Nutrition midterm Pt. 1

when a food is labeled organic, farmers do not use what? But they may use what?

-antibiotics -hormones -genetic improvements -ionizing radiation But they may use natural pesticides

___ occurs when a nutrient moves against the concentration gradient; low concentration to high concentration; absorption of glucose and amino acids use this; Transport protein and energy input is required

active transport

observational epidemiological studies cannon establish ___

causation

when an intestinal sphincter contracts, it ___ the passageway and restricts the flow at that point in the digestive tract

closes

___ factors include cultural practices, religious teachings, past experiences

cognitive factors

___factors include cost, proximity, and availability

environmental factors

list the sections of the small intestine in order

-duodenum -jejunum -ileum

what are the characteristics of irritable bowel syndrome?

-loose stools -constipation -sensation of incomplete elimination

what type of nutrient transportation does not require an input of energy?

-simple diffusion -facilitated diffusion

what are the 5 primary taste sensations?

-sweet -sour -salty -bitter -umami (savory)

how much bile does the liver make a day?

2-4 cups

how many kcals are in: 1g carbohydrate 1g protein 1g fat 1g alcohol

4 4 9 7

energy dense foods have a kcal to weight ratio of ____

4.0 or higher

the choose your foods menu planning tool categorizes foods into three broad groups. What are they?

-carbs -meats/ meat substitutes -fats

Epidemiologists rely on ____ and ____ of people to obtain health data

-clinical trials -physical examinations

symptoms of a peptic ulcer

-deep abdominal pain -feeling of fullness that occurs two hours after eating

A physician named ___ discovered that the disease pellagra was related to diet

Joseph Goldberg

most of the milk in the US is fortified with ___

Vitamins A&D

___ is the amount of a particular nutrient that can be effectively digested, absorbed, and used by the body

bioavailability

in a ___, scientists collect and analyze various kinds of information about a large group of people over time

cohort study

what is the difference between correlation and causation?

correlation = relationship causation = weather a scientific event is responsible for an effect

___ is a product that contains a vitamin, a mineral, herbs or other plant products, an amino acid, or a dietary substance that supplements the diet by increasing total intake

dietary supplement

___ is a condition characterized by the presence of tiny pouches that form in the wall of the colon

diverticulosis

___ is the amount of energy (kcal) a food provides per given weight of the food

energy density

what is a case control study?

individuals with a health condition (cases), such as heart disease, are matched to people with similar characteristics who do not have the condition (control)

___ is a food that supplies more key beneficial nutrients and less solid fat, added sugars, refined starches, and sodium in relation to its caloric content

nutrient dense foods

food manufactures are required to use a special format to display information about the energy and nutrient contents of products called the ___

nutrition facts panel

___ is the contraction of muscles in the esophagus

peristalsis

___ of a nutrient is the amount that is within a range of safe intake and enables the body to function properly

physiological dose

___ factors include emotional stress and mood

psychological factors

in cases of ___, the inflammatory process causes ulcers to form in the mucosa of the colon and rectum

ulcerative colitis (UC)

a ___ is a factor, such as a persons age, weight, or environment, that can change or influence an outcome

variable

___ is the ranges of carbohydrate, fat, and protein intakes that provide adequate amounts of micronutrients and may reduce certain diet related chronic diseases

Accepable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR)

___ is the amount of a nutrient that is considered to be adequate based on the population's typical intakes, but there is not enough scientific information available to determine RDA for the nutrient at this time

Adequate Intake (AI)

___ are sets of energy and nutrient intake standards that nutrition experts can use as reference when making dietary decisions

Dietary reference intakes (DRI)

National standards for height, weight, and blood pressure are established using data from ___ research findings

NHANES

___ is the amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of nearly all healthy individuals in a particular life stage/ sex group

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

___ factors include age, sensory information, internal sensation

biological factors

what is the difference between enrichment and fortification?

enrichment-replaces some of the nutrients that food lose during refining -enriched flour fortification- the addition of nutrients to food, such as adding calcium to OJ, or vitamins A&D to milk

studies that can illustrate differences in dietary patterns among populations and can lead to additional experiments that may be able to test the cause of the disease process are called ___

epidemiological

the type of research conducted when an investigator measures the frequency of diabetes in different populations in termed ___ studies

epidemiological

___ is the amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of 50% of healthy people who are in a particular life stage/ sex group

estimated average requirement (EAR)

___ is the average daily energy intake that meets the needs of a healthy person who is maintaining or losing weight

estimated energy requirement (ER)

___ occurs when transport proteins carry nutrients down the concentration gradient; an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration; absorption of the simple sugar fructose

facilitated diffusion

in a ___ cohort study, a group of initially healthy people are followed over a time period and any diseases that eventually develop are recorded. Then the links are identified

prospective cohort study

in a ___ cohort study, researchers collect info about a groups past exposure and identify current health outcomes

retrospective cohort study

what is the purpose of a case control study?

scientists may be able to identify dietary practices that differ between the two groups, such as long term fruit and vegetable intake

___ occurs when the nutrient moved down the concentration gradient; that is, from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

simple diffusion

a ___ describes the role a nutrient or dietary supplement plays in maintaining a structure, such as bone or promoting a normal function, such as digestion

structure/function claim

___ is the maximum chronic daily intake of a nutrient that is unlikely to cause adverse health effects in most all people

tolerable upper intake level (UL)

What is on the Nutrition Facts Panel?

-information about energy and nutrient contents of products -serving size -number of servings in container

list the 7 steps of the scientific method

-make observations that generate questions -formulate a hypotheses -review current scientific literature that relate to the question -design studies, preform tests, and collect data -analyze data and draw conclusions based on results -share results with peers -conduct more research, the results of which may confirm or refute previous findings