Nutrition Final

Which of the following are functions of water in the body?

all of the above

Which of the following describe a conditionally essential nutrient?

all of the choices are correct

Humans need vitamin B-6 for ________.

amino acid metabolism

An Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) is the ________.

amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of 50% of healthy people in a particular population

Proteins ________.

are comprised of amino acids

Vitamins K,D, and A

are fat soluble vitamins

The liver uses cholesterol to make ________.

bile

Consuming too much avidin, a protein found in raw egg whites, may inhibit ________ absorption.

biotin

Vitamin D helps the body absorb ________.

phosphorus and calcium

Which of the following statements is true?

A fatty acid has a chain of carbons bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms.

Which of the following factors can impact the body's fluid balance?

All of these choices are correct.

What is the difference between an essential and non-essential nutrient?

An essential nutrient must be supplied by the diet because the body cannot produce it properly to receive the correct amount of nutrients. A non-essential nutrient is a nutrient that is stored within the body so if it is not supplied in the diet it can be taken from storage in the body.

A nutrition scientist wants to develop a nutritionally complete formula diet for adults who are healthy but need to avoid solid food for awhile. Based on this information, s/he is likely to refer to ________ when developing the new formula.

DRIs

DRI stands for:

Dietary Reference Intake

Which of the following statements about Dumping Syndrome is false?

Dumping Syndrome results in chyme staying in the stomach too long, rather than moving into the small intestine.

Which of the following statements is true?

Fat contributes to the flavor of foods.

Why is taking excess amounts of fat-soluble vitamins more likely to cause toxicity than taking excesses of water-soluble vitamins?

In general, excesses of fat-soluble vitamins cannot be excreted as easily as water-soluble vitamins.

Which of the following statements is true?

In the United States, poor eating habits contribute to some of the ten leading causes of death.

Which of the following sources of information features peer-reviewed articles?

Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics

Which of the following is NOT a reason dietary recommendations undergo revisions?

Nutrition is an exact science.

Which of the following is NOT a requirement to become a registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN)?

Obtain a culinary certificate of training

Which of the following statements is true?

People can have energy needs that are higher or lower than the Estimated Energy Requirement.

A popular podcast includes interviews with "experts" on topics related to sports nutrition. If the podcast expert has the credentials ______, after his or her name, the expert is likely to be a reliable source of nutrition information.

RDN

________ are water-soluble vitamins.

Vitamin B-6, folate, and vitamin C

Which of the following observations is an example of an inverse correlation?

When members of a population increase their consumption of milk and milk products, their risk for bone fractures decreases.

Which of the following observations is an example of a positive correlation?

When women gain less weight than average during pregnancy, the birthweights of their babies tend to be lower than average.

A common role of B vitamins is that they ________.

act as neurotransmitters

A/an ________ amino acid is one that is normally nonessential, but becomes essential under certain conditions.

conditionally essential

A person suffering from celiac disease must avoid ________.

consuming foods that contain gluten

Marta is a pregnant woman suffering from severe iodine deficiency. As a result of the deficiency, she has a high risk of giving birth to a child with ________.

cretinism

Which of the following websites is most likely a source of biased and unreliable nutrition information?

dietsnomore4u.com

Chyme moves from the stomach into the

duodenum

Which of the following does NOT affect nutrient needs?

ethnicity

Angela is a 20-year-old college student. In addition to having a history of dental decay, she seems to break bones easily. Based on this information, Angela may need to increase her intake of ________.

fluoride

Which of the following minerals is associated with a reduced risk of dental caries?

fluoride

An early symptom of vitamin A deficiency is ________.

night blindness

Which of the following plant foods is considered a source of complete protein?

quinoa

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome is a degenerative brain disorder that most often occurs in alcoholics. The condition is a result of a deficiency in ________.

thiamin

People are likely to develop pellagra when they consume diets that are low in niacin and animal protein.

true

Which of the following statements is true?

Most food guides classify eggs in the protein foods group.

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Most foods are mixtures of nutrients.

_______ are water-soluble vitamins.

Niacin, riboflavin, and thiamin

Which of the following statements is true?

Nutrient-deficiency diseases develop when diets lack essential nutrients.

Hyponatremia ________.

can result in death, can cause drowsiness, confusion, and nausea, occurs as a result of low blood sodium

Layla loves to cook, but she is concerned about the effects that certain dietary lipids may have on her health. She wants to prepare foods with fats that are naturally low in saturated fatty acids and high in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Based on this information, which of the following ingredients should she select?

canola oil

Ten-month old baby Gabe loves to eat pureed sweet potatoes, squash, and carrots. Recently, Gabe's mother noticed that his skin had a yellow color, particulary his cheeks and hands. The yellowing of the skin Gabe has experienced is likely ________.

carotenemia

Which of the following is an example of mechanical digestion in the GI tract?

chewing food up into smaller pieces in the mouth

Which of the following plant oils contains the highest amount of saturated fat per tablespoon?

coconut oil

The ________ is important for transporting absorbed nutrients from the GI tract to the liver.

hepatic portal vein

Which of the following is a common sign or symptom of a food allergy?

hives, vomiting, diarrhea, swollen lips

A nutrition researcher observes that preschool-aged children who eat fewer vegetables are more likely to be overweight or obese than those children who eat more vegetables. The researcher then develops a/an ________, a possible explanation for the observation, to guide her research project.

hypothesis

Which of the following is a micronutrient?

iron

cholesterol

is essential to health

The _______ is the middle segment of the small intestine.

jejunum

Which of the following foods is the most nutrient-dense per serving?

leafy greens

Which of the following is a trace mineral?

manganese

In the human body, water is involved in ________.

regulating body temperature

Digestion of protein begins in the ________.

stomach

A primary function of the digestive system is the

breakdown of food into nutrients

The results of a research study indicate that those adults who consume the most sugar-sweetened beverages also have the highest rates of type 2 diabetes. These findings suggest there is a(n) _______ correlation between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and risk for type 2 diabetes.

direct

Which of the following foods is both energy and nutrient-dense?

peanut butter

Which of the following is a common sign or symptom of iron deficiency anemia?

shortness of breath, dizziness, pale skin, coldness in the hands and/or feet

Which of the following statements is true?

skin care form prohormone vitamin D after being exposed to sunlight

Refined carbohydrates do not satisfy hunger as well as proteins and fats, which may lead to an excessive consumption of calories.

true

Retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid are all forms of preformed vitamin A.

true

Use of certain medications may increase an individual's nutrient needs.

true

Your best friend eats plenty of meats and dairy products but avoids eating fruits and vegetables. She bruises easily, her sores take a long time to heal, and her gums bleed when she brushes her teeth. Based on this information, which of the following vitamins is most likely to be deficient in her diet?

vitamin C

Which of the following is an example of a trace mineral?

zinc

A refined grain product that has iron, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and folic acid added to replace amounts lost during processing has been _______,

enriched

Carbohydrate absorption occurs almost exclusively in the stomach.

false

Long-term vitamin E deficiency can result in rickets.

false

Peristalsis is a voluntary response.

false

Pregnant women who have a history of inadequate ________ intakes are at risk of having babies with neural tube defects.

folate

The human body needs vitamin K to ________.

form active blood clotting factors

Compared to a triglyceride molecule, an amino acid molecule ________.

has nitrogen in its chemical structure

Which form of iron is more readily absorbed in the human intestinal tract?

heme iron

________ is the iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.

hemoglobin

studying nutrition is important to

learn about the nutritional value of foods and effects diet can have on health

Justin's blood cholesterol levels are too high. He'd like to add foods to his diet that can help reduce his blood cholesterol level. Based on this information, which of the following foods should he add?

legumes

Osteoporosis is characterized by ________.

loss of bone mass and structure

The ________ sphincter closes after a bolus has been swallowed and enters the stomach. This sphincter is essential to prevent the contents of the stomach reentering the esophagus.

lower esophageal

In the body, vitamin A helps ________.

maintain epithelial cells

Iodine is necessary for ________.

maintaining normal thyroid function

The first step in the scientific method is to

make observations that generate questions.

Lactose is the disaccharide in

milk

The process of digesting food begins in the

mouth

When a person is in ________, their nitrogen intake is balanced with their nitrogen losses.

nitrogen equilibrium

A diet that supplies adequate amounts of nutrients prevents _______.

nutrient-deficiency disorders

Adding a small amount of ________ to cooked vegetables can enhance the intestinal tract's ability to absorb the fat-soluble vitamins they contain.

olive oil

According to the MyPlate guidelines, fruits and vegetables should account for about ________ of the food on a person's plate.

one-half

The movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane is called ________.

osmosis

________ is a condition associated with vitamin D deficiency in adults that is characterized by softening of the bones.

osteomalacia

Which of the following is NOT a type of lipid?

polysaccharides

Which of the following minerals is NOT a trace mineral?

potassium

_______ is classifies as a major mineral

potassium

Which mineral helped iodine deficiencies become uncommon in North America?

sodium

water is:

the largest constituent of the body

Today, Henry only ate three sandwiches made with whole-grain buns, 3 slices of cheese, and 8 ounces of turkey breast. He also drank 3 cups of apple juice. According to MyPlate, he ate nothing from the food group that includes _______.

vegetables

Which vitamin is essential to the absorption of calcium?

vitamin D

Which of the following substances is a macronutrient?

protein

Which of the following substances is a nutrient that does NOT supply any energy for the human body?

protein

In the body, lipids ________.

provide insulation against cold temperatures

To reduce her intake of added sugar, Isabelle should

replace regular soft drinks with plain water

The host of a radio program makes a "red flag" claim about a nutrition-related product, because the claim is generally an indication that the information about the product is unreliable. The radio program host said,

"All ingredients in this product have been scientifically tested and clinically proven to cure cancer."

What are the three keys to good nutrition?

1) biological function 2) if you remove the nutrient, there is a decline 3) if you add a nutrient, there is a noticeable improvement

Per serving, which of the following foods is the most energy-dense?

4-ounce chocolate doughnut

Glucose, fructose, and galactose all contain _______ carbons.

6

Approximately how many grams of carbohydrate are in a sugar-sweetened beverage that supplies 240 kcals and contains no fiber, fat, protein, or alcohol?

60 grams of carbohydrate

Which of the following statements is true?

Cells produce water as a by-product of metabolism.

A bagel has 11 g of protein, 2 g of fat, and 56 g of carbohydrates. How many kcals are in the bagel?

11 g of protein x 4 kcal/g = 44 kcal 2 g of fat x 9 kcal/g = 18 kcal 56 g of carbohydrates x 4 kcal = 224 44 kcal of protein + 18 kcal of fat + 224 kcal of carbohydrates = 286 kcal total

A serving of food contains 15 g carbohydrate, 3 g protein, 5 g fat, 5 mg vitamin C, and 100 mL water. Based on this information, a serving of this food supplies _______.

117 kcals

A carrot has 12 g of carbohydrates, 1 g of protein, and no fat. Your roommate ate 30 carrots. How many kcals did she consume?

12 g of carbohydrates x 4 kcal /g = 48 kcal 1 g of protein x 4 kcal/g = 4 kcal 48 kcal of carbohydrates + 4 kcal of protein = 52 kcal total 30 Carrots 52 kcal per carrot x 30 carrots = 1,560 kcal total

Which of the following is NOT a common sign of dehydration?

Rapid weight gain

Which of the following menu items has ingredients that represent all MyPlate food groups?

Salad made with hard-cooked eggs, grapes, leaf lettuce, cooked pasta, and cheddar cheese

What is the major difference between soluble and insoluble forms of fiber?

Soluble fiber dissolves or swells in water, whereas insoluble fiber generally does not change in water.

For lunch today, Quentin ate a turkey sandwich on whole wheat bread, a small bag of pretzels, and an apple. He also drank a 20-fluid ounce orange-flavored sports drink. Which component of his lunch would be considered a source of empty calories?

Sports drink

Which of the following statements is false?

The Internet is generally a reliable source of nutrition information, because information posted at websites has been peer-reviewed.

Which of the following statements is true?

The adult AMDR for carbohydrates is 45 to 65% of total energy intake.

Which of the following is NOT a key nutrition concept?

The best way for people to obtain all the essential nutrients is to consume dietary supplements.

Which of the following food sources contains the least amount of heme iron?

black beans

Which of the following organs is not an accessory organ of the digestive system?

brain

Which disease process is caused by a deficiency of fluoride?

dental caries

Which category of minerals is associated with maintaining water balance, osmotic equilibrium, acid-base balance, and intracellular/extracellular differential?

electrolytes

An essential nutrient _______.

must be supplied by your diet

Lipids include phospholipids, sterols, and amino acids.

false

The three most important dietary monosaccharides for humans are

galactose, glucose, and fructose

When muscle cells have more glucose than they need for energy, they may store some of the excess as

glycogen

Ava is trying to add more protein to her diet. Which of the following foods would you recommend to Ava as the richest source of natural protein?

hamburger (80% lean), 4 oz

Compared to most unsaturated fatty acids, a trans fatty acid ________.

has at least one double bond with hydrogen atoms on opposite sides of the hydrocarbon chain at the position of the double bond

The ________ is the primary site of vitamin absorption.

small intestine

When participating in an event, endurance athletes often use which of the following foods or beverages to avoid sodium depletion?

sports drinks

The RDA for iron is 8 mg for young men and 18 mg for young women. Based on this information, iron is a ________ mineral.

trace

A nutrient requirement is the smallest amount of a nutrient that maintains a defined level of nutritional health.

true

In the United States, newborns receive an injection of ________ to prevent ________.

vitamin K; bleeding