Nutrition midterm Pt. 1
when a food is labeled organic, farmers do not use what? But they may use what?
-antibiotics -hormones -genetic improvements -ionizing radiation But they may use natural pesticides
___ occurs when a nutrient moves against the concentration gradient; low concentration to high concentration; absorption of glucose and amino acids use this; Transport protein and energy input is required
active transport
observational epidemiological studies cannon establish ___
causation
when an intestinal sphincter contracts, it ___ the passageway and restricts the flow at that point in the digestive tract
closes
___ factors include cultural practices, religious teachings, past experiences
cognitive factors
___factors include cost, proximity, and availability
environmental factors
list the sections of the small intestine in order
-duodenum -jejunum -ileum
what are the characteristics of irritable bowel syndrome?
-loose stools -constipation -sensation of incomplete elimination
what type of nutrient transportation does not require an input of energy?
-simple diffusion -facilitated diffusion
what are the 5 primary taste sensations?
-sweet -sour -salty -bitter -umami (savory)
how much bile does the liver make a day?
2-4 cups
how many kcals are in: 1g carbohydrate 1g protein 1g fat 1g alcohol
4 4 9 7
energy dense foods have a kcal to weight ratio of ____
4.0 or higher
the choose your foods menu planning tool categorizes foods into three broad groups. What are they?
-carbs -meats/ meat substitutes -fats
Epidemiologists rely on ____ and ____ of people to obtain health data
-clinical trials -physical examinations
symptoms of a peptic ulcer
-deep abdominal pain -feeling of fullness that occurs two hours after eating
A physician named ___ discovered that the disease pellagra was related to diet
Joseph Goldberg
most of the milk in the US is fortified with ___
Vitamins A&D
___ is the amount of a particular nutrient that can be effectively digested, absorbed, and used by the body
bioavailability
in a ___, scientists collect and analyze various kinds of information about a large group of people over time
cohort study
what is the difference between correlation and causation?
correlation = relationship causation = weather a scientific event is responsible for an effect
___ is a product that contains a vitamin, a mineral, herbs or other plant products, an amino acid, or a dietary substance that supplements the diet by increasing total intake
dietary supplement
___ is a condition characterized by the presence of tiny pouches that form in the wall of the colon
diverticulosis
___ is the amount of energy (kcal) a food provides per given weight of the food
energy density
what is a case control study?
individuals with a health condition (cases), such as heart disease, are matched to people with similar characteristics who do not have the condition (control)
___ is a food that supplies more key beneficial nutrients and less solid fat, added sugars, refined starches, and sodium in relation to its caloric content
nutrient dense foods
food manufactures are required to use a special format to display information about the energy and nutrient contents of products called the ___
nutrition facts panel
___ is the contraction of muscles in the esophagus
peristalsis
___ of a nutrient is the amount that is within a range of safe intake and enables the body to function properly
physiological dose
___ factors include emotional stress and mood
psychological factors
in cases of ___, the inflammatory process causes ulcers to form in the mucosa of the colon and rectum
ulcerative colitis (UC)
a ___ is a factor, such as a persons age, weight, or environment, that can change or influence an outcome
variable
___ is the ranges of carbohydrate, fat, and protein intakes that provide adequate amounts of micronutrients and may reduce certain diet related chronic diseases
Accepable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR)
___ is the amount of a nutrient that is considered to be adequate based on the population's typical intakes, but there is not enough scientific information available to determine RDA for the nutrient at this time
Adequate Intake (AI)
___ are sets of energy and nutrient intake standards that nutrition experts can use as reference when making dietary decisions
Dietary reference intakes (DRI)
National standards for height, weight, and blood pressure are established using data from ___ research findings
NHANES
___ is the amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of nearly all healthy individuals in a particular life stage/ sex group
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
___ factors include age, sensory information, internal sensation
biological factors
what is the difference between enrichment and fortification?
enrichment-replaces some of the nutrients that food lose during refining -enriched flour fortification- the addition of nutrients to food, such as adding calcium to OJ, or vitamins A&D to milk
studies that can illustrate differences in dietary patterns among populations and can lead to additional experiments that may be able to test the cause of the disease process are called ___
epidemiological
the type of research conducted when an investigator measures the frequency of diabetes in different populations in termed ___ studies
epidemiological
___ is the amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of 50% of healthy people who are in a particular life stage/ sex group
estimated average requirement (EAR)
___ is the average daily energy intake that meets the needs of a healthy person who is maintaining or losing weight
estimated energy requirement (ER)
___ occurs when transport proteins carry nutrients down the concentration gradient; an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration; absorption of the simple sugar fructose
facilitated diffusion
in a ___ cohort study, a group of initially healthy people are followed over a time period and any diseases that eventually develop are recorded. Then the links are identified
prospective cohort study
in a ___ cohort study, researchers collect info about a groups past exposure and identify current health outcomes
retrospective cohort study
what is the purpose of a case control study?
scientists may be able to identify dietary practices that differ between the two groups, such as long term fruit and vegetable intake
___ occurs when the nutrient moved down the concentration gradient; that is, from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
simple diffusion
a ___ describes the role a nutrient or dietary supplement plays in maintaining a structure, such as bone or promoting a normal function, such as digestion
structure/function claim
___ is the maximum chronic daily intake of a nutrient that is unlikely to cause adverse health effects in most all people
tolerable upper intake level (UL)
What is on the Nutrition Facts Panel?
-information about energy and nutrient contents of products -serving size -number of servings in container
list the 7 steps of the scientific method
-make observations that generate questions -formulate a hypotheses -review current scientific literature that relate to the question -design studies, preform tests, and collect data -analyze data and draw conclusions based on results -share results with peers -conduct more research, the results of which may confirm or refute previous findings