiency of vitamin B12. -risk versus benefits in public health nutrition.
sulfate
-oxidized form of sulfur as it appears in food and water. -necessary for synthesis of sulfur-containing compounds in the body; such as sulfur-containing amino acids, cystine, skin/hair/nails, "oagurt". -no DRI, deficiencies are unknown. -excess from drinking water leads to diarrhea and can damage the colon.
niacin
-participates in energy and metabolism (like thiamin and riboflavin). -diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis, and death.
vitamin K
-produced by intestinal bacteria. -activates proteins that help clot blood: administered if uncontrolled bleeding occurs. -necessary for synthesis of key bone proteins: green leafy vegetable consumption (vitamin K) associated with fewer hip fractures compared to lower intakes,
antioxidant activity
-protects foods and cells from oxidation. -immune cells (to protect from free radicals, recycled). -intestines (protects iron from oxidation and aid absorption). -blood (proteins from oxidation, reduces tissue inflammation, and helps maintain vitamin E levels by protecting and recycling it to its active form).
energy nutrients and satiety
-protein has greatest satiating effects during a meal including protein in meal improves satiation during meal and possibly decrease energy intake at the next meal. -slow digesting carbohydrate and fiber.
leptin in the treatment of obesity
-rare inherited inability to produce leptin, leptin injection reverses obesity and insulin resistance. -normal obese people produce leptin and are resistant to its effects, leptin does not reverse obesity.
vitamin k toxicity
-rare. -opposes the effects of anticlotting medication. -pregnant women and infants taking supplements with synthetic vitamin k: red blood cells, giving a yellow tone to skin. Liver releases bilirubin (blood cell pigment) into the blood leading to jaundice, normally bilirubin is excreted into bile.
Zinc deficiency
-results in stunted growth and immature sexual organs. Is partially reversible when zinc is restored to the diet. -was discovered half a century ago in children in the Middle East. Diets high in fiber and phytates, but low in animal protein. Fiber and phytates bind zinc (and iron). -yeast in leavened bread breaks down phytates as bread rises.
active forms of vitamin A
-retinol; stored in specialized cells of the liver and is released into the bloodstream for use by cells. -cells convert retinol into retinal and retinoic acid as needed. -retinoic acid is essential for gene regulation and ultimately metabolism and health.
sterols
-rings of carbon with side changes of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. -the raw material in making emulsifiers.
wernicke-korsakoff syndrome
-severe thiamine deficiency observed in developed countries. -result of severe alcohol abuse. -alcohol= carries energy, but no nutrients; displaces food from the diet; impairs thiamin absorption; hastens thiamin excretion in urine.
impairment of immune defenses
-skin: thickness, elasticity, and connective tissue are reduced, compromising the skin's ability to serve as a barrier for the protection of underlying tissues; skin sensitivity reaction to antigens are delayed. -digestive tract membrane and other linings: antibody secretions and immune cell numbers are reduced. Barrier functions are also compromised. -lymph tissues: immune system organs are reduced in size; cells of immune defense are depleted. -general response: invader kill time is prolonged, circulating immune cells are reduced; immune response is impaired.
vitamin A reproduction and growth
-sperm development in men. -supports normal fetal development in women. -for the developing embryo, it is crucial for formation of the spinal cord, heart, and other organs. -in children, bone dismantling allows for regeneration and growth.
collagen
-structural protein found in the skin, connective tissue, tendons, bone, and teeth. -woven together to give a base protein that is flexible, but strong. -vitamin C is essential to the formation of collagen. -forms scar tissue. -reinforcing tissue that mends fractures. -supporting material of capillaries that prevents bruises.
Vitamin E toxicity
-supplements. -augments anticoagulant medication: uncontrolled bleeding and increased risk of stroke.
systolic diastolic blood pressure
-systolic blood pressure = contraction = <120. -diastolic blood pressure= relaxation = < 80.
iron deficiency anemia
-too little hemoglobin > too little oxygen to blood and tissues > decreased energy metabolism in the cell > fatigue, apathy, and tendency to feel cold. -has mental symptoms.
If calcium has been added to orange juice, the label must include
Nutrient information
Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity (NCGS)
The patient presents with symptoms but does not have the genetic marker, antibodies, or intestinal damage associated with true celiac disease
nonessential amino acids
alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine
chylomicrons
allow fats to be transported through the blood, deliver fat to depots for storage, and contain protein
functions of water: solvent
amino acids, glucose, minerals, and fatty acids are in solutions of water
selenium
anti-oxidant; selenium-containing enzymes assist iodine-containing thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism.
vitamin E is a potent
antioxidant
Which of the following people would NOT be covered by the DRI, based on assumptions made by the DRI committee?
anyone that is not healthy
factors affecting appetite
appetite stimulants or depressants (drugs), cultural habits, environmental conditions, hormones, inborn appetites (innate preference), learned preferences, social interactions, and disease states.
water recommendations: DRI committee
approximately 9 cups/day of fluids for women and 13 cups/day of fluids for men
risk factors
are associated with disease and causation is not proven.
Enzymes
are protein catalysts that facilitate chemical reactions
vitamin
are vital for life; essential, non-caloric, organic nutrients needed in tiny amounts in the body; assist in digestion, absorption, metabolism, and structure.
trans fatty acids
arise when polyunsaturated oils are hydrogenated
celiac disease
autoimmune disorder characterized by a severe reaction to foods containing gluten in which microvilli are damaged
Human dislike for bitter is called
aversion
a blood clot in the artery
blocks the blood flow to tissues fed by that artery.
totally occluded vessel
blood clot, heart attack, and cell/tissue death.
vitamin K is important for
blood clotting
BMI
body mass index, weight x 703/Height squared.
Manganese and Molybdenum are important to
body proteins and enzymes
Triglycerides make up most of the lipid present
both in the body and in food
The following are nutrients
carbohydrate, protein, fat, vitamins, minerals, and water
what happens in hyponatremia
cells begin to swell and there are symptoms of nausea and vomiting, headache, confusion, loss of energy/fatigue, restlessness and irritability, muscle weakness/spasms/cramps, and in really extreme cases, seizures, and coma.
diet lacking essential amino acids
cells breakdown internal proteins to liberate needed amino acids and limit synthesis of proteins to conserve essential amino acids
HDL and LDL cholesterol
cells of the body move HDL to the lier which moves LDL to the cells of the body.
fatty acids may differ from one another in
chain length and degree of saturation
A client is showing symptoms of diabetes such as elevated blood glucose and impaired insulin responses, but all clinical tests for diabetes come back negative. Your client may be experiencing a deficiency in
chromium
hypertension
chronic high blood pressure and one of the most prevalent forms of CVD (effects 78 million U.S. adults and contributes to an estimated 1 million heart attacks and 800,000 strokes each year.
good sources of iron
clams, beef steak, navy beans, black beans, enriched cereal, spinach, Swiss chard, beef liver
dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH)
clinical study that proved that the DASH diet reduced high blood pressure in participants. Per day: 6-8 servings of grain, 4-5 servings of fruits and vegetables, 6 or less servings of lean protein, 4-5 servings of legumes or nuts/seeds, 2-3 servings of low fat dairy, limited fats and sweets.
selenium toxicity
comes from supplement use and results in hair loss and brittle nails, diarrhea and fatigue, and bone, joint, and nerve abnormalities.
water in the body
comes from water and food consumption and is created as a byproduct of metabolic processes
strategies for consuming enough fruits, vegetables, and legumes
consume all vegetables; dark, green, red, and orange vegetables; legumes (beans, peas, lentils, and soy products); and fruit.
A person with heart disease is told she has to make some changes to her diet and lifestyle practices. She responds by saying, "I know that I should make changes, because my mother died of a heart attack, but I really like having my steak for dinner." She is in what stage of behavior change?
contemplation
A client is getting sick regularly, shows symptoms of disrupted growth and metabolism, and has been taking zinc supplements. This client may be deficient in ______.
copper
good sources of phosphorus
cottage cheese, salmon, milk, steak, beans, sunflower seeds
pica
craving and intentional consumption of nonfood substances like ice, chalk, clay, and soil.
water soluble vitamin absorption
directly into the blood
lactose is a
disaccharide
maltose is a
disaccharide
sucrose is a
disaccharide
cardiovascular diseases (CVD)
diseases of the heart and blood vessels - atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, and stroke.
the difference between soluble fiber and insoluble fiber is that soluble fiber
dissolves in water
soluble fiber
dissolves in water, forms gels, decreases heart disease, and contributes to blood glucose control
Each amino acid has its own
distinctive chemical side chain attached to the center carbon of the backbone
alcohol
each gram of alcohol presents 7 calories of energy to the body, energy that is easily stored as fat.
toxicity of calcium
elevated blood calcium, constipation, interference with the absorption of other minerals, increased risk of kidney stone formation
The mechanism by which soluble fiber may lower blood cholesterol is by
eliminating cholesterol from the body in the feces and binding cholesterol in bile and forcing the liver to use cholesterol stores for bile production, and by decreasing inflammation
the role of bile in fat digestion is to
emulsify fats in the small intestine
fat cells
enlarge to store fat
good sources of thiamin
enriched wheat bagel, enriched pasta, pork chop, enriched cereal, sunflower seeds, baked potato, green peas, waffle, and black beans
Humans can survive without water if properly supplemented with all essential vitamins, minerals and macronutrients
false
Vitamin supplements should never be taken by anyone. They are unnecessary.
false
bananas are an excellent source of potassium
false
vitamin B6 is an effective treatment for premenstrual syndrome
false
A person in an emergency situation is unable to eat for several weeks. Which of the following would provide most of the energy that this person would need to survive?
fat
fatty streak
fatty streak and immune system/inflammatory response.
fluoride in teeth and bones
fluoride ions replace hydroxide ions inside teeth/bones, small amounts of fluoride strengthens teeth/bones, and too much fluoride causes teeth/bones to be too dense and brittle
Someone with mottled brown teeth may be showing signs of
fluorosis (fluoride toxicity)
theories of obesity: outside the body theories of obesity: Where You Live
food desert or access to Whole Foods
water recommendations: factors that influence water needs
foods eaten, air temperature and humidity, altitude, physical activity, physiological changes (breastfeeding)
nutrients are
found in food and indispensable to the body's functioning
EPA and DHA are
found in the oils of fish
selenium deficiency
free radical formation leads to increased inflammation. Severe deficiency leads to muscle disorders and heart disease.
peak bone mass
from bring to age 20, the bones are actively growing, Between the ages of 12 and 30 years, the bones achieve their maximum mineral density for life- the peak bone mass. Beyond those years, bone reabsorption exceeds bone formation, and bones lose density.
folate is derived
from foliage, leafy green vegetables. Food folate versus highly absorbable synthetic folate. Raw/lightly cooked versus cooked (heat/oxidation).
monosaccharide responsible for the sweet taste of fruit
fructose
The best way to achieve a desirable fiber intake is to include _____ in the diet.
fruit, vegetables, and whole grains
On any given day, a majority of the U.S. population consumes inadequate
fruits and vegetables
sources of soluble fiber
fruits, vegetables, and legumes
the B vitamins
function as part of coenzymes (molecule that combines with an enzyme to activate it)
metabolic water
generated in tissues during the chemical breakdown of the energy-yielding nutrients in foods
The sequences of amino acids that make up a protein molecule are specified by
genes
inside the body, digestible carbohydrates are broken down or converted into
glucose
the preferred fuel for most body functions
glucose
Lactose is a molecule made up of
glucose and galactose
monosaccharides are
glucose, fructose, and galactose
C6H12O6 is the chemical makeup of
glucose, fructose, galactose
fat transportation
glycerol and shorter chain fatty acids can pass through the intestinal lining and into the blood stream to travel unassisted to the liver
phospholipids
glycerol and two fatty acids, phosphate in the place of the 3rd fatty acid (soluble in water), forms phospholipid bilayer, and is an emulsifier
a polysaccharide of glucose in animals is called
glycogen
the storage form of polysaccharides of glucose is called
glycogen or starch
leading causes of death in the united states
heart disease, cancer, chronic lung diseases, strokes, accidents
diabetes increases the risk for
heart disease, stroke, and mortality
functions of water: cleanser
helps remove nitrogen waste and dialysis
major risk factors for heart disease that can be modified
high blood LDL cholesterol, low blood HDL cholesterol, high blood triglyceride VLDL levels, high blood pressure (hypertension), diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity, smoking, and an atherogenic diet.
LDL cholesterol and inflammation
high cholesterol is not the cause of heart disease, cellular inflammation is. Small dense LDL-C are most susceptible to oxidation and triggering the inflammatory response.
atherogenic diet
high in saturated and trans fats and low in vegetables, fruits, and whole grains. Excess calories and sodium.
micronutrients are present
in smaller quantities than macronutrients
iron stores
in the bone marrow, moved to liver which supplies iron to blood cells that carry it around your body before its broken down by the spleen and sent back to the bone marrow
partially occluded vessel
inflammatory response.
oxygen in blood and muscles
inhaled oxygen enters the blood stream, iron leaves the blood and enters the tissues, CO2 and H2O are waste products.
Human liking for salt, sugar and fat is called
innate preference
thirst pathway
insufficient water in the body > decreased blood volume and increased blood concentration > decreased blood pressure and dry mouth > stimulates the hypothalamus > increases thirst > water intake
blood glucose is regulated by the hormone
insulin
characteristics of type 2 diabetes
insulin resistance of the body's cells, blood glucose levels that rise too high, and blood insulin levels that rise too high
vitamin K is produced by
intestinal bacteria
Your client comes into your office with goiter. Before interviewing your client, you know that goiter can be a result of
iodine deficiency or toxicity
sources of iodine
iodized salt, seafood, dairy products
milk
is an animal derived food that contains a significant amount of carbohydrate
vitamin A immunity
is an anti-infective, immune cascades that fight infection are vitamin A dependent
magnesium
is an important mineral that works with calcium in the body to help muscles contract and relax
energy balance
is between energy in (from food and beverages) and energy out (from basal metabolism, physical activity, and the thermic effect of food).
energy in food
is chemical energy, derived from the sun, and can be converted in the body to other forms of energy
high blood pressure
is correlated to excess sodium consumption, 1/3 of all U.S. adults have hypertension, and 42% of African American adults have high blood pressure
a peptide bond
is formed between the amine group end of one amino acid and the acid group end of the next amino acid in a protein
fiber
is non-digestible carbohydrate
fluoride
is not essential to life, it is beneficial in the diet because of its ability to inhibit the development of dental caries in children and adults.
glycogen
is the storage form of glucose, found in animals, and in humans in the liver and muscle
copper deficiency
is uncommon, but not unheard of, excess zinc can impair copper absorption, disturb growth and metabolism, and impair immunity and blood flow
ketosis
is when fat is pulled into the liver and converted into ketone bodies which are used as an alternative fuel for the body and brain
xerophthalmia
keratin accumulates and clouds the cornea (keratinization), xerosis (drying) as it worsens, thickening and permanent blindness (xerophthalmia)
calcium balance
kidneys decrease calcium loss in urine, intestine increases absorption of calcium, and bones release more calcium into the blood. Inadequate calcium intake leads to decreased bone density.
magnesium balance
kidneys decrease magnesium loss in urine, and bone releases more magnesium into the blood
nutrition and food scientists measure food energy in
kilocalories
high sodium diet
leads to water retention, could eventually lead to dehydration
sources of sodium in the U.S. diet
less processed foods, salt/brined foods/condiments, and highly processed foods
nutrient deficiency or toxicity can weaken immune function
like deficiencies in Vitamins A, D, C, K, B12, Selenium, Zinc, protein, and omega 3 fatty acids.
vitamin C deficiency
loss of appetite, growth cessation, tenderness to touch, weakness, bleeding gums, loose teeth, red spots in skin, swollen ankle and wrists, and anemia.
hyponatremia
low blood sodium concentration caused by sweat, excess water intake, vomiting, and diarrhea. Occurs in intense competition.
salt and water
low water leads to high blood sodium, which leads to increased thirst, which leads to increased water intake, which lowers blood sodium, which leads to decreased thirst and decreased water. excess water and salt is eliminated by the kidneys.
water assists in
lubricating joints
other functions of water
lubrication and cushion (between joints, amniotic sac), coolant (water released as sweat that cools capillaries/blood near the surface)
helps reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes
maintaining a healthy body weight
roles of vitamin C
maintaining connective tissue and is an antioxidant
A child suffering from protein deficiency develops edema. This is an example of protein's role in
maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance
The USDA MyPlate consumer tool recommends that consumers
make half their grains whole grains
water
makes up about 60-65% of an adults body weight
ideal body fat
male= 18-21%. Female= 23-26%.
cons of "gluten free"
manufactured gluten free foods are often high in added sugars, fat, calories, and cost compared to non gluten free counterparts
Without critical essential amino acids to perform their roles,
many of the body's life-sustaining activities would come to a halt
protein digestion
mechanical digestion in the mouth, chemical digestion in the stomach (HCl denatures protein, pepsin cleaves peptide bonds), chemical digestion in the small intestine where more enzymes break polypeptides down to tripeptides, dipeptides, and then single amino acids.
The digestion of foods in the body is facilitated
mechanically and chemically
DRI for thiamin
men= 1.2 mg/day, women= 1.1 mg/day
riboflavin DRI
men= 1.3 mg/day and women= 1.1 mg/day
vitamin C DRI
men= 90 mg/day, women= 75 mg/day, smokers add 35 mg/day
things that upset water balance: retention
menstruation and eating a high sodium meal
vitamins and minerals are
micronutrients and regulating nutrients
Lactose is found in
milk
trace minerals
minuscule amounts are required, but necessary for health and life. Nine trace minerals for which there are DRIs: iodine, iron, zinc, selenium, fluoride, chromium, copper, manganese, molybdenum.
C18:1
monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) - one double bond
Digestion of most starch beings in the
mouth
carbohydrate digestion begins in the
mouth
carbohydrate digestion occurs in the
mouth, stomach, and small intestine
calcium absorption
normal adults (25-30%), pregnant (up to 60%), breastfed infant (up to 60%), children in puberty (up to 35%), deprived (up to 60%), and abundant (about 10%)
fat soluble vitamin storage
not needed every day, can survive weeks without dietary sources, toxicity can occur.
obesity increases chronic inflammation
obesity increases pro inflammatory adipokine activity in tissues
vitamin D deficiency
obesity: greater blood volume, sequestered to fat tissues
A study conducted in several countries where a high intake of fish and a low intake of animal fat were correlated with a low rate of breast cancer death is an example of
observational study
fat soluble vitamin deficiency
occurs when diet is consistently low, after intestinal surgery, if you have fat malabsorption (liver disease), or use mineral oil as a laxative
sickle cell disease is an example
of an inherited variation in an amino acid sequence
Fat soluble vitamins are able to travel through blood because
of protein carriers in the blood
first double bond is at the 3rd carbon
omega 3
first double bond is at the 6th carbon
omega 6
SUMMARY SLIDE OF MAJOR MINERALS
on major minerals powerpoint
sucrose is composed of
one glucose and one fructose
lactose is composed of
one glucose and one galactose
maltose is composed of
one glucose and one glucose
night blindness
one of the earliest signs of vitamin A deficiency
good sources of vitamin C
orange juice, green pepper, broccoli, strawberries, bok choy, sweet potato, grape fruit, Brussels sprouts, and sweet red pepper
potassium good sources
orange juice, wild salmon, butternut squash, lima beans, baked potato, and avocado
copper food sources
organ meats, seafood, nuts/seeds, water (copper plumbing)
Dr. Bradley's food is delivered from the Intervale Food Hub each week. It is grown without hormones, genetically modified organisms or synthetic pesticides. Dr. Bradley's food is
organic
bone loss
osteoporosis is a reduction of the bone mass of older people in which the bones become more porous and fragile. as people grow older, they lose stature due to porous bones.
theories of obesity: inside the body theories of obesity: intestinal microbiota
our entire intestine is loaded with bacteria, everyone's is different (genetic fingerprint of bacteria in the gut). Our intestinal microbiota are controlling our predisposition or not to obesity.
examples of fiber
outer layers of kernels of wheat, skins of corn kernels, and hulls of seeds
good sources of zinc
oysters, beef steak, yogurt, shrimp, enriched cereal, pork chop
When the blood glucose level rises above 90 mg % after a meal, the first organ to respond is the
pancreas
compounds that are fibers
pectin, cellulose, and hemicellulose
sweat and water needs
people can lose 2-4 gallos of fluid as sweat in a day; an athlete training in heat can lose a half gallon of fluid each hour; maintaining hydration is critical
roles of phosphorus in the body
phosphorus salts are buffers that work with acid-base balance; phosphorus is part of DNA and RNA and is essential for growth and renewal of tissues; carry, store, and release energy in the metabolism of macronutrients; assist in enzymes and vitamins in extracting energy from nutrients; part of phospholipids; and present in some proteins.
theories of obesity: outside the body theories of obesity: environmental cues
plate size, eating environment, etc.
The need for vitamin E rises with the consumption of more
polyunsaturated oil
Pierce, a three-year-old boy, is going through a growth spurt. Because he needs to build new muscle tissue, what should his nitrogen status be?
positive nitrogen balance
What are factors that can significantly influence and change water needs?
pregnancy and breastfeeding
major minerals
present in larger quantities in the body than trace minerals, and are needed in larger amounts from the diet - calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, and sulfate
minimizing vitamin losses
prevent enzymatic destruction, protect from light and air, and prevent heat destruction or losses in water
Foods that have been subjected to any process such as addition of additives, milling, or cooking are called
processed
Which research design follows different populations over time?
prospective cohort study
functions of fat in the human body
protects the body from temperature extremes, cushions internal organs from physical shock, and provides the major material from which cell membranes are made
importance of protein
protein turnover (the process of breakdown, recovery, and synthesis): red blood cells live for 90-120 days, cells lining the intestinal tract live for three days, and skin cells are shed and replaced daily.
Fats in the body
provide fuel, pad internal organs, and insulate against temperature extremes
fats in foods
provide nutrients, flavor, and desirable texture
The recycling system for amino acids in the body is primarily used to
provide the cells with materials to build body proteins
Food choice is driven by
psychological and physical factors
Which research design is among the most powerful tools in nutrition research because it shows the effects of treatments on human nutrition?
randomized controlled trial
effects of fiber
reduces risk for constipation and hemorrhoids, reduces the risk for heart disease, and helps modulate blood glucose
limiting amino acids
refers to the rate-limiting amino acid, an essential amino acid that is present in dietary protein in an insufficient amount, thereby limiting the body's ability to build protein
micronutrients are
regulating nutrients, vitamins, and minerals
removing gluten from the diet has been shown to
resolve digestion problems in people with celiac disease
untreated iron toxicity
results in liver failure, bone damage, diabetes, heart failure, and infections
Milk is sold in opaque containers and kept in dark coolers to help prevent the breakdown of __________, which is susceptible to UV light.
riboflavin
Vitamin D deficiency in children results in
rickets
electrolytes
salts in water carry a charge, dissolved salts separate into electrically charged particles called ions (sodium= positively charged, chloride= negatively charged), and because charged ions carry a current in water, they are called electrolytes
good sources of calcium
sardines, milk, tofu, cheddar cheese, turnip greens, waffle, and yogurt
C18:0
saturated, no double bonds, butter.
A source considered to deliver valid nutrition information is
scientific research journals
satiation
sensations of pleasure in the mouth diminish with repeated exposure to taste or texture. Nerve stretch receptors in the stomach signal brain. Nutrients in the small intestine stimulate receptor nerves that trigger the release of hormones signaling the hypothalamus about the size and nature of a meal. Brain detects absorbed nutrients in the bloodstream and releases neurotransmitters that suppress food intake.
The majority of fat digestion occurs in the
small intestine
the nerve impulse
sodium ions usually found outside the cell, potassium ions usually found inside the cell, sodium protein channels in the cell membrane, and potassium protein channels in the cell membrane.
good sources of magnesium
spinach, bran cereal, black beans, sunflower seeds, soy milk, and yogurt
a polysaccharide of glucose in plants in called
starch
polysaccharides are
starch and glycogen
cholesterol is a
sterol
insulin
stimulates muscle to take in glucose to make glycogen, stimulates liver to make glycogen, regulates blood glucose, is a hormone released from the pancreas, and allows adipose to take in glucose
the process of milling grain into white flour
strips the grain of vitamins, minerals, and fiber
roles of protein in the body
structure and movement, enzymes, antibodies, transport (facilitated and passive), fluid and electrolyte balance, energy source through converting to glucose, and no storage form (taken from tissues when needed, converted to fat when not)
roles of calcium in bones and teeth
structure- the matrix of the bone, storage- a bank of calcium to replenish blood calcium when concentration dips, calcium in bones is not inert, formation and dissolution takes place daily, and almost the entire adult skeleton is remodeled every 10 years
things that upset water balance: dehydration
sweat and diuretics
magnesium deficiency
symptoms: low blood calcium level, muscle cramps, seizures; outcomes: disturbed bone metabolic, inflammation, increased risk of stroke, sudden death by heart attack (in otherwise healthy people); uncommon: occurring in those with GI disorders, alcoholism, type 2 diabetes, or older adults.
cells will do the following to create their own working proteins from available amino acids
synthesize nonessential amino acids that are missing for the protein that is being made, obtain amino acids that are available in the cell's amino acid pool, and slow down protein synthesis until enough of the limiting amino acid is available again
when fructose and glucose are bonded together they form
table sugar
fructose is found in
table sugar and honey
iron inhibitors
tannins in tea and coffee, calcium and phosphorus in milk, and phytates from fiber in lightly processed legumes and whole grain cereals.
The leading factor driving food choice in the U.S. is
taste
The leading factors driving food choice in the U.S. are
taste, price, and convenience
the strategy of combining two complementary plant protein sources permits
the amino acids in one food to make up for those lacking in the other food.
what is a kilocalorie?
the amount of heat energy necessary to raise the temperature of a kilogram of water by one degree Celsius
water balance
the amount of water you are getting from your food and water is balanced with the amount of water being expended through sweat, urine, feces, and breath
water is indispensable
the body needs more water than any of the nutrients (50x more than protein) and humans can survive for only days without water
water balance is regulated by
the brain and kidneys
glycolysis is
the breakdown of glucose into 2 three carbon units, initial release of energy to help fuel your cells. Then the three carbon units are broken down to carbon dioxide and a 2 carbon compound, releasing energy again. Then the 2 carbon compound is broken down to 2 molecules of carbon dioxide.
Carbohydrates are essential to provide energy for the body because
the glucose that is produced from them is vital to fuel most of the body's cells
calcium
the most abundant mineral in the body, nearly 99% of the body's calcium is stored in bones and teeth (enters the bone in the artery and leaves through a vein)
characteristic of type 1 diabetes
the person's pancreas stops producing insulin and cannot deal with increased glucose
appetite
the psychological desire to eat; a learned motivation and a positive sensation that accompanies the sight, smell, or thought of appealing foods. you can have appetite in the absence of hunger.
the first sign of dehydration
the sensation of thirst
Vitamin D from __________ and ___________ is converted into active vitamin D in the body by ___________ and _____________.
the sun, foods; the liver, kidneys
It is important to consume both linoleic and linolenic acids because
they are precursors to substances that have complementary effects in the body
grapes over grape juice because
they provide fiber and phytochemical and have less added sugar
dehydration
thirst lags behind a lack of water; thirst is the first sign of dehydration; 1% of your body weight can be lost as fluid and you can have a headache, fatigue, and confusion/forgetfulness
triglycerides consist of
three fatty acids attached to a glycerol
blood pressure
three major factors contribute to the pressure inside an artery. first, the heart forcefully pushes blood into the artery. Then the small-diameter arteries and capillaries at the other end resist the blood's flow. then the volume of fluid in the circulatory system, which depends on the number of dissolved particles in that fluid, adds to the blood pressure.
water leaves the body
through the evaporation of sweat, in the urine and feces, and in the moisture of exhaled breath
in type 2 diabetes, glucose is converted
to alcohol and cells swell, leading to apoptosis because the insulin can't clear the glucose from the system to the liver.
iodine toxicity
toxic goiter: looks the same as a simple (non toxic) goiter, need to test beyond physical appearance to test for toxicity or deficiency.
water soluble vitamin toxicity
toxicities are unlikely but possible with high doses from supplements
fluid and electrolyte balance
transport proteins in cell membranes maintain the proper balance of sodium (mostly outside of the cells) and potassium (mostly inside of the cells)
water soluble vitamin transport and storage
travel freely in watery fluids; most are not stored in the body
about 95% of the lipids in foods and in the human body are
triglycerides
the major storage form of fats in our body is
triglycerides, which are made up of fatty acids and glycerol
"Diets low in sodium may reduce the risk of high blood pressure" is an example of a health claim allowed on a food label and is reliable because the FDA had substantial scientific support for the claim.
true
By varying food choices among and within food groups in the USDA Food Intake Patterns, you will help ensure adequate nutrient intakes.
true
Diet has been directly linked with leading causes of death in the United States
true
Enriched and fortified foods are not necessarily more nutritious than whole foods
true
Functional foods contain bioactive food components that are believed to provide health benefits beyond their nutrients content
true
Malnutrition includes deficiencies, imbalances, and excesses of nutrients, alone or in combination, any of which can take a toll on health over time
true
The Daily Values are nutrient standards used to compare the nutrient contents of packaged foods
true
The primary difference between recommendations for nutrient intakes and values set for energy intake is that the value for energy intake is not generous
true
complementary proteins
two or more proteins whose amino acids complement each other to provide essential amino acids
prevalence of underweight, overweight, and obesity in U.S. adults
underweight (BMI<18.5)= 1.7%. Overweight (BMI> 25-30)= 33.9%. Obese (BMI.30)= 35.1%. Extremely obese (BMI>40)= 6.4%.
When amino acids are degraded for energy, their amine groups are stripped off and used elsewhere or incorporated by the liver into
urea
Most foods that are high in calcium are poor sources of iron. This statement illustrates the importance of the characteristic of a nutritious diet known as
variety
those affected by malnutrition and weakened immunity
very young, old, poor, hospitalized, and malnourished
a deficiency of fatty acids can cause
vision impairments in infants
Pernicious anemia is a result of
vitamin B12 deficiency
Consuming up to 2 grams per day of ___________ may reduce blood histamines, which are responsible for many of the symptoms of the common cold.
vitamin C
vitamin precursors
vitamins are available in foods; vitamin precursors are also available in foods and are converted into vitamins in the body.
electrolytes govern water flow
water flows in the direction of the more highly concentrated solution. 1) with equal numbers of dissolved particles on both sides of a water permeable divider, water levels remain equal. 2) now additional particles are added to increase the concentration on side B. Particles cannot flow across the diverted. In the case of a cell, the divider (cell membrane) partitions fluids inside and outside the cell. 3) water can flow both ways across the divider but tends to move from side A to Side B, where the concentration of dissolved particles is greater. The volume of water increases on side B, and the particle concentration on Sides A and B become equal
water weight
water follows salt, control salt intake and drink more (not less) water
water balance
water in= brain (hypothalamus) water out= brain (hypothalamus), kidneys
lifestyle modifications to reduce blood pressure
weight reduction, DASH eating plan, sodium restriction, physical activity, and moderate alcohol consumption.
Which of the following terms would you look for on a bread label to choose the most nutritious product?
whole grain
functions of water: Transport
without water, cells quickly die
at risk populations for iron deficiency
women of child bearing age, pregnant women, infants and toddlers, and adolescents and females.
roles of magnesium in the body
works as the opposite of calcium; has muscle function- calcium helps muscles contract, magnesium helps muscles relax; and is a part of tooth structure, magnesium holds calcium in tooth enamel and promotes resistance to tooth decay; works with the metabolism of potassium, calcium, and vitamin D; critical to normal heart function; necessary for energy release and use from macronutrients; assists in enzymatic and cellular functions.
theories of obesity: outside the body theories of obesity: physical inactivity
you tend to eat more sitting when in front of a screen than without.
potassium deficiency
-97% of Americans do not meet the DRI for potassium. -DGA nutrients of public health concern. -increased risk for high blood pressure and death from stroke. -adequate potassium intake associated with decreased risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke. -severe deficiency is rate: sudden deaths are associated with dehydration, fasting, eating disorders, and severe malnutrition.
beriberi story
-Christian Eijkman, Dutch physician. -chickens were being fed white rice. -when they were given brown rice, they no longer had symptoms of a B vitamin deficiency.
folate
-DNA synthesis (new cells need folate). -participates in metabolism of B12 and several amino acids.
vitamin D synthesis and activation
-Dark skin pigments protect against UV radiation. -Darker-skinned people require up to 3 hours of direct sun. -Lighter-skinned people require about 5 minutes without sunscreen or 10 - 30 minutes with sunscreen.
iron loss
-minute loss: digestive tract, nail and hair trimmings, shed skin. -significant loss: bleeding.
Stroke
Sudden shutting off of blood flow to the brain by thrombus, embolism, or hemorrhage (clot, impediment of flow, rupture of vessel, respectively).
folate deficiency and neural tube defects (NTD)
-NTD range from slight problems in the spine to major cognitive disability. -arise in the first days or week of pregnancy, long before a woman realizes that she is pregnant. -fruit and vegetable consumption is low in the U.S., so foods are fortified.
Estimated Energy Requirements
-The DRI recommendation for energy intake, accounting for age, gender, weight, height, and physical activity. -Help you estimate your energy need (men) EER ± 200 kcal (women) EER ± 160 kcal
risk factors for hypertension
-age: more than 2/3 of adults over 65 have hypertension; people with normal BP at age 55 have a 90% risk of developing hypertension in their lifetime. -genetics: families; African Americans among highest prevalence in the world. -obesity: altered kidney function, increased blood volume, blood vessel damage (from insulin resistance). -sodium intake. -alcohol consumption (more than two drinks per day).
vitamin E
-from greek work for offspring. -Compound in vegetable oil that is essential for reproduction in rats - tocopherol. -alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. -alpha-tocopherol - vitamin E activity. -is a potent anti oxidant; scavenges free radicals and gets oxidized. -need increases with increased consumption of polyunsaturated oils.
sodium UI
roughly 2,100-2,200 mg/day
vitamin B deficiencies
-not seen alone. -we eat foods, not nutrients. -deficiencies realized by animal study. -nausea, exhaustion, irritability, depression, forgetfulness, loss of appetite and weight, muscle pain, decreased immune response, loss of control of limbs, abnormal heart action, severe skin problems, teary or bloodshot eyes.
zinc toxicity
-over 50 mg (due to supplemental use) -symptoms are vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, exhaustion -high zinc limits iron absorption and vice versa
cell differentiation
-vitamin A is needed by epithelial tissues (external skin and internal lining) -goblet cells populate linings of internal organs (differentiate into cells that mucus) -without vitamin A, goblet cells are displaced by cells that produce keratin, tissue surfaces are dry, hard, and cracked, and you are vulnerable to infection (respiratory, urinary)
beriberi: thiamin deficiency
-wet beriberi= cardiovascular system; characterized by edema., when a person's ankle retains a thumb imprint. -dry beriberi= nervous system (numb hands and feet); without edema.
The DRI for protein for healthy adults is
0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight
Hunger, appetite, satiation, and satiety
1) physiological influences. 1) Hunger and appetite. 2) seek food and start meal. 2) sensory influences. 3) keep eating. 3) cognitive influences. 4) satiation: end meal. 4) post ingestive influences. 5) satiety: several hours of other activities. 5) post absorptive influences. START OVER
sodium DRI
1,400 to 1,500 mg/day
lifestyle strategies for successful weight loss
1. eating habits 2. physical activity 3. nutrition counseling/ behavior modification
the stomach has a pH of
2
Based on the USDA MyPlate, at least _____ of the plate should be occupied by fruits and vegetables at each meal.
1/2
AMDR for protein
10-35% kcal
calcium DRI
1000 mg/day (19-50 yr old men and women, 51-70 yr old men) and 1200 mg/day (51-70 yr old women, and 70+ men and women)
zinc DRI
11 mg/day for men, 8 mg/day for women
Dr. Bradley's food contains 10 grams of protein, 10 grams of carbohydrate, and 4 grams of fat. How many Calories are in Dr. Bradley's food?
116 calories
normal blood pressure
120/80 mmHg
The Daily Values reflect the needs of an "average person" consuming _____ Calories a day.
2,000
Vitamin C tolerable upper intake level
2,000 mg/day
How do the lipoproteins LDL and HDL influence risk of heart disease?
HDL play an important role in scavenging cholesterol from the tissues for disposal
Atherosclerosis
Hardening of the arteries when the arteries become blocked with plaque.
Most people have innate aversions to _____ tastes
Bitter
The body's circulating fluids include
Blood and lymph
tolerable upper intake level for magnesium
350 mg/day
Average Intake for fiber
25 grams for females, 38 grams for males
tolerable upper intake level for calcium
2500 mg/day (19-50 yr) and 2000 mg/day (less than 50 yr)
weight conversion
2.2 lb per kg
AMDR for Fat
20-35% of kcal
linolenic, alpha linolenic acid
C18:3 (9,12,15) 18 carbons long, first double bond is at 15, count backwards from 18 to 15 = 3, omega 3
When considering the digestion and absorption of proteins, it is important to know that
Cells in the small intestine absorb different types of amino acid at separate absorption sites, which causes competition by similar amino acids at these absorption sites
protein contains
4 kilograms per gram
Carbohydrates contain
4 kilograms per gram, the same amount as a gram of protein
metabolic syndrome
A combination of central obesity, diabetes or prediabetes, insulin resistance, high blood pressure, and altered blood lipids that greatly increases the risk for heart disease.
Dr. Bradley's food contains 10 grams of protein, 10 grams of carbohydrate, 4 grams of fat. What is the percentage of kilocalories from fat in Dr. Bradley's food?
31%
tolerable upper intake level
4,000 mg/day
potassium DRI
4,700 mg/day
What is the DRI for protein for a 40-year old male who is 6'4" tall and weighs 180 pounds?
65 grams
DRI for phosphorus
700 mg/day
iron DRI
8 mg/day for men 18 mg/day for women
daily water needs
80% from fluids consumed and 20% from water in foods
fat contains
9 kilograms per gram
average blood glucose levels are
90 milligrams per cent
potassium
97% of Americans fall short on consuming recommended amounts of potassium. Potassium helps regulate blood pressure.
zinc UL
40 mg/day
DRI for magnesium
400 mg/day (for men 19-30 yr), 310 mg/day (for women 19-30 yr)
The DRI Committee recommended a diet that provides ____% of its calories from carbohydrate as an acceptable macronutrient distribution range
45 - 65
iron UL
45 mg/day
AMDR for Carbohydrates
45-65% of kcal
A 135-pound woman who is 38 years old needs how much protein?
49 grams per day
DASH eating plan
6-8 servings of grains, 4-5 servings of vegetables, 4-5 servings of fruit, 2-3 servings of fat free or low fat milk products, 6 or less servings of lean meat, 4-5 servings per week of nuts, seeds, and legumes, 2-3 servings of fats and oils, 5 or less servings of sweets and added sugars.
a sedentary male college student aged 23 needs how much protein if he weighs 175 pounds?
64 grams per day
AMDR
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range
Characteristics of a healthy eating pattern include
Adequacy, Balance, Calorie Control, Moderation, Variety
medical foods
Are available in pharmacies and grocery stores and are administered on the advice of a physician
organic foods
Are grown and processed according to federal guidelines
Dietary Reference Intakes are
Are recommendations for the US and Canada
fat soluble vitamins
Are stored in the liver and fatty tissues until needed
Thiamin deficiency can cause
Beriberi
Vitamin A, abundant in animal foods, can also be obtained from orange-colored plant foods, because orange-colored plant foods contain
Beta-carotene, a vitamin A precursor
You have just consumed a meal very high in fat. As a result, hormonal messages will tell an organ to send _____ in amounts matched to the amount of fat present.
Bile
water intoxication
Can occur in infants, particularly because of their innate preference to suckle
Glucose is made up of
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
The following research designs are in order of least to highest validity
Case study, Prospective cohort study, randomized controlled trial
diet and health: infectious disease
Caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other microbes. Can be transmitted from one person to another through Air, water, food Contact, or Vector organisms (e.g., mosquitos).
the following is a processed food
bread, yogurt, and chicken nuggets
It is not recommended that healthy people strictly limit their dietary cholesterol because:
Cholesterol-containing foods have minimal effect on blood cholesterol in most healthy people
The best way for a person to get all the essential nutrients and keep caloric intake low is to
Choose foods with a high nutrient density from each food group
chloride
Cl; the major negative ion in the body that helps with fluid balance, acid-base balance, and electrolyte balance; helps create the HCl stomach acidity (up until it reaches a pH of 2 and then it stops pumping in Cl)l; accompanies sodium, making salt the principal food source of chloride; no known diet lacks chloride.
In the precontemplation stage of change, the best action to take is to
Collect information and learn about current behaviors
obesity is a chronic disease
Complications associated with obesity start to improve with the loss of just 5% of body weight. Risks improve markedly after 10% loss of body weight.
Foods are enriched to
Correct identified nutrient deficiencies in a population
diet and health: chronic disease
Degenerative conditions or illnesses that progress slowly, are long in duration, lack an immediate cure, and limit functioning, productivity, quality, and length of life.
Fat stored in the body is used as a source of energy when not enough energy is available from food. This process involves:
Dismantling stored fat in adipose tissue and releasing components into blood
A simple way to cut sodium from your diet would be to
Eat less processed foods and more fruits and vegetables
Which of the following establishes a population-wide average requirement used by nutrition policymakers?
Estimated Average Requirements
When public health officials were determining the amount of folate to add to grain products in the food supply for fortification, they most likely reviewed which of the following values for that particular vitamin for women of child-bearing age?
Estimated Average Requirements (EAR)
The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) are appropriately used for
Estimating the adequacy of an individual's nutrient intake, Ensuring that minimum nutrient requirements are met, and Planning diets for school children
Excess Visceral fat increases risk for disease
Excess visceral fat increases the risk for mortality from all causes, metabolic syndrome, and heart disease.
Ocean fish has been suggested to provide health benefits if eaten on a regular basis. What would be a recommendation concerning the consumption of fish?
Fatty fish has been shown in studies to be beneficial in reducing blood clotting
Fortified (enriched) foods are
Foods to which nutrients have been added
A compound in cranberries may prevent some bacteria from clinging to the urinary tract and help prevent urinary tract infections. Thus cranberries are an example of
Functional food
Diet has been directly linked with the following leading causes of death in the United States
Heart Disease, cancer, diabetes, and stroke
Coronary heart disease (CHD)
Heart damage caused by arteries that carry blood to the heart becoming blocked. Atherosclerosis is the major cause of CHD.
HDL
High Density Lipoprotein, clears cholesterol from cells and carries away to the liver for disposal (more protein than lipid)
What alerts your conscious mind to the sensation of hunger
Hypothalamus (part of your brain) and stomach
A young man has said to you that he is eating much more protein in his diet than the recommendation but he feels he needs the extra amount just in case he wants to build more muscle mass in the near future. How would you respond to him?
If he has excess calories in his diet, he may gain fat weight from converted protein
Food intake on a daily basis affects health because
Improper balance of nutrients over time can lead to chronic diseases in the future
Nutrient density
Is a measure of nutrients provided per calorie of food
ater is the recommended source of fluid for healthy U.S. adults because
It is safe and noncaloric
As food moves through the digestive tract, it spends the most time in the
Large intestine, because of the need to partially digest fiber and absorb water
plaque
Lipid material mixed with smooth muscle cells and calcium that develops in the artery walls during atherosclerosis. Its protective. Placken means "patch".
The bottom portion of the Nutrition Facts panel on a food package:
Lists the Daily Values reminder for selected nutrients
LDL
Low Density Lipoprotein, made from VLDL when triglycerides have been donated to cells and transport cholesterol and other lipids to cells (more lipid than protein)
Soluble fiber has been implicated in a reduced risk of heart disease because a robust body of research indicates that soluble fiber consumption
May lower blood cholesterol
sodium
Na+; 40% of table salt, which is NaCl
Potassium is the major positive ion usually found inside cells that plays an integral role in
Nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction
The digestive juices in the digestive tract include
Pancreatic juice, which neutralizes stomach acids reaching the small intestine
Digestion of foods includes the mechanical actions of:
Peristalsis waves to move the foods down through the digestive tract
sodium restriction
Recommendation is not to exceed UL of 2,300 mg / day. 50% of population is sensitive to salt intake including African Americans, people with hypertension, people with diabetes or kidney problems, and people 51 years and older. Salt sensitive people should limit intake to 1,500 mg/day.
The following is an average daily nutrient intake level that meets the needs of nearly all (97 - 98%) healthy people
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
In times of energy shortage due to inadequate carbohydrates or fats in foods, the body uses protein in what way?
Removes the nitrogen portion and uses the remaining fragments for energy
Research on the benefits of fatty acids and their components has shown that:
Seafood-containing populations have a lower rate of death from heart disease
Your mother has evaluated her usual diet by comparing it to the USDA Food Intake Patterns and has found that her intakes of fruits, vegetables, and dairy foods are lower than recommended. How would you interpret her results?
She needs to eat more of these foods and less of others to keep her calories balanced
The vast majority of fat digestion takes place in the
Small intestine with lipases released by the pancreas
Digestion of macronutrients begins in the mouth with enzyme action on
Starches by alpha-amylase
fluoride in teeth
acts directly on bacteria of plaque and suppresses their metabolism and reduces the amount of tooth destroying acid that they produce
statements about the DRI
The committee that publishes them is comprised of nutrition experts, They are based on a review of available scientific research, and They are for individuals who are healthy
What are the major roles of the villi and microvilli in the small intestine?
The microvilli trap nutrients so the villi cells can absorb them
You purchase a food product that is enriched. This means that
The product could be either nutritious or not nutritious
Define Nutrition
The study of nutrients in foods and in the body
peristalsis is defined as
The wavelike muscular squeezing of the esophagus, stomach and small intestine that pushes their contents along
Which of the following is a characteristic of Daily Values?
They are ideal for allowing comparisons among foods
how fat is too fat?
Three indicators of health risks from obesity: -Body Mass Index (BMI) Overweight ≥ BMI 25 - 30 Obese ≥ BMI 30 -Waist circumference > 35 in for women > 40 in for men -Disease risk profile in lifestyle, family history, and blood lipids.
the major role in the body that all vitamins and minerals share is
To act as regulators in body processes
For what purpose did the USDA develop the MyPlate as a consumer tool?
To help consumers understand and apply the USDA Food Intake Patterns
A strict vegetarian diet with preference for unleavened bread instead of cereal grains could be at risk for
Zinc deficiency
When making food choices, recommended foods to include in your diet are
Whole foods, because they provide the basis of a nutritious diet
Good sources of Manganese and Molybdenum include
Whole grains, vegetables, fruits, nuts and legumes
Marian, who lost a large amount of weight during an illness, is thinking about taking amino acid supplements to help regain muscle mass. What advice would you give her?
Whole protein is better handled by the digestive system and will better promote recovery
proper nutrition shields against diseases
a well chosen diet can help protect your health.
cholesterol is
a component of bile, can be made by the body, and forms the major part of the plaques that narrow the arteries in atherosclerosis
theories of obesity: outside the body theories of obesity: built environment
a conscious effort to force people to get physical activity (walking, stairs).
water intoxication
a dangerous dilution of the body's fluids resulting from excessive ingestion of plain water. Symptoms are headache, muscular weakness, lack of concentration, poor memory, and loss of appetite
osteoporosis
a disease of childhood and adolescence (when peak bone mass is determined), that is realized in adulthood (when bone mass cannot be improved).
most unrefined plant foods contain
a mix of soluble and insoluble fiber
Glucose is
a monosaccharide, derived from green plants, Is also known as, "blood sugar", fuel for humans
insulin is
a protein and a hormone released by the pancreas that can be injected into the body with a needle
gluten
a protein present in grains, particularly wheat grain, that gives stretchy texture to yeast breads and provides bulk and texture to other foods made from wheat and other gluten-containing grains
glycemic index is
a ranking system for foods according to their potential to raise blood that may be of interest to people with diabetes who strive to use diet to help regulate blood glucose control
magnesium
about one ounce present in the body; adults require about 300-400 mg/day; more than 50% is present in bone; most of the rest is in muscles, heart, liver, and other soft tissues; about 1% is in body fluids.
When a person ingests a large dose of any single amino acids,
absorption of others of its type may be limited
the side chain
accounts for the differences among the various amino acids
the stomach environment is
acidic
A person has begun to set small goals after writing an action plan for change. She is in what stage of behavior change?
action
negative nitrogen balance occurs in
an astronaut
a food desert
an urban or rural area where the availability of affordable, healthy, fresh food is limited. Up to 30 million Americans are living in food deserts.
vitamin A sources
animal foods provide vitamin A, plant foods provide beta-carotene
protein quality
based on amino acid composition and protein digestibility
Growing children are in positive nitrogen balance
because they need more protein for adding blood, bone, and muscle cells
riboflavin good sources
beef liver, milk, yogurt, cottage cheese, pork chop, enriched cereal, spinach, and mushrooms
when people have their gallbladder removed
bile is released directly into the small intestine
toxicity of phosphorus
calcification of soft tissues, partially the kidneys
the most abundant mineral in the body is
calcium
calcium in bone and teeth formation
calcium + phosphorus = hyrdoxyapatite
the 1% of calcium that isn't in bones/teeth
calcium in body fluids bathes and fills cells. Ca2+: electrically charged, regulates the transport of ions across cell membranes, nerve transmission, allows secretion of hormones, digestive enzymes and neurotransmitters, and activates cellular enzymes that regulate many processes. Muscle Contraction: actin and myosin, heart beat. Blood Clotting: working with vitamin K and fibrinogen
Hydroxyapatite
calcium phosphate salt, crystalizes on a rubbery foundation composed collagen and infiltrates the collagen and gradually lends more rigidity to bone, the chief crystal of bone
achieving peak bone mass
calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, protein, and vitamins A, D, K, and C.
energy in food
can be converted in the body to mechanical, electrical, and thermal energy
a diet low in trans fats
can help reduce the risk of heart disease
To replace saturated fats with monounsaturated fats in your diet, you could use _____________ instead of _______________.
canola oil; butter
Adequate blood selenium is associated with
decreased risk of breast cancer
dietary risk factors for chronic diseases
diets high in added sugars, in salty or pickled foods, saturated and trans fat, low in fruits, vegetables, and other foods rich and fiber and phytochemicals, low in vitamins and/or minerals, and excessive alcohol intake.
fiber consumption
falls below recommended amounts in the United State, is associated with decreased risk of chronic disease, and aids digestion and elimination
the most energy rich of the nutrients is
fat
phosphorus
is a mineral that is part of DNA and RNA, and is therefore essential for growth and renewal of tissues
nitrogen
is found in protein, but not in carbohydrate or fat
malnutrition and immune system functioning
malnutrition or disease leads to impaired appetite, digestion, absorption, and metabolism which leads to impaired nutrition status which leads to weakened immunity which leads to worsened disease which leads to further malnutrition and disease.
riboflavin
plays a role in energy metabolism, deficiencies confused for thiamin deficiency, because thiamin deficiency is the more severe form of symptoms (cracks at corners of mouth, sore throat, and hypersensitivity to light), providing riboflavin-containing foods also supplies thiamin and clears both deficiencies
C18:2
polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) - two double bonds
magnesium toxicity
rare but fatal; occurs from high intakes of non food sources; children can get them from the medicine cabinet; older adults who take too many magnesium containing laxatives, antacids, and other medications; symptoms include diarrhea, acid-base imbalance, and dehydration.
water soluble vitamin excretion
readily excreted in the urine
makes up about 60 - 65% of an adults body weight
water
hypertension and atherosclerosis
worsen each other