Nutrition McGraw Hill Questions Test 2

Secretes pancreatic lipase and other enzymes for fat digestion

Pancreas

Important component of all cell membranes due to its hydrophillic head and hydrophobic tail Acts as an emulsifier in fat digestion and absorption

Phospholipids

Irregular heartbeat is a sign of low blood levels of which of the following electrolyte minerals? Sodium Potassium Chloride Phosphorus

Potassium

Which lipid is the primary source of dietary fat in our diets? Phospholipids Cholesterol Amino acids Triglycerides

Triglycerides

A 5% urea solution is hypotonic to a 10% urea solution. True False

True

A potential adverse effect of lower blood glucose for people with diabetes is hypoglycemia. True or false: Patients taking lorcaserin experienced more episode of hypoglycemia than controls. True False

True

ADH helps to conserve water during dehydration. True False

True

The Paleo diet recommends a variety of high-quality, complete proteins. True False

True

These fats decrease blood leves blood levels of cholesterol and are liquid at room temperature.

Unsaturated fatty acids

Carries mostly tryglicerides taken yp from the bloodstream by the liver as well as any fat made by the liver, to body cells

VLDL

Lawrence is learning that energy imbalance leads to weight fluctuations. When does weight gain occur? Weight gain occurs when caloric intake exceeds energy expenditure. Weight gain occurs when energy expenditure exceeds caloric intake. Weight gain occurs when caloric intake equals energy expenditure. All of the above situations can lead to weight gain.

Weight gain occurs when caloric intake exceeds energy expenditure.

Trans fatty acids occur naturally in some foods and are added to other manufactured foods. All of the statements about trans fats are true except trans fats increase overall inflammation in the body. a trans fat-free food will never have partially hydrogenated oil listed in its ingredient list. trans fats increase the risk for heart disease. partial hydrogenation of fat creates a semi-solid product known as a trans fat.

a trans fat-free food will never have partially hydrogenated oil listed in its ingredient list.

Compared to the recommendations of the Food and Nutrition Board, the Paleo diet tends to be low in carbohydrates. protein. fat.

carbohydrates.

One heart-health effect of monounsaturated fatty acids is to increase blood triglycerides. regulate heart rate. decrease blood cholesterol. decrease body weight.

decrease blood cholesterol.

ADH functions to increase urine volume output and cause blood vessel dilation. increase urine volume output and cause blood vessel constriction. decrease urine volume output and cause blood vessel dilation. decrease urine volume output and cause blood vessel constriction. decrease urine volume output, but has no effect on blood vessels.

decrease urine volume output and cause blood vessel constriction.

Animal protein has an ideal balance of branched-chain amino acids. complementary protein. nonessential amino acids. essential amino acids.

essential amino acids.

The total amount of protein a person can make will change based on availability of synthesizing amino acids. non-essential amino acids. essential amino acids. building amino acids.

essential amino acids.

Taking lorcaserin significantly decreased hemoglobin A1c over the 1-year study. This means patients taking lorcaserin had higher blood sugar most of the time. improved blood lipids. changes in liver function. lower blood sugar most of the time.

lower blood sugar most of the time.

Processed meats tend to have ______ total and saturated fat than fresh, unprocessed meats. about the same less more

more

Dehydration leads to increased ion concentration of the blood. This causes water to move out of cells move into cells

move out of cells

The weight-loss medication that acts by inhibiting the lipase enzyme in the small intestine is phentermine lorcaserin orlistat

orlistat

Babies in North America are routinely screened for phenylketonuria (PKU). PKU is a disease characterized by the body's inability to convert the essential amino acid _____ to the nonessential amino acid _____. proline; phenylalanine phenylalanine; proline phenylalanine; tyrosine tyrosine; phenylalanine

phenylalanine; tyrosine

The primary role of HDL in the body is to transport lipids to the cells of the body to supply energy. to the liver for metabolism. into the mitochondria for beta-oxidation. to the kidney for excretion.

to the liver for metabolism.

For those who need to lower their blood cholesterol levels, the American Heart Association recommends limiting saturated fat intake to ________ of total kilocalories. 5% to 6% 7% 10% 20% to 35%

5% to 6%

If a 180-pound man eats an adequate, 2200-kcal diet with 15% of kcal from protein, about how much of that protein will be used to build muscles? 25% 50% 75% 100%

50%

Tomas is a 24-year-old male trying to calculate his protein needs. The Food and Nutrition Board recommends that 10% to 35% of calories come from protein. If Tomas follows a 2,300-kcal diet, how many grams of protein per day should he be consuming? 230-805 grams of protein per day 23-81 grams of protein per day 58-201 grams of protein per day 26-89 grams of protein per day

58-201 grams of protein per day

Henry is a healthy 21-year-old college student who weighs 180 pounds. Calculate his protein needs based on the RDA. 164 grams 144 grams 106 grams 66 grams

66 grams

The current Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend limiting sodium intake to < 2300 milligrams per day. < 1500 milligrams per day. < 3500 milligrams per day. < 10% of total kilocalories.

< 2300 milligrams per day.

How is excess body weight related to hypertension? Excess potassium intake increases blood volume. Insulin resistance increases sodium excretion. Additional blood vessels place extra strain on the heart. All of the choices are correct.

Additional blood vessels place extra strain on the heart.

There are four primary categories of energy expenditure. Of the following, which one represents the majority of total energy use by the body? Basal metabolism Thermic effect of food Physical activity Thermogenesis

Basal metabolism

Which of the following is a key component of a sound weight-loss plan? Rapid rate of weight loss Use of dietary supplements Reduced energy expenditure Behavior modification

Behavior modification

Regular intake of fish provides a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids. Which of the following are health effects of omega-3 fatty acids? Check all that apply. Decreased inflammation Decreased blood pressure Decreased blood clotting Decreased HDL

Decreased inflammation Decreased blood pressure Decreased blood clotting

What are some potential drawbacks of an extremely low-fat diet? (Check all that apply) Deficient intake of fat-soluble vitamins Impaired immune function Dry, scaly skin Hypoglycemia

Deficient intake of fat-soluble vitamins Impaired immune function Dry, scaly skin

Why is water effective for body temperature regulation? Abundant water can be lost from the body without ill effects. Water temperature changes quickly. Evaporation of water from the skin releases heat energy. It takes very little energy to separate water molecules.

Evaporation of water from the skin releases heat energy.

Put foods in order by cholesterol content per serving from greatest to least 1 oz cheese 1 cup of 1% milk 1 Large egg yolk 3 oz shrimp

1 large egg yolk 3 oz shrimp 1 oz cheese 1 cup 1% milk

The AI for sodium for adults is ______ milligrams per day. 1200 1500 2000 2300

1500

Lawrence weighs 198 pounds. On average, men have a basal metabolic rate of 1.0 kilocalorie per kilogram per hour. Determine his basal metabolic rate. 17,820 kilocalories per day 1,944 kilocalories per day 2,160 kilocalories per day 1,045 kilocalories per day

2,160 kilocalories per day

Lawrence meets with a dietitian to develop a weight-loss plan. The dietitian says she will calculate his estimated calorie needs using the Estimated Energy Requirement Calculation for Men 19 years and older. If Lawrence is 54 years old, weighs 198 pounds, is 5'7" (67 inches) tall and has a sedentary activity level, what is his estimated energy requirement? 1500 kilocalories per day 2000 kilocalories per day 2500 kilocalories per day 3000 kilocalories per day

2500 kilocalories per day

The Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans suggest that people who need to lose weight or maintain weight loss need to perform ______ minutes per week of moderate-intensity physical activity. 75 225 150 300 or more

300 or more

Read the Discussion section of the research article. What is the average daily sodium intake among older adults? 3100 mg 1500 mg 2300 mg 4000 mg

3100 mg

Bile acids work as emulsifiers to aid in fat digestion. Starting from the site of bile production (1), trace the route of bile acids as they circulate through the body during fat digestion and absorption.

1. Liver 2. Gallbladder 3. Small intestine 4. Portal vein

Which of the following ethnic groups is at increased risk for hypertension? Hispanic-Americans Eastern Europeans Asian-Americans African-Americans

African-Americans

People who follow a Mediterranean lifestyle enjoy lower rates of heart disease. cancer. rheumatoid arthritis. All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct

A freeway billboard is advertising gastric bypass as a surgical weight-loss procedure. Candidates for this type of procedure must meet which criteria? Surgical weight-loss candidates should have a BMI > 40 or BMI of 35-40 if another serious obesity-related health problem exists (such as diabetes or hypertension). Surgical weight-loss candidates should have been obese for a minimum of five years with several other demonstrated, nonsurgical attempts to lose weight. Surgical weight-loss candidates should not be dependent on alcohol or have an untreated psychiatric disorder. All of these choices are patient selection criteria for surgical weight loss.

All of these choices are patient selection criteria for surgical weight loss.

Cardiologists and other healthcare professionals recommend that people who are at elevated risk for developing cardiovascular disease adopt an "anti-atherosclerotic" lifestyle to help prevent atherosclerosis. Which of the following is a component of an anti-atherosclerotic lifestyle? Smoking cessation Diet low in saturated fat and trans fat Consumption of fruits and vegetables high in antioxidants All of these responses are components of an anti-atherosclerotic lifestyle.

All of these responses are components of an anti-atherosclerotic lifestyle.

Based on the results of this study, what conclusions can you draw regarding the effectiveness of these three weight-loss interventions? Men should not follow a low-fat diet. A Mediterranean diet is the best dietary intervention for weight loss and prevention of chronic disease. Alternative approaches to weight loss should be considered based on personal preferences, gender, and existing chronic conditions. For anyone trying to lose weight, a low-carbohydrate diet is superior to low-fat and Mediterranean diets.

Alternative approaches to weight loss should be considered based on personal preferences, gender, and existing chronic conditions.

Protein contains nitrogen as part of its chemical structure. When the carbon skeletons of amino acids are metabolized to produce glucose or fat, ammonia is the resulting nitrogen-containing waste product. What happens to ammonia? Ammonia is converted to urea and excreted in the urine. Ammonia is used to clean out the liver. Ammonia is repackaged into other amino acids that are used by the body. Ammonia is broken down into carbon and oxygen that contribute to respiration.

Ammonia is converted to urea and excreted in the urine.

When body fluids are depleted, hormonal signals from the pituitary gland and the kidneys work together to restore fluid balance. Arrange the labels on the flowchart to describe the hormonal regulation of body water. Antidiuretic hormone signals the kidneys to retain more water. The kidneys activate an enzyme cascade involving angiotensin and aldosterone. Aldosterone increases absorption of sodium and chloride by the kidneys. which leads to retention of fluid. The posterior pituitary gland releases antidiuretic hormone

Body fluids are depleted. Kidneys sense decreased blood flow. The kidneys activate an enzyme cascafe involving angiotensin and adolsterone. Aldosterone increases absorption of sodium and chloride by the kidneys, which leads to retention of fluid. Fluid balance is restored. Body fluids are depleted. Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus sense that blood is becoming more concentrated. The hypothalamus gland signals the pituitary gland. The posterior pituitary gland releases adh. Adh signals the kidneys to retain more water.

Tomas is babysitting his neighbor's seven-month-old child who has just begun to eat solid foods. The parents did not mention any food allergies, but Tomas would rather be safe than sorry. Which food is the safest option for Tomas to offer the baby if he wants to minimize any potential problems with food allergies? Cereal made with rice and water Soup made with shrimp Omelet made with eggs and mushrooms Peanut butter sandwich on white bread

Cereal made with rice and water

Forms part of the active vitamin D hormone Your body's cells make about 875 mg of this lipid per day

Cholesterol

Which of the following dietary changes would reduce calorie intake by at least 100 kcal per day? Choose 2 tablespoons of regular ranch dressing instead of 2 tablespoons of light ranch dressing. Choose ½ cup of dried fruit instead of 1 cup of fresh fruit. Choose 1 cup of water instead of 1 cup of regular cola. Choose 1 cup of skim milk instead of 1 cup of whole milk.

Choose 1 cup of water instead of 1 cup of regular cola.

Most North American adults exceed current recommendations for sodium intake. Which of the following represents the best way to limit sodium intake? Choose home-cooked meals prepared with fresh ingredients rather than restaurant and processed foods. Decrease intake of dairy products. Use sea salt instead of iodized salt at the table and in cooking. Avoid adding salt to foods while cooking and at the table.

Choose home-cooked meals prepared with fresh ingredients rather than restaurant and processed foods.

Carries absorbed lipids from the small intestine to the body cells

Chylomicron

The unsaturated fatty acids can exist in one of two structural forms. When hydrogens on an unsaturated fatty acid lie on the same side of the carbon-carbon double bond, a _______formation exists. The _____form occurs when hydrogens on both carbons forming the double bond lie on opposite sides of the bond.

Cis Trans

Lawrence recently attended a local health fair to learn more about improving his diet and lifestyle. While there, a hospital worker used fat calipers on the back of his triceps to assess his percent body fat. A friend points out that skinfold calipers often give very inaccurate percent body fat readings. If Lawrence wants to obtain the most accurate percent body fat measurement, which method should he use? DEXA Hand-held bioelectrical impedance device Body mass index Air displacement

DEXA

These fats regulate blood pressure and increase blood clotting.

Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids

Tomas has taken up bodybuilding and is starting to become more interested in a diet to improve athletic performance. He read an article in a bodybuilding magazine that said he should dramatically increase his dietary protein intake. What happens to protein when it is consumed in excess of the body's needs? Excess amino acids are excreted in the urine. Excess amino acids are stored in muscle tissue. Excess amino acids are used to meet energy needs or converted to and stored as fat. All of the above are potential results of excessive dietary protein intake.

Excess amino acids are used to meet energy needs or converted to and stored as fat.

Indicate whether each electrolyte is intracellular or extracellular and a positively charged ion or negatively charged ion. Chloride

Extracellular negatively charged ion

Indicate whether each electrolyte is intracellular or extracellular and a positively charged ion or negatively charged ion. Sodium

Extracellular positively charged ion

Increases in physical activity could explain the lower occurrence of major cardiovascular events in the Mediterranean diet groups compared to the control group. True False

False

The study participants did not have cardiovascular disease at the start of the study, but they were at high risk for cardiovascular disease. Which of the following were considered to be risk factors for cardiovascular disease? Family history of premature coronary heart disease High HDL Overweight or obesity Hypertension

Family history of premature coronary heart disease Overweight or obesity Hypertension

What is the most likely side-effect of orlistat? Liver damage Dependence Gastrointestinal distress Lack of appetite

Gastrointestinal distress

Arises mostly from the liver and intestine and carries cholesterol from cells to other lipoproteins and to the liver for excretion

HDL

In the stable form of protein, what is generally oriented to the interior of the protein molecule? Hydrophobic portions Hydrophilic portions

Hydrophobic portions

The concentration of solute molecules is greater outside than inside. Because the environment outside the cell is more concentrated, water flows out, causing the cell to shrink.

Hypertonic solution

The concentration of solute olecules is greater inside than outside. In order to gain equilibrium, water flows in which causes the cell to swell

Hypotonic Solution

As part of a nutrition class project, Regina is following Dr. Dean Ornish's purely vegetarian (vegan) diet plan for one month. Her diet has less than 20% of calories from fat and uses only small amounts of vegetable oil in cooking and those naturally present in plant foods. If she were at risk for cardiovascular disease and if she continued on this diet, what is one expected outcome that may be attributable to the diet's high carbohydrate content? Increase in triglycerides Increase in blood pressure Decrease in blood sugar (glucose) Decrease in HDL cholesterol

Increase in triglycerides

Indicate whether each electrolyte is intracellular or extracellular and a positively charged ion or negatively charged ion. Phosphate

Intracellular negatively charged ion

Indicate whether each electrolyte is intracellular or extracellular and a positively charged ion or negatively charged ion. Potassium

Intracellular positively charged ion

The concentration of solute molecules inside the cells is the same as the concentration outside the cells

Isotonic solution

Arises from VLDL and carries mostly cholesterol to cells

LDL

Secretes bile to emulsify fat

Liver

Which diet group experienced the biggest improvements in blood lipid profiles? Mediterranean diet Low-fat diet Low-carbohydrate diet

Low-carbohydrate diet

Among diabetic subjects, which diet group experienced the biggest improvements in fasting blood glucose levels? Mediterranean diet Low-fat diet Low-carbohydrate diet

Mediterranean diet

Which of the following is a true statement about plant sources of protein? Most plant proteins are low in one or more of the essential amino acids. Most plant proteins are devoid of one or more of the essential amino acids. Plant proteins do not supply essential amino acids. Consuming plant proteins increases excretion of essential amino acids.

Most plant proteins are low in one or more of the essential amino acids.

Minor fat digestion by salivary lipase

Mouth

Is it necessary for Jackie to drastically lower her fat intake to achieve heart health? Yes No

No

A common source of fat in the Mediterranean diet is: olive oil. butter. margarine. figs.

Olive oil

These fats reduce inflammatory responses, blood clotting, and triglyceride levels.

Omega-3- polyunsaturated fatty acids

What is a reasonable lifestyle application based on the results of this study? Above and beyond your existing diet, add more nuts and olive oil. Incorporate at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity each day. Limit total fat intake to about 20% of total energy intake. Rather than drastically reducing fat intake, change fat quality by emphasizing dietary sources of monounsaturated fat.

Rather than drastically reducing fat intake, change fat quality by emphasizing dietary sources of monounsaturated fat.

What types of foods has Jackie used to replace the fat in her diet? Refined carbohydrates Whole grains Fruits and vegetables Processed meats

Refined carbohydrates

It is apparent that Jordan has not yet learned to implement the concept of complementary proteins, so the quality of protein in his diet is low. Which of the following meals contains complementary proteins? Rice with black beans and tomatoes Almond butter on whole grain toast Peas and carrots Fruit salad with blueberries, strawberries, raspberries, and honeydew melon

Rice with black beans and tomatoes

Sedentary lifestyle HDL = 31 mg/dL Diagnosed with type 2 diabetes Father had a heart attack at age 48

Risk factors for cardiovascular disease

Dietary consumption of which of the following has the greatest impact on blood lipids? Saturated fat Total cholesterol HDL cholesterol LDL cholesterol

Saturated fat

These fats increase blood levels of cholesterol and are solid at room temperature.

Saturated fatty acids

Site of most fat digestion and absorption

Small intestine

Minor fat digestion by gastric lipase

Stomach

Can be broken down to yield ~9kcal/gram Primary storage form of fat in the adipose tissue

Triglyceride

Fresh meats (e.g., pork loin) are a better choice for heart health than processed meats (e.g., pork sausage) because (check all that apply) fresh meats are lower in fat than processed meats.fresh meats are lower in fat than processed meats. Incorrect fresh meats are lower in sodium than processed meats. fresh meats are lower in cholesterol than processed meats. fresh meats are higher in fiber than processed meats.

fresh meats are lower in fat than processed meats.fresh meats are lower in fat than processed meats. Incorrect fresh meats are lower in sodium than processed meats. fresh meats are lower in cholesterol than processed meats.

There are a number of lipids that are found in foods and contribute to various functions in the body. Triglycerides are the most common lipid found in food and in the body; they consist of a __________ backbone attached to three fatty acids.

glycerol

Body Mass Index is a ratio of age and weight. age and height. muscle mass and weight. height and weight.

height and weight

Fatty acids are classified based on the degree to which the carbon chain is saturated with ___________.

hydrogen

Dehydration is detected by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus. anterior pituitary. posterior pituitary. kidney. cerebellum.

hypothalamus.

Lipids are a unique nutrient group, differing significantly from carbohydrates and proteins. All of the following are correct statements about lipids except lipids do not dissolve readily in water. lipids contain more than twice as many calories per gram as do carbohydrates and protein. humans need very little fat in their diets to maintain health. phospholipids are the most abundant type of lipids found in the body and in foods.

phospholipids are the most abundant type of lipids found in the body and in foods.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released by the hypothalamus. pituitary gland. kidney. cerebellum.

pituitary gland.

Over the past few years, Joe has experienced positive energy balance negative energy balance

positive energy balance

High dietary intake of ______ is associated with reductions in blood pressure. sodium chloride potassium iodide

potassium

Combining two complementary proteins will provide all of the essential amino acids in sufficient amounts to support protein synthesis in the body. limit muscle protein synthesis due to competition for absorption sites in the small intestine. lead to a buildup of urea in the blood. increase risk for development of colon cancer.

provide all of the essential amino acids in sufficient amounts to support protein synthesis in the body.

A fatty acid is ____________ if it contains no carbon-carbon double bonds, ________________ if it contains two or more carbon-carbon double bonds, and ______________ if it has only one carbon-carbon double bond.

saturated polyunsaturated monosaturated

A red blood cell placed in a hypertonic solution will expand. burst. shrink. have no change in shape. become a white blood cell.

shrink.