NUTRITION QUIZ #2

Lysozyme?

- enzyme in saliva that can destroy some bacteria that are in food or the mouth

Lingual Lipase?

- enzyme secreted in saliva that begins fat digestion Breaks down lipids/fats

Constipation?

- infrequent bowel movements and feces that are difficult to eliminate

Segmentation?(occurs in small intestine)

- regular contractions of circular intestinal muscles followed by relaxations that mix chyme within a short portion of the small intestine

Percentage of deaths in children under 5 years of age are related to maternal or child undernutrition?

35%

Bile?

a greenish-yellow, bitter-tasting fluid stored in the gallbladder until it is needed for fat digestion and absorption Liver makes this Gallbladder stores and concentrates this

Lacteal - (part of the core of the villus)

a vessel of the lymphatic system

Diarrhea?

is a condition characterized by frequent, watery bowel movements

Consequences of undernutrition

- Decrease in cognitive ability - Stunting - Compromised reproductive functioning - Depressed immune system - Increase risk of infection - Decreased productivity

Diverticula? • Diverticulosis? • Diverticulitis?

- Small pouches that form in the wall of the colon - the condition characterized by the presence of diverticula - the condition characterized by inflamed diverticula

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

- a chronic condition characterized by frequent heartburn that can damage the esophagus

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?

- a condition that is characterized by chronic inflammation of the GI tract

Dumping syndrome?

- a disorder that occurs when chyme flows too rapidly into the small intestine

Crohn's disease? Ulcerative colitis (UC)?

- a type of IBD; the body's immune system cells attack normal intestinal cells, damaging parts of the intestines - a type of IBD that causes ulcers to form in the mucosa of the colon and rectum

Hemorrhoids?

- clusters of small veins in the anal canal

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER)?

- commonly called heartburn or acid reflux; the pain generally felt in the upper chest that results from the passage of acidic contents from the stomach into the esophagus

Gut microbiota transplantation (GMT)?

- commonly referred to as "fecal transplantation," the introduction of fecal material from one person into another person's colon

Salivary glands?

- structures that produce saliva and secrete the fluid in the oral cavity

Anosmia?

- the complete inability to detect odors

Hypogeusia?

- the diminished ability to taste substances

Mechanical digestion?

- the physical treatments that food undergoes while it is in the intestinal tract

Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)?

- the region of the lower part of the esophagus that controls flow of material into the upper part of the stomach • Gastroesophageal sphincter • Prevents backflow of stomach contents Jump to long GERD

Upper esophageal sphincter (UES)?

- the region of the upper part of the esophagus that opens to allow a mass of food to enter the esophagus

Ageusia?

- the total loss of the ability to taste substances

Saliva?

- the watery fluid that contains mucus and a few enzymes

Sphincters?

- thickened regions of circular muscle that control the flow of contents at various points in the GI tract Essential for normal digestion and absorption

Villi?

- tiny, fingerlike projections of the small intestinal mucosa that are involved in digestion and nutrient absorption - enterocytes:absorptive cells that form the outer layer of a villus microvilli, tiny, hairlike projections that form the brush border of an enterocyte

Peristalsis?

- waves of muscular contractions that help move material through most of the digestive tract • Involuntary response

gut microbiota?

A healthy large intestine is home to vast numbers of various bacteria

How can undernutrition affect the older population?

A weakened immune system due to advanced age can increase the negative effects that undernutrition has on older adults Ways to reduce: • Improving nutrition education • Enhancing government assistance programs • Providing nutrition supplementation

Why is zinc important?

Adequate dietary zinc: • Stimulates immunity • Prevents stunting in children • Contributes to normal sexual maturation In malnourished children, zinc supplements appear to lessen the severity of diarrhea

Malnutrition

Can occur when diet lack nutrients (undernutrition) or excessive amounts of nutrients (overnutrtion) Today more people suffer from over than under

Major Global Food Aid Programs and Their Efforts to Reduce Undernutrition?

Church relief agencies:Assists impoverished persons outside of the United States; efforts include providing relief aid in response to major emergencies and support for measures that reduce poverty and the spread of infectious diseases World bank:Strives to eliminate extreme poverty by providing low-interest loans, interest-free credits, and grants to developing countries; investments can be for efforts to improve people's health and agricultural production UN Children's Fund: (UNICEF):Strives to save and improve children's lives by providing health care and immunizations, clean water, nutrition education, and emergency relief UN's food and agriculture organization: Develops worldwide strategies to meet the following objectives: • Eliminate hunger and malnutrition • Improve production and sustainability of agriculture • Decrease rural poverty • Ensure efficiency of agriculture and food systems UN's World Health Organization: Directs and coordinates efforts to manage health concerns within the UN's system

How can undernutrition affect infancy?

First 2 years of life is very important to avoid it To reduce to this: Providing adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals Increasing access to safe water Using special therapeutic foods Improving breast feeding rates

Hormones of digestion (3)?

Gastrin - hormone secreted by G cells that stimulates stomach motility and gastric gland secretions Secretin - hormone secreted by the duodenum and first part of the jejunum that stimulates the pancreas and liver to release a bicarbonate-rich solution into the small intestine Cholecystokinin - hormone secreted by the mucosa of the small intestine that stimulates the gallbladder to contract and the pancreas to release pancreatic juice into the small intestine

Why is iodine important?

Iodine is essential for normal metabolism and thyroid functioning The most common result of iodine deficiency is goiter = enlarged thyroid gland Iodine deficiency in pregnancy can result in cretinism in the developing fetus

Why is iron important?

Iron deficiency is the most prevalent micronutrient deficiency worldwide Iron is crucial for: • Hemoglobin development • Sufficient oxygen delivery to the brain and muscles Having a diet that lacks iron can: • Interrupt normal cognitive functioning • Reduce physical activity levels productivity rates would significantly increase on a global scale if iron deficiency anemia were eliminated

Under 5 mortality rate

Is the number of newborns in a population, per 1000 live births, who are likely to die before they reach 5 years of age

How can undernutrition affect pregnancy?

Less likely to get pregnant Increase odds of giving birth to low birth-weight infant

How and who is providing Free Food to Low-Income Americans?

Many local churches and charitable organizations provide free food to members of the community who are in need Mobile food pantries are a way for these programs to distribute food to those in need who: • Do not have transportation • Live in areas that lack food distribution centers Some people abuse these programs sometimes

The wall of the GI tract has distinct layers:

Mucosa: Innermost layer of the digestive tract wall - Mucus, a watery slippery fluid, is secreted from special cells here - Surrounds the lumen, a hollow space through which food and fluids can pass Muscular layer • Circular • Longitudinal By relaxing and contracting, the muscles can: • Mix substances in the lumen • Control movement of material through the tract The wall of the stomach is the thickest and strongest of the GI tract

Older Americans Act (OAA)?

Nutrition Program is a program that provides financial assistance for nonprofit programs that provide free meals to adults 60 years of age and older, regardless of their income • Meals can be either congregate meals, that is, a group meal served 5 days a week in a community location such as a senior center, or delivered to participants' homes

Factors that contribute to undernutrition

Parasites, overpopulation, disease, depleted farmland and other natural resources, cultural traditions, lack of sanitary water supplies, food distribution problems (such as lack of good roads), and water and political/civil unrest

Why is population control critical ?

Preserve the Earth's resources for future generations Ways to slow population growth include: - providing well-paying jobs - Improving public education - increasing access to health care services

Chemical digestion?

The breakdown of large molecules in food into smaller components, primarily by the action of stomach acid and various enzymes, proteins that speed up the rate of a chemical reaction without being altered in the process

Accessory organs of the gastrointestinal system?

The liver(stores nutrients/makes cholestrol), gallbladder, and pancreas • Chyme does not pass through them • Play a major role in digestion

chyme(a semiliquid mass)?

The main function of the lower portion of the stomach is mixing food with gastric juice to form

external anal sphincter?

allows feces to be expelled from the anus and is under voluntary control

Genetic modification (GM)?

altering an organism's genetic material in an effort to create a new organism with different traits; also called genetic engineering

Soup kitchens?

are establishments where prepared meals are provided to those who are hungry, typically for free

Goblet-cells?

are intestinal cells that secrete mucus • Primary secretion of the large intestine

Probiotics?

are live microorganisms that promote good health for their human hosts

Food banks?

are nonprofit organizations that act as distribution centers for surplus food

Food desert?

are regions or areas in which a large proportion of those living there experience difficulty in obtaining nutritious food • Few supermarkets • Lack of transportation • Fast-food restaurants • Convenience stores

Ready-to-use therapeutic foods (RUTFs)?

are shelf-stable foods fortified with calories, protein, and micronutrients that are used for the treatment of undernutrition Their use has been shown to be effective in treating undernutrition, especially among young children in developing countries Hunger relief organizations pack lunch boxes with a variety of RUTFs and distribute Plumpy'nut

Prebiotics?

are substances in food that are poorly digested by humans but support and promote the growth of probiotics in the colon

Salivary amylase?

enzyme in saliva that begins starch digestion

Sustainable agriculture?

farming methods that do not deplete natural resources or harm the environment while meeting the demand for food To solve the problems created by conventional agricultural methods, an international team developed the following points to establish a universal policy: • Stop expanding agricultural activity • Find ways to improve crop yields on existing farms • Find ways to use natural resources and pesticides more efficiently • Eat less meat • Reduce food waste

HCl contributes to low pH of gastric juice • Acidic solutions? • Alkaline solutions?

have a pH value lower than 7 • pH of chyme is 2.0 have a pH value higher than 7

epiglottis?

is a flap of tough tissue that prevents the food from entering the larynx and trachea

Stomach? Gastric glands?

is a muscular sac that stores and mixes food located in the stomach synthesize and secrete gastric juice

A food pantry?

is a nonprofit service that provides food to people in need

Golden Rice?

is a plant that has been developed specifically to provide greater amounts of beta- carotene

Meals on Wheels?

is a program in which volunteers deliver meals that have been prepared at a community site to home-bound individuals

Special Milk Program?

is a program that enables eligible students to receive free or reduced-cost milk with meals

Summer Food Service Program?

is a program that provides financial support to qualifying facilities that serve free meals and snacks to students during the summer

National School Lunch Program?

is a program that provides reimbursements to schools that offer free or reduced-cost nutritious lunches for eligible low-income students and after-school snacks at sites that meet certain eligibility requirements

School Breakfast Program?

is a program through which schools and other nonprofit agencies are reimbursed for the cost of providing a nutritious morning meal to eligible low-income children

disaccharide?

is a simple sugar comprised of two monosaccharides Maltose • Disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules; "malt sugar" Sucrose • Disaccharide composed of a glucose and a fructose molecule; "table sugar" Lactose • Disaccharide composed of a glucose and a galactose molecule; "milk sugar"

Mucus?

is a slippery secretion that protects the stomach from being damaged by its acid and digestive enzymes

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)?

is an assistance program that enables qualified low-income participants to use monthly cash allotments and a special debit card to purchase foods from authorized stores Farm bill=provides funds for programs like SNAP, etc. also address problems with farming, conservation programs, crop insurance

Oral cavity? Tongue?

is another term for mouth • Digestion starts here Teeth masticate food • Prepares food for swallowing and chemical digestion helps direct food into the pharynx, the section of alimentary canal that connects the nasal cavity with the top of the esophagus

Digestion?

is the process of breaking down large food molecules into nutrients that the body can use

monosaccharide? (3)

is the simple sugar that is the basic molecule of carbohydrates Glucose • Monosaccharide that is a primary fuel for muscles and other cells; "dextrose" or "blood sugar" Fructose • Monosaccharide in fruits, honey, and certain vegetables; "levulose" or "fruit sugar" Galactose • Monosaccharide that is a component of lactose

Absorption?

is the uptake and removal of nutrients from the digestive tract (gastrointestinal tract), alimentary canal, or gut

Genetically modified organisms (GMO)?

organisms that have been genetically modified

Pepsinogen to be converted to?

pepsin, which begins the enzymatic digestion of protein Zymogen =pre enzymes

Pancreas?

produces and secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions to neutralize acidic chyme when it enters the duodenum

The Special Supplement Nutrition Assistance Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)?

provides nutrition education including breastfeeding support, referrals for health and social services, and checks or vouchers to purchase special foods

The pyloric sphincter?

regulates the flow of chyme into the small intestine

Mucous cells?

secret mucin, a carbohydrate-rich substance that forms mucus when combined with water

Chief cells?

secrete gastric lipase and some chemically inactive digestive enzymes like pepsinogen

G cells?

secrete gastrin, a hormone that stimulates stomach motility and gastric gland secretions • Hormones are chemical messengers that convey information to target cells

Parietal cells?

secrete hydrogen and chloride ions, which form hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor • Intrinsic factor is a substance necessary for absorbing vitamin B‒12

Food insecurity?

state in which individuals are concerned about running out of food or not having enough money to buy more food Americans who are more likely to be food insecure include: • Households with children, especially if a single woman is the head of the household • Households that live in poverty • Hispanic families and black, non-Hispanic families • Households living in metropolitan areas • Households in the southern and western regions of the country 13% of Americans are food insecure 8% live in low food security 5% live in very low food security

Food security ?

state in which individuals have access to enough food at all times to lead healthy, active lives There are four categories for classifying people as being food secure or food insecure: • High food security • Marginal food security • Low food security • Very low food security

Chronic undernutrition

state of undernutrition occurring when energy and nutrient intakes are insufficient to meet an individual's needs over an extended period of time Can be harmful for pregnancies, infancy, and childhood -when growth is occurring 1/5 (20%) in African countries suffer from undernutrition

The sense of smell (olfaction) contributes to the ability?

to taste food Airborne chemicals in chewed food stimulate the olfactory region of the nasal passages

Biotechnology ?

use of living things to produce new products Biotechnology has led to the development of crops that: • Supply higher yields • Resist pests and diseases • Are tolerant of drought conditions and temperature extremes • Are nutritionally enhanced No GM foods of animal origin have been approved for human consumption

Chyme moves out of the ileum into the large intestine, passing through the: ileocecal sphincter?

which controls the rate that ileum contents empty into the large intestine

In developing countries, where micronutrient deficiency is common, why is fortification of foods effective?

widespread commercial fortification of staple foods can be a cost-effective way to improve the consumption of needed nutrients

The small intestine has three sections:

• Duodenum - first segment of the small intestine • Jejunum - middle segment of the small intestine • Ileum - last segment of the small intestine

Cecum( in large intestine)?

• First segment of the large intestine

The digestive system has two major components:

• GI tract - Hollow, muscular tube • Accessory organs - Assist functioning of GI tract

What is vitamin A important for? What is the leading cause of childhood blindness?

• Immunity • Vison • Reproduction • Cellular growth Lack of vitamin A is the leading cause of childhood blindness or xerophthalmia Vitamin A supplements that are taken twice a year can reduce mortality rates by 23% and blindness rates by 70% Lack of vitamin A can also cause a weaken immune system

Rectum (in large intestine)?

• Last segment of the large intestine

esophagus?

• Muscular tube that extends about 10 inches from the pharynx to the upper portion of the stomach • Entrance is near the larynx and opening of trachea

Taste buds have specialized cells that help distinguish five basic tastes:

• Sweet • Sour • Salty • Bitter • Umami -meaty flavor

The primary roles of the digestive system are:

• The breakdown of food into nutrients • Absorption of nutrients • Elimination of solid waste products

Healthy Food Financing Initiative (HFFI)? —> created by Michelle Obama to decrease child obesity

• This initiative is designed to increase the accessibility of health foods and employment rates in areas that have been identified as food deserts