Nutrition For Office management
Based on the Nestle Purina Body Condition System™'s 9-point scale, a body condition score of ________ is ideal for a dog. a. 2 to 3 b. 4 to 5 c. 6 to 7 d. 8 to 9
B
Cats cannot synthesize ___________________, so it must be included in their diets. a. acetic acid b. arachidonic acid c. boric acid d. none of the above
B
How much water does a typical dry dog or cat food (kibble) contain? a. less than 5% b. less than 12% c. approximately 15% d. more than 12%
B
If you provide free-choice food to a dog, the dog: a. will always restrict intake to maintain ideal body condition b. may overeat c. neither a nor b d. both a and b
B
In addition to diet, what other recommendation would you likely make for a dog needing to lose weight? a. supplements b. exercise c. medication d. none of the above e. all of the above
B
Moxie is a healthy 3-month-old spayed female Labrador Retriever that is eating Purina® Pro Plan® brand Chicken & Rice Formula for Puppies. Moxie's owner wants to know if Moxie should receive a daily calcium supplement? a. Yes, because a supplement helps protect against rickets, a common bone mineralization disorder in U.S. pets. b. No, because Moxie is fed a complete and balanced dog food. Giving Moxie more dietary calcium than she needs may upset the diet's nutritional balance. c. No, because giving a calcium supplement may increase Moxie's food intake. d. Yes, because growing large-breed dogs like Moxie need more calcium than most adult dog foods provide.
B
Mr. Wright has been surfing various Web sites lately to read about dog food ingredients. When he looked at the ingredient list of the adult maintenance food he's feeding his 4-year-old Beagle, he saw that poultry by-product meal was the second ingredient. Mr. Wright wants to know what poultry by-product meal is and the value it adds to pet food. How do you respond? A)Poultry by-product meal is made of ground, cooked parts of poultry carcasses including necks, feet and feathers. It's a source of protein and fiber. B)Poultry by-product meal consists of various parts of poultry carcasses, minus feathers, that have been rendered and ground. It can be an excellent source of protein and minerals. C)Poultry by-product meal includes various parts of non-rendered poultry carcasses that have been ground up. D)Poultry by-product meal consists of ground, uncooked parts of poultry carcasses such as necks, feet and feathers.
B
Mrs. VanDorn has brought Sugar, her 18-month-old spayed female Husky, in for a checkup. Sugar appears healthy, but is a bit thin (BCS of 3.5 on a 9-point scale). Sugar is fed a dry food ad lib and is very active. Dr. Cline has recommended to Mrs. VanDorn that she switch Sugar to a diet with greater digestibility. After Dr. Cline leaves the exam room, Mrs. VanDorn asks you what "digestibility" means. You explain that digestibility: A)Refers to the process pet food manufacturers use to make meat and poultry meals. B)Is the proportion of nutrients in food available for absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. C)Is the ability of a nutrient to be absorbed and used by the body. D)Refers to Sugar's willingness to eat the new dog food.
B
Puppies of various breed sizes all gain weight and mature at the same rate. a. true b. false
B
Puppies should be introduced to solid food by offering dry food mixed with warm water at: a. 2 weeks of age b. 3 to 4 weeks of age c. 6 to 8 weeks of age d. 12 weeks of age
B
Regardless of the type of dog food fed to an adult dog, the dog should always be given supplements. a. true b. false
B
Several studies show that dietary protein levels consistent with complete and balanced nutrition may negatively affect kidney function of healthy older dogs. a. true b. false
B
The by-product and meal ingredients (e.g., poultry by-product meal, meat and bone meal) used to make cat and dog foods include indigestible or undesirable parts such as hair, feathers, hooves and stomach contents. a. true b. false
B
Which is a function of protein? a. helps relieve constipation b. serves as a structural component of tissues c. supplies essential fatty acids d. stimulates hunger
B
Which micromineral is essential to the production of thyroid hormones? a. copper b. iodine c. selenium d. zinc
B
Which nutrient is the most concentrated source of calories in pet food? a. carbohydrates b. fat c. protein d. all of the above
B
Which nutritional component stimulates intestinal tract movement, controls intestinal passage time and helps a cat or dog feel full when eating fewer calories? a. fat b. fiber c. minerals d. protein
B
Which of the following can develop when cats and dogs are fed protein-deficient diets? a. decreased immune function b. increased appetite c. weight gain d. lustrous hair coat
B
Which of the following is the most common nutritional disorder among dogs? a. vitamin A deficiency b. obesity c. muscle atrophy d. protein deficiency
B
Which statement about energy requirements and cats is true? a. A cat's energy requirement increases from young adulthood through middle age. b. A cat's energy requirement typically decreases from young adulthood through middle age, but then tends to increase after 10 to 13 years of age. c. Feline energy needs decrease with age once a cat reaches its geriatric years. d. Once a cat reaches 7 years old, its energy needs remain constant as it ages.
B
Which vitamins are not stored in the body and must be provided in the diet every day? a. alcohol-soluble vitamins b. fat-soluble vitamins c. protein-soluble vitamins d. water-soluble vitamins
B
Why might a raw meat diet be considered a public health issue? a. Raw meat diets, especially those made from meat labeled for human consumption, are not considered a public health issue. b. Raw meat diets may be contaminated with bacteria, protozoa and parasites that are capable of causing disease in people and pets.
B
Why should pet owners avoid feeding their dogs any form of onions? a. Onions disrupt electrical impulse conductivity in the heart. b. Onions are toxic to red blood cells, causing Heinz body anemia. c. Onions damage white blood cells, leading to a compromised immune system. d. Onions may cause severe halitosis in dogs.
B
Water is essential to life because it: a. facilitates chemical reactions, including those that occur during normal digestion b. regulates body temperature by dissipating body heat c. provides shape and flexibility to the body as a component of body cells, tissues and fluids d. lubricates and cushions joints, body organs and the central nervous system e. facilitates all of the activities listed above
E
During a new puppy wellness visit, Ms. Sutton asks how much she should feed her new puppy. She doesn't want to overfeed him, but she also wants to avoid underfeeding the puppy. What factors will influence the puppy's energy needs? A. neuter status B.body size C.environmental conditions D.life stage E. all of the listed factors may affect energy requirements
E.
Jasper, a 5-year-old neutered male Labrador, has been fed a grocery store brand adult dog food for the past year. But now Jasper's owner says Jasper is sluggish and has lost his shiny hair coat and weight. You determine Jasper's body condition score to be 3 on a 9-point scale. To regain his energy, lustrous hair coat and weight, Jasper's diet needs more nutrients from which categories? (Choose the best answer.) A. water and vitamins B. minerals and vitamins C. protein and fat D. carbohydrates and water
C. protein and fat
Ms. Schumacher will be picking up her newly adopted 2-month-old female puppy in three days and would like some advice. She recalls learning in high school biology class about a vitamin that works with minerals to produce strong bones, but she can't remember anything more. Which fat-soluble vitamin fits Ms. Schumacher's description? vitamin B1 vitamin E vitamin D vitamin K
vitamin d
Ms. LeMons is calling with a question about her 3-year-old neutered male Chihuahua's nutritional needs. While taking her daily vitamin-mineral supplement this morning, Ms. LeMons realized she knew nothing about her dog's mineral requirements. Which one of the following microminerals (trace minerals) is essential for dogs and cats? calcium sodium biotin zinc
zinc
8. Bioavailability refers to the: a. amount of nutrients absorbed from the GI tract into the bloodstream b. proportion of nutrients in food available for excretion via the large intestine c. concentration of nutrients ingested by an animal regardless of absorption d. percentage of nutrients found in 100 metabolizable calories of food
A
A dog's environment can affect its nutritional needs. a. true b. false
A
A weight management formula for dogs typically contains _________ fiber than a maintenance formula to help dogs feel satisfied while losing weight. a. more b. less
A
By nature, cats: a. are nibblers b. eat one meal a day c. eat large meals once or twice a week d. none of the above
A
Decreasing the protein level in senior dog diets may be inappropriate because dietary protein helps: a. slow age-associated loss of lean body mass. b. maintain a strong immune system. c. maximize protein turnover in the body. d. all of the above.
A
Dogs benefit from eating a variety of foods rather than a single-ingredient diet. a. true b. false
A
Fiber is a type of: a. carbohydrate b. fat c. protein d. vitamin
A
In the Nestle Purina PetCare Life Span Study, feeding to ideal body condition throughout dogs' lives extended their median life span by 1.8 years. a. true b. false
A
Ingredient quality has a substantial impact on nutrient availability, digestibility, nutritional adequacy and palatability of a pet food. a. true b. false
A
Life stage nutrition refers to nutrient needs based on _____________. a. age b. gender c. weight d. overall health status
A
Ms. L'Enfant is calling for advice on Sweet'ems, her 12-year-old Siamese cat that has suddenly become finicky about eating her canned food. Because she has been extremely busy at the office, Ms. L'Enfant explains, she has been giving Sweet'ems enough food to last into the late-evening hours. Sweet'ems is leaving food in her dish, yet acts hungry when Ms. L'Enfant returns home. Ms. L'Enfant gives Sweet'ems more canned cat food, even though she strongly dislikes wasting it. Which option for feeding Sweet'ems should you suggest to Ms. L'Enfant? A)Replace a portion of canned food with high-quality dry kibble that can be left out all day so Sweet'ems can nibble when she's hungry B)Switch Sweet'ems to a semi-moist cat food because it will stay fresh longer than canned food C)Change Sweet'ems diet to include only dry cat food because it can be conveniently fed ad lib, allowing Sweet'ems to consume fresh food throughout the day
A
Nutritional requirements of bitches during lactation are similar to: a. puppies b. other adult dogs c. senior dogs
A
One of the most common food allergens for both dogs and cats is: a. beef b. lamb c. rice d. soybean meal
A
Pet food manufacturers often use more than one protein source in a dog or cat food because no single ingredient contains the correct proportions of all essential amino acids required by dogs or cats. a. true b. false
A
Poultry by-product meal, poultry by-products, meat by-products, and meat and bone meal can contribute valuable nutrients, including protein and essential amino acids, fat, calcium and phosphorus, to cat and dog foods. a. true b. false
A
Providing _______________ during growth can produce excessively rapid growth in larger breed puppies. a. an excess of calories b. a diet high in fat c. a diet high in fiber d. all of the above
A
Puppy food should not be fed to adult dogs because: a. Growth diets may be too energy-dense for some adult dogs. b. Adult dogs will not find puppy food to be palatable. c. both a and b d. neither a nor b
A
The nutritional adequacy statement on a pet food package tells whether a food provides complete and balanced nutrition and is adequate for one or more life stages. a. true b. false
A
What is the definition of digestibility? a. a percentage of a nutrient in food that is available for absorption by the body b. the total amount of a specific nutrient present in the diet c. an indication of the amount of food an animal will consume d. the volume of a nutrient excreted from the body
A
What is the key function of energy in the body? a. fueling metabolic reactions b. transporting nutrients via the bloodstream c. exchanging air in the lungs d. contributing carbon atoms to other substances
A
Which nutrient guarantees are always required on the label of any cat and dog food marketed in the United States? a. % crude protein (min), % crude fat (min), % crude fiber (max) b. % crude protein (min), % crude fat (min), % linoleic acid (min) c. % crude protein (min), % crude fiber (max), % calcium (max) d. % crude fat (min), % magnesium (max), % water (min)
A
Which of the following is a key safety concern associated with feeding raw meat or poultry and bones to dogs and cats? a. damage to the GI tract by jagged or sharp bones b. inability of animals to absorb minerals from ground bone c. potential for ammonia toxicity due to a high-protein diet d. absence of microorganisms in meat labeled fit for human consumption
A
Which of the following statements about soy are true? a. Soy is an excellent source of protein and essential amino acids. b. Soy protein by itself contains enough taurine to meet the needs of cats and dogs. c. Soy in dry dog food may increase a dog's risk of developing gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV). d. None of the above statements are true.
A
Which organization is NOT associated with defining, overseeing or approving the ingredients and additives used in cat and dog foods? a. American Pet Product Manufacturers Association b. Association of American Feed Control Officials c. Food and Drug Administration d. U.S. Department of Agriculture
A
While reviewing the ingredient list of the canned chicken and beef entrée cat food she feeds her 12-year-old Domestic Shorthair cat, Mrs. Olson came across several terms that she didn't recognize. Mrs. Olson's question for you is, "Why are things like tricalcium phosphate, potassium chloride and ferrous sulfate added to cat food?" How do you respond? Ingredients such as tricalcium phosphate, potassium chloride and ferrous sulfate are added to pet foods to ensure the food contains the proper amount and proportion of essential minerals. You're not sure why those ingredients are included, since diets high in chicken and beef contain enough calcium and magnesium to maintain a senior cat. Adding potassium chloride is important for ensuring adequate potassium. It's common for cat foods to be deficient in this key mineral. Good question, Mrs. Olson! The ingredients are added to canned cat food for insurance, since the canning process destroys minerals naturally present in chicken and beef.
A
While wandering through the pet aisles at a local discount store, Mr. Irwin sees a new brand of dog food and buys a small bag for his 3-year-old neutered male Australian Cattle Dog, Dundee. Now he's not sure if the new food contains enough protein to meet Dundee's needs. Where on the pet food label would you look to address Mr. Irwin's concern? A)Guaranteed analysis B)Nutritional adequacy statement C)Ingredient list
A
This year, Mr. Gordon will be pheasant hunting with friends in South Dakota, so he wants Flash, his 2-year-old intact male English Pointer, healthy and ready to flush and retrieve. Mr. Gordon asks about changing Flash's food in preparation for hunting season so that he will have enough energy to hunt for several hours. Flash is eating a high-protein, moderate-fat diet. Compared to Flash's current food, what nutrient could be increased in the new diet to provide greater energy density and more staying power on the hunt? A. fat B. vitamins C. protein D. water
A. Fat Selecting a dog food with a higher proportion of fat will increase the diet's energy, or caloric, density.
1. Domestic cats are: a. omnivores b. carnivores c. vegetarians d. none of the above
B
2. "Nutrients" and "ingredients" can be used interchangeably when describing dog and cat foods. a. true b. false
B
A diet of table scraps for an adult dog generally provides complete and balanced nutrition. a. true b. false
B
A dog's resting metabolic rate _________________ with age. a. does not change b. slows c. increases
B
A good senior dog diet has reduced _____________ to help maintain ideal body condition. a. fiber b. fat and calories c. protein d. glucosamine
B
AAFCO does not recognize vitamin C (ascorbic acid) as essential for cats and dogs because healthy dogs and cats: a. are born with a lifetime supply of vitamin C. b. can make vitamin C from glucose. c. do not require vitamin C.
B
3. The ______________ secretes enzymes, such as amylase and lipase, and releases sodium bicarbonate into the small intestine to aid in digestion. a. gall bladder b. liver c. pancreas d. salivary glands
C
5. Ingested food is mixed with bile and digestive enzymes in the ______________. a. large intestine b. rectum c. small intestine d. stomach
C
A ________________ formula is an ideal diet for a hardworking dog. a. growth b. maintenance c. performance d. senior
C
A bitch's weight increases most rapidly during the __________ trimester. a. first b. second c. third
C
Both dogs and cats require the essential fatty acid ______________. a. arachidonic acid b. eicosapentaenoic acid c. linoleic acid d. palmitic acid
C
Dogs are: a. obligate carnivores b. vegetarians c. omnivores d. none of the above
C
Each day, cats require _______________________ dogs. a. less protein than b. as much protein as c. more protein than d. none of the above
C
How many meals a day should a young puppy receive? a. 1 meal a day b. 2 meal a day c. at least 3 meals a day
C
In general, a dog is not considered to be a senior until the age of: a. 3 years b. 5 years c. 7 years d. 9 years
C
Moxie is a healthy 3-month-old spayed female Labrador Retriever that is eating Purina® Pro Plan® brand Chicken & Rice Formula for Puppies. Moxie's owner wants to know if Moxie should receive a daily calcium supplement? a. Yes, because a supplement helps protect against rickets, a common bone mineralization disorder in U.S. pets. b. No, because Moxie is fed a complete and balanced dog food. Giving Moxie more dietary calcium than she needs may upset the diet's nutritional balance. c. No, because giving a calcium supplement may increase Moxie's food intake. d. Yes, because growing large-breed dogs like Moxie need more calcium than most adult dog foods provide.
C
Ms. Olsen is calling with questions about the dry food she feeds her newly adopted 1-year-old neutered male tabby, Tigger. One of her coworkers told her Tigger shouldn't be fed a dry cat food because dry foods contain high levels of carbohydrates, which cats don't eat "in the wild." You explain that, although carbohydrates are not an essential dietary nutrient for cats, carbohydrates can serve an important function because: A.Carbohydrates are the primary building blocks of protein. B.Carbohydrates act as messengers between cells. C.Carbohydrates provide a readily available source of energy. D. Good job! While carbohydrates are not essential nutrients for cats, small amounts of carbohydrates give cats a ready energy source so they can use more of the protein they eat to maintain and repair body tissues instead of making glucose. E.Carbohydrates are converted to several key enzymes important to fat metabolism.
C
Of the three most important factors related to the health and wellness of companion animals — genetics, environment and nutrition — upon which might a veterinary professional expect to have the greatest impact? a. genetics b. environment c. nutrition
C
Tabitha, a 4-year-old Persian cat, has a body condition score of 6. How does her score compare with ideal body condition? a. Tabitha is too thin. b. Tabitha has ideal body condition. c. Tabitha is too heavy.
C
The goal of a senior dog nutrition plan is to ______________ even though age-related metabolic changes may be taking place. a. maintain optimal health b. maintain ideal body condition c. both a and b d. neither a nor b
C
What is the primary function of carbohydrates in cat and dog foods? a. carry vitamins A, D, E and K b. deliver essential fatty acids c. provide energy from glucose d. supply essential amino acids
C
What percentage of their energy intake do puppies use for growth in the first few weeks after weaning? a. 10% b. 25% c. 50% d. 100%
C
Which macromineral plays a key role in maintaining acid-base balance and regulating normal osmotic pressure? a. iron b. phosphorus c. sodium d. sulfur
C
_______________ is defined as "a specific quantity of food appropriate for a dog's life stage and lifestyle offered at specific time(s) during the day." a. free-choice feeding b. time-restricted feeding c. food-restricted meal feeding
C
. Which of these nutrients is most important for survival? a. carbohydrates b. energy c. protein d. water
D
4. The large intestine is the site of: a. digestive enzyme secretion b. vitamin D production c. protein digestion d. water and electrolyte absorption
D
A pet food that is complete and balanced for one or more specific life stages contains: a. most of the required nutrients for all life stages in a digestible form and in the correct ratios. b. all required ingredients for a certain life style in a bioavailable form that exceeds AAFCO standards. c. a majority of the required nutrients and ingredients in a digestible form and in the correct amounts. d. all required nutrients for a particular life stage in a bioavailable form and in the correct proportions.
D
Based on the ingredient list shown, which ingredient is present in the largest quantity by weight?(turkey, brewers rice, animal fat preserved) a. brewers rice b. corn gluten meal c. poultry by-product meal d. turkey
D
Choosing the appropriate nutrition plan for a cat allows its owner to: a. feed to help promote optimal health, longevity and performance b. meet their cats' individual nutritional needs c. match nutritional intake to the cat's needs based on life stage, lifestyle and body condition d. all of the above e. none of the above
D
Corn is a valuable ingredient that: a. provides highly digestible carbohydrates. b. is a good source of linoleic acid. c. provides amino acids that complement those found in other proteins. d. delivers all of the above listed nutrients
D
Dog foods designed for optimizing dermatologic health should contain: a. specialized blends of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids b. increased levels of certain vitamins and/or minerals c. high-quality, highly digestible proteins d. all of the above e. none of the above
D
How does the cat's ability to metabolize carbohydrates differ from the dog? a. The cat lacks the enzyme glucokinase, which efficiently metabolizes glucose within cells. Instead, the cat uses hexokinase for glucose metabolism. b. Cat saliva does not contain amylase, an enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates. c. The cat has lower concentrations of carbohydrate-digesting enzymes than the dog. d. All of the above explain the difference between feline and canine carbohydrate metabolism.
D
Maintaining a dog's ideal body condition can help support _________. a. healthy joints b. optimal blood sugar levels c. ideal blood pressure and heart rate d. all of the above e. none of the above
D
Which compound is found in chocolate and may be toxic to dogs if consumed in large quantities? a. histamine b. phenylethylamine c. serotonin d. theobromine
D
Which of the following characteristics does NOT describe a performance diet for dogs? a. optimal protein-to-fat ratio b. highly digestible c. highly palatable d. low calorie content
D
Which of the following statements is NOT true? a. ABC Beef Dog Food contains at least 95% beef by weight. b. ABC Beef Dinner contains at least 25% beef by weight. c. ABC Dog Food With Beef contains at least 3% beef by weight. d. ABC Beef Flavored Dog Food contains at least 25% beef by weight
D
Which protein source is preferred by body cells when synthesizing new proteins? a. beef b. chicken by-product meal c. soybean meal d. The original source doesn't matter once proteins are digested to amino acids.
D
Which type of pet food, dispensed only through veterinary clinics, is formulated with unique nutrient profiles to help veterinarians manage specific health conditions? a. premium b. standard c. super premium d. veterinary
D
While participating in a local walk for animals with her 2-year-old Boston Terrier, Maggie, Ms. Grant listened as a group of dog owners discussed the making of pet foods. She's calling today because she's concerned that no regulatory agency oversees pet food manufacturers. Which U.S. federal agencies regulate the pet food industry? A)Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) B)U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) C)Food and Drug Administration (FDA) D)FDA and USDA
D
Ms. Jefferson, who has a 7-year-old, spayed Siamese cat, recently heard from a friend that cats require more essential fatty acids than dogs. She wants to know if that's true and, if so, which essential fatty acids her cat needs. What is your reply? Yes, cats require two essential fatty acids, oleic acid and linolenic acid. No, dogs require two essential fatty acids compared to the one fatty acid required by cats. Yes, cats require two essential fatty acids, linolenic acid and arachidonic acid. Yes, cats require two essential fatty acids, arachidonic acid and linoleic acid.
Great job! Cats require both arachidonic acid and linoleic acid, while dogs only require linoleic acid. These essential fatty acids are provided in sufficient amounts in all complete and balanced cat foods. (last answer)
Mrs. Humphries has brought her 3-year-old Domestic Shorthair cat, Pussy Willow, and Puss' litter of six 5-week-old kittens into the clinic. Pussy Willow has lost a substantial amount of hair and what is left is dry and brittle. Mrs. Humphries also is concerned because the kittens seem to be growing more slowly and mewing more frequently than in previous weeks. Pussy Willow has been eating a grocery-store brand of dry cat food that's labeled for maintenance. Pussy Willow's hair loss and the kitten's slowed growth could be attributed to an inadequate amount of which nutrient? protein water carbohydrates vitamin K
Protein
9. Stating nutrient levels on a dry-matter (DM) basis enables more accurate comparison of pet foods than expressing nutrient levels on an as-fed basis. a. true b. false
True
Ms. Trotter has brought her adult Domestic Shorthair cat, Baloo, to the clinic for her rabies booster vaccination. Now she's studying the Nestlé Purina Body Condition System™ poster on the exam room wall. As you step toward Ms. Trotter and the poster, she asks you about the purpose of body condition scoring and what score you would give Baloo. You explain to Ms. Trotter that scoring Baloo's body condition provides a quick, easy way to determine if Baloo is "just right," too thin or too heavy for her skeletal structure and body type. True False You also explain that a pet's body condition score reflects the balance between calorie intake and energy requirements. True False
True True
Roadie, a 15-year-old Jack Russell Terrier belonging to Mr. Stewart, is fed a senior dog food with a guaranteed analysis of 29% crude protein, 14% crude fat, 2% crude fiber and 8% moisture on an as-fed basis. Roadie is in ideal body condition, his appetite is good, and he seems to like the food. Still, Mr. Stewart is concerned that Roadie's food contains too much fat and wants to switch Roadie to a low-fat diet. Before Mr. Stewart makes the switch, you explain that fat in food has several important functions. Which one of the following reasons do you give? Dietary fat is needed to transport fat-soluble vitamins from the intestines to the bloodstream. Dietary fat provides a concentrated, readily digested source of energy. Dietary fat provides essential fatty acids that are necessary for cell membrane integrity. All of the above reasons would be included in a response to Mr. Stewart.
all of above
Mr. Biffle came to your hospital today with a question about his new puppy's nutritional needs. A coworker suggested Mr. Biffle give his 4-month-old Labrador Retriever, Nitro, a vitamin C supplement because it can prevent developmental bone disease in large and giant breed dogs. Should Mr. Biffle give Nitro additional vitamin C? Since vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is involved in collagen production, Mr. Biffle should supplement Nitro's diet with vitamin C. Mr. Biffle should give Nitro a daily vitamin C tablet because vitamin C deficiency can cause scurvy in puppies, just as it does in people. Although vitamin C is involved in collagen production, Mr. Biffle does not need to give a vitamin C supplement because healthy dogs can make this vitamin from glucose. Mr. Biffle does not need to give a vitamin C supplement because the vitamin has nothing to do with collagen or bone formation.
c