Nutrition: LS 7

it is the role of *blank*, located in a cell's nucleus, to store the instructions for protein synthesis

DNA

rank the basic steps of protein synthesis

DNA unwinds exposing a gene; the gene undergoes transcription, forming messenger RNA; mRNA transfers the information from the nucleus to ribosomes; the ribosomes "read" the messenger RNA; RNA molecule conveys a particular amino acid to the ribosome; at the ribosome, the amino acid attaches to the peptide chain

your body makes proteins by following information coded in your

DNA; deoxyribonucleic acid

edema refers to

a buildup of fluid in the spaces between cells

what results when a protein is absorbed without complete digestion?

allergy

When protein digestion is complete, we are left with

amino acids

proteins are made by assembling the 20 different *blank* into specific sequences as provided by the DNA

amino acids

proteins are made up of smaller units called

amino acids

which protein type lacks one or more of the essential amino acids?

low-quality protein; incomplete

the purpose of *blank* is to transfer the DNA code from the cell's nucleus to the cytoplasm so that protein synthesis can occur

mRNA

Which of the following is the amino acid that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts?

nonessential

the study of how a person's genetic makeup influences the way their body reacts to food is called

nutrigenetics

The digestive tract of an omnivore is able to digest

plants; animals

which of the following occurs when a person consumes more protein daily than he or she loses?

positive protein balance

protein functions as

antibodies; compounds that help maintain fluid and pH balance; enzymes

which of the following are advantages of a vegetarian diet?

high fiber; low saturated fat and cholesterol; high in phytochemicals

what are the chemical messengers that regulate body processes and responses?

hormones

a *blank* amino acid cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts, or at all, and must be included in the diet

indispensable; esential

health problems resulted from celiac?

infertility; osteoporosis; anemia

When a person's energy intake is adequate, PEM _______ likely to occur

is not

a *blank* is a modified vegetarian because they will extend their vegetarian diet to include dairy products

lactovegetarian

Protein synthesis begins when a gene's coded information about the order of amino acids on a specific protein is copied forming

messenger RNA

essential

nine

there are a total of *blank* essential amino acids and eleven nonessential amino acids that the body needs in order to function

nine

the branch of science that studies the interactions between gene functioning, dietary choices and the environment is called

nutritional genomics

an excess amino acid and/or protein intake leads to a high *blank* output

urine

what is formed when two amino acids bond?

dipeptide

nonessential amino acids are sometimes referred to as *blank* amino acids

dispensable

nonessential amino acids are also called

dispensable amino acids

*blank* involves a buildup of excess fluid in tissues

edema

nonessential

eleven

The body obtains about two-thirds of its amino acid supply from *blank* sources

endogenous

the amino acid pool is an *blank* source of nitrogen

endogenous

a compound that speeds up chemical reactions without becoming part of the products is called

enzyme

which of the following cannot by synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts and must be included in the diet?

essential

True or false: Animal proteins are not considered to be a good source of all nine essential amino acids

false

True or false: DNA does not play a vital role in protein synthesis

false

True or false: Protein synthesis is the process of altering the three-dimensional structure of a protein

false

True or false: tRNA is responsible for transferring DNA from the cell's nucleus to the cytoplasm

false

Choose the true statements about commercially prepared vegetarian foods

generally do not contain cholesterol; lower in saturated fat compared to non-vegetarian food; are made with soy-based products

which of the following are unproven diagnostic methods for allergies?

hair analysis; electrodermal testing; diagnosis performed by an alternative medical practitioner

which of the following are examples of processed meat products?

ham; sausage; bacon

myplate recommends varying your protein choices by

replacing meat dishes with dry beans, split peas, and foods made with soybeans; eating 8 ounces of fish such as salmon, trout, and herring; snacking on unsalted nuts and seeds

during protein synthesis, the mRNA moves to the *blank* after leaving the nucleus

ribosome

peptides

small chains of amino acids

choose examples of legumes

soybeans, peas, and peanuts; lentils and beans

where does protein digestion begin and end?

stomach/small intestinal cells

Each amino acid has a carbon atom that is attached to which four of the following?

amino group; acid group; hydrogen atom; side group/R group

trypsin and chymotrypsin

break down polypeptides into shorter peptides and amino acids

which of the following are the two primary sources of fuel for cells?

carbohydrates; fats

peptide bond

chemical attraction that connects two amino acids together

what type of protein is used to make cartilage, ligament, and bone tissue?

collagen

Which of the following are true about complete protein sources?

complete protein sources supply all nine essential amino acids; most foods of animal origin are sources of complete protein

strategies to lower costs at the grocery store include

consume more canned fish; having at least 1 vegetarian meal a week; limit soda consumption

a specific tRNA molecule

conveys a particular amino acid to the ribosome

what will prevent the absorption of nutrients, often leading to malnutrition?

damaged villi

the process of removing the nitrogen-containing group from an unneeded amino acid is called

deamination

What is the process of altering the three dimensional structure of a protein by treatment with heat, enzymes, acids, bases, or agitation?

denaturation

rank in order the steps involved in the digestion of protein beginning in the stomach

denaturation by stomach acid and partial digestion by pepsin; the pancreas secretes protein-splitting enzymes; final digestion occurs within absorptive cells; amino acids enter the portal vein and travel to the liver; rectum: very little dietary protein is excreted in feces

put the process of protein digestion in the correct order, from start to finish

digested proteins move from the stomach into the small intestine; further digestion occurs as the pancreas secretes protein-splitting enzymes, including trypsin; final digestion occurs within absorptive cells; amino acids enter the portal vein and travel to the liver

Which of the following is true about deamination?

occurs primarily in the liver; a process of removing the nitrogen-containing group from an unneeded amino acid; once the nitrogen is removed, the remaining amino acid is a carbon skeleton

humans are considered

omnivores; able to eat plants and animals

which of the following vegetarian diets allow a person to eat eggs but no other animal foods?

ovovegetarian

which organ secretes trypsin and chymotrypsin to further break down polypeptides into shorter peptides and amino acids?

pancreas

what is the name for the "hook" that provides a chemical attraction between the acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid?

peptide bond

Hormones, such as insulin and glucagon, are made of

protein

enzymes, antibodies, and clotting compounds are made of

protein

polypeptides

proteins comprised of 2 or more amino acids

there are three groups that make up each amino acid. they are the *blank* group, the *blank* group, and the *blank* group

r; nitogen-containing; acid

which of the following is true about transamination?

reactions are reversible; explains how non-essential amino acids can be made; involves the process of transferring a nitrogen-containing group to another substance to make an amino acid

The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for protein increases during

recovery from serious illness; a period of rapid growth; pregnancy

what are some good vegan alternatives to main menu items that contain meat?

split peas; dry beans; foods made from soybeans

Steps to follow when determining if a person has allergies include

testing performed by an immunologist; skin testing

process of transferring a nitrogen-containing group to another substance to make an amino acid

transamination

true or false: every cell contains protein

true

although food insecurity exists in the US, protein deficiency is

uncommon; present in specific population groups

what are examples of serious health problems that can result if amino acids do not function properly?

PKU; celiac disease; food allergies

allergic reactions can result in

anaphylactic shock

making *blank* to protect the body from a virus or a bacteria is one of several functions of protein

antibodies

the two forms of protein-energy malnutrition are *blank* and *blank*

kwashiorker; marasmus