Nutrition Final Exam!!$$$$$

The preferred treatment for weight loss when someone is overweight or obese is:

Modifying diet and activity levels to promote a negative energy balance

Vitamin E protects cell membranes by:

Neutralizing free radicals present in the cell membranes through electron donation.

Harvey is consuming 1,550 mg of potassium/day. Does this meet the recommendation for daily potassium intake?

No, the recommendation for potassium is 4700 mg/day.

What is meant by not exceeding the satiety level when taking a dietary supplement?

Not taking more of a given nutrient in supplement form than you could eat in a reasonable serving of a food that is a significant source of that nutrient.

When a whole grain is processed, which part(s) of it remain and what are the effects of the processing?

Only the endosperm; decrease in the grain's fiber and micronutrient content

What is the first sign of early or mild osteoporosis?

Osteoporosis does not exhibit outward symptoms

Damir has noticed lately that his 5-year-old son is urinating more than usual and, consequently, seems to be thirsty all the time. What could be causing these symptoms in his son?

Type 1 diabetes, as his body is unable to move glucose into the cells and he is excreting the glucose in his urine in order to remove it from the blood.

Which of the following is true regarding dietary supplements?

About half of Americans take a dietary supplement on a daily basis.

Which of the following would not cause protein denaturation in a food?

Adding black pepper to a steak

In order to prove that pellagra was not an infectious disease, Dr. Joseph Goldberger exposed himself to blood and secretions from pellagra patients. Which of the following vitamins was discovered as a result of Dr. Goldberger's work?

Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

Seiji wants to lose weight and has decided to eliminate nearly all dietary fat sources from her diet. What could be the danger of choosing to eat this way?

An extremely low-fat diet could inhibit the absorption of some nutrients into the body.

Which of these does not affect vitamin D synthesis in the body as a result of UV ray exposure?

An individual's iron status (hemoglobin level)

In order to most optimally promote muscle growth and repair, when should protein be consumed following resistance exercise?

As soon as possible after exercise

At a recent doctor visit, Connor's blood pressure was 150/90 mm Hg. What does this number indicate and what would you recommend for Connor's diet?

Connor has hypertension; the DASH diet would be appropriate for Connor to promote a reduction in his blood pressure level.

What is the first rule of nutrition prior to, during, and following a workout or athletic event?

Consider individual tolerance for drinking and eating before, during, and after the event

The timing of protein intake is important for a strength athlete, but what factor is even more important for promoting muscle protein synthesis?

Consuming enough protein and calories to support muscle protein synthesis on a daily basis

Roger has been feeling thirstier since he moved from Missouri to Colorado. Which of the following is not a condition that is stimulating Roger's thirst mechanism in the hypothalamus?

Consumption of more animal-based protein

Deanna is an active 38-year-old pregnant woman who has gestational diabetes. She is originally from Mexico and was at a healthy body weight at the start of her pregnancy. She continues to exercise every day during pregnancy and is eating several servings of fruits and vegetables every day as well. Which of Deanna's characteristic put her at risk for developing gestational diabetes?

Deanna's risk factors include her age and her ethnicity.

Daphne moved from Colorado to the University of Texas to run on the cross country team; after several weeks, she has noticed that she feels more comfortable exercising the heat and humidity. Which of these adaptations would not occur when someone is acclimating to the heat?

Decreased blood pressure during activity

Commodity corn is a food that can be consumed immediately after being picked from the field.

False

Which of the following best explains the relationship between fiber and bile.

Fiber binds to bile and both are excreted in the feces.

Which of the following is considered the "silent killer" and why?

Hypertension, because it exhibits no outward symptoms.

Your aunt is seriously considering having gastric surgery to help her lose weight because previous weight loss diets have been unsuccessful. What information would you give to help her make her decision?

It is a serious decision because of the lifetime of medical and nutrition supervision needed after surgery, but it can result in a significant weight loss.

Excess nitrogen may exist in the body as a result of synthesizing compounds that do not contain nitrogen from proteins. How does your body handle this excess nitrogen?

It is processed by the body and excreted as urea

Luciano burns 3000 calories each day (this includes all three components of energy expenditure) while eating a total of 3600 calories a day. If this continues, what will happen to Luciano's body weight over time?

It will increase

The carbon chain in an unsaturated fatty acid is _________, lending to the fatty acid being ______ at room temperature.

Kinked, liquid

Which of the following is most likely to be found as part of the plaque that can accumulate in the arteries?

LDLs, lipoproteins that bring cholesterol to the tissues

Edward Elric is trying to increase his calcium intake but does not like to drink milk. Which of these might be a better food group to focus on?

Leafy greens often provide a surprisingly high amount of calcium. However some, like spinach, can have issues with bioavailability.

A "planetary healthy diet" should incorporate more of which of the following foods?

Legumes

Nanette eats pasta for dinner. Her body does not use all of the carbohydrates in the pasta for energy immediately, so where can they be stored and in what form?

Liver and muscles; glycogen

Where do most Americans get fluoride in their diet?

Many cities put trace amounts of fluoride in tap water.

The DASH diet is characterized by a ______________ and ____________.

low sodium intake; consumption of unprocessed foods

Obesity is most often caused by:

multiple factors

In order to ______________, ___________________ occurs during periods of inadequate carbohydrate intake.

fuel the brain; ketone production

The individual pictured below is suffering from ____________, due to _____________. (gross gums and teeth)

scurvy; a deficiency of vitamin C

In response to low blood calcium levels, vitamin D helps to increase blood calcium levels by performing which of the following?

Vitamin D activates osteoclasts, causing calcium to be released from bone and moved into the blood.

Why is vitamin D toxicity most likely to be caused by dietary supplements?

Vitamin D is not widely available in the diet, and production as a result of UV exposure is regulated.

What would be the best method of cooking food to minimize loss of nutrients?

Steaming broccoli and carrots

Select the correct statement about sustainable diets.

Sustainable diets are diets with low environmental impact while still being nutritionally adequate.

Commodity corn is a major crop in the U.S. Why do many U.S. farmers choose to grow this crop?

The U.S. government gives subsidies to farmers who choose to grow commodity corn.

Lucia recently moved from Boulder to Lambert, Mississippi, which is categorized as a food desert. What is the definition of a food desert?

A rural or urban area where affordable, healthy food is not accessible.

Vash is getting his fasting blood glucose level measured and he is hoping his blood glucose is in the normal range. Which of the following blood glucose values fall into the normal range?

95 mg/dl

Which of the following would not be considered to be a dietary supplement?

A diuretic pill prescribed by a physician for a patient with hypertension

Selasi wants to increase his selenium intake after reading about all of its antioxidant properties in the body, but does not want to take a supplement to do so. A single serving of which of the following foods would most easily help meet his needs for selenium?

Brazil nuts

Which of these nutrients are part of the structure of bone?

Calcium and phosphorus

Which of the following is not a characteristic of cancer cells?

Cancer cells always originate in the liver and then travel to other organs by way of the blood or lymphatic system.

Tom just finished a 2-hour bike ride. What is the best way to assure that he replenishes his glycogen stores?

Eat a high-carbohydrate meal within 2 hours to assure the most efficient level of glycogen resynthesis in the body.

Misha would like to increase his omega-3 fatty acid intake. Which of the following is the best way to do so?

Eat more fatty fish (e.g., salmon) in the diet.

Trayvon is undergoing cancer treatment and has lost his appetite. How would you recommend he consumes adequate calories each day?

Eat small meals and snacks throughout the day.

Carter has been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. Which type of molecule is associated with an increased risk of this disease?

Free radicals

Bert adds milk to his Cheerios every morning. Which monosaccharides will he eventually break the milk down to in his GI tract?

Glucose and galactose

When an athlete "hits the wall", they have run out of which of the following fuels?

Glycogen in the muscle and liver

Which of the following foods would be the best choice for an endurance athlete who needs to promote rapid glycogen resynthesis after a prolonged workout?

Gummy bears

Which of the following individuals would be most likely to benefit from a dietary supplement?

Harrison, who is recovering from major surgery as a result of burns on 60% of his body.

A man at your gym spends 30 minutes each day running on the treadmill. What would you recommend in terms of fluid intake during his run?

He should consume water at least once during his run if he feels thirsty.

A football coach sees that one of his players has collapsed during an outdoor practice. After pulling him into the shade, the coach touches the player's forehead and notices that his skin is hot and dry. What heat illness is the player most likely suffering from?

Heat stroke

Body mass index (BMI) takes into account an individual's ___________, but not their __________.

Height and weight; body composition

Where is heme iron found and why is it found in certain type(s) of food?

Heme iron is found only in animal products because it is a part of hemoglobin present in animals.

An individual who is underweight but is seeking to gain weight should:

Increase calorie intake by 500-1000 calories/day

Which of the following is not a way in which an antioxidant enzyme system keeps free radicals under control?

Increased neutrophil production

Which of the following is incorrect regarding type 1 diabetes?

Individuals with type 1 diabetes are always born with the disease.

Beta-carotene is a(n)__________ which means__________.

Phytochemical and provitamin; it is found in plants and is converted into a vitamin in the body.

Payton is considering the benefits of a plant-based diet. If Payton becomes a vegan, which of the following would be present in abundance in her diet?

Phytochemicals

Which of the following is not an effect that atherosclerosis has on the cardiovascular system?

Plaque builds up and expands the artery walls, allowing for more blood flow

Identify the type of fatty acid pictured below.

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

Mikayla eats "Multi-Grain Clusters Cereal" for breakfast. Is Mikayla consuming whole grains when she eats this cereal?

Probably not because the word "whole" is not in the name. However, she should check the ingredient list to see if any whole grains (with the use of the word "whole") are listed there.

Which of the following statements about sodium and potassium is false?

Processed foods are a major source of both sodium and potassium.

Collagen, a(n) _____, helps support which tissues?

Protein; bone and skin

Kahil is constantly sick and cannot seem to recover quickly from his illnesses. Recently he found out that he is protein deficient; how could these two things be related?

Proteins help create key immune system proteins. Therefore, protein deficiency causes lowered immune defenses.

Which of the following foods does not contain a complete protein?

Red pepper, tomato, avocado, and lettuce sandwich on whole wheat bread.

A gastric bypass (weight loss) surgery serves to:

Reduce the size of the stomach to make the individual feel fuller with less food intake

Sitka, who is running in a marathon two weeks from today, is looking to maximize her body's carbohydrate stores. Which of the following is the besttiming for Sitka to consume carbohydrates after her exercise in order to maximize her carbohydrate stores?

She should consume carbohydrate-rich foods within 2 hours after her exercise to maximize carbohydrate storage

Which disease is being represented by the picture below? What causes this to happen?

Sickle cell anemia; a change in one amino acid in the hemoglobin protein

What is the major determinant of an individual's basal metabolic rate?

The amount of lean body mass an individual has.

If the seal pictured here is found on a dietary supplement package, what does that mean? USP Dietary Supplement Verified

The dietary supplement has been tested and verified to contain the ingredients in the amounts listed on the supplement label.

The calcium supplement in the picture, which has 1000 mg of calcium per dose, is not the best supplement choice because:

The dose of 1,000 mg is higher than what can be absorbed at one time.

How might rapid and excessive water consumption be fatal?

The excessive water intake causes water to accumulate outside of cells. In an effort to balance the electrolyte concentrations inside and outside of the cells, water will move into the cells. When this happens in the brain, severe cell damage can happen, eventually causing death.

How does the body transport fats that are consumed in the diet (dietary fats)?

The small intestine packages dietary fats into a chylomicron for transport.

Your friend tells you that she is going to buy a supplement that contains 2,500% of the recommended amount of each of the B vitamins, as it is going to give her energy to make it through finals week. Given what you have learned in class, what should you tell your friend?

The supplement could make someone who takes it feel more energetic only if they are deficient in the B vitamins, as the additional B vitamins will help turn macronutrients into energy.

Jennifer has a milkshake as part of her lunch. Of the two milk proteins that were discussed in class, which is absorbed the fastest?

The whey because it is a fast-acting protein

Relative to body weight, why do children, adolescents, and pregnant or lactating women need more protein than a sedentary adult?

They are building tissues and growing at an accelerated rate.

How does water move throughout the body?

Water moves by the principle of osmosis, meaning that it follows the movement of electrolytes in the body.

In humans, water is obtained via beverages, food, and metabolic water. What is metabolic water?

Water that is created from metabolic reactions in the body.

Which of the following individuals has increased vitamin C needs?

Wolfwood, a 30-year-old man who smokes a pack of cigarettes a day.

Why is there a marked decrease in bone density for women around the age of 45-55?

Women typically enter menopause around this time, which limits the effects of estrogen on bone density.

Feeding corn to cattle causes which of the following health problems that would eventually cause their death:

acidosis

Which of the following foods provides amino acids that are best absorbed by the body?

chicken breast

When trying to consume adequate iron in the diet it is helpful to:

combine vitamin C-containing foods with non-heme iron to increase its absorption.

Osteoblasts:

produce the organic collagen components of bone.

As the intensity of exercise increases:

proportionately more carbohydrate is used for fuel.

As the intensity of exercise decreases:

proportionately more fat is used for fuel.

The majority of dietary chloride is consumed from:

salt, either in processed foods or used at the table.

When amino acids are absorbed into the body from the wall of the small intestine:

they must be broken into single amino acids before they can be absorbed into the blood.

Iodine plays a role in the production of _____________ and is often added to ____________ in the US.

thyroid hormone; salt

Fat that is placed near the organs in the abdominal area is called ___________ fat and __________ the risk for chronic disease when present in excess amounts

visceral; increases