Nutrition test 1

A diet that supplies adequate amounts of nutrients prevents

nutrient deficiency disorders

The pH of chyme is ________.

2

which of the following statements about enterocytes is false?

Enterocytes are located in the stomach and are necessary for intrinsic factor production.

which of the following statements is true?

The pyloric sphincter controls the rate at which chyme enters the small intestine.

Which of the following foods is naturally a rich source of phytochemicals?

blueberries

Generally, epidemiological studies ________.

can determine cause and effect relationships

Which of the following conditions is characterized by inflammation and swelling of the intestinal tract?

chrohns disease

Which of the following factors has a major influence over a person's food choices?

close friends

segmentation

helps mix chyme in the small intestine.

The ________ is the second segment of the small intestine.

jejunum

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

most foods are a mixture of nutrients

Which of the following foods typically acts as a prebiotic?

whole grains

The host of a radio program makes a "red flag" claim about a nutrition-related product, because the claim is generally an indication that the information about the product is unreliable. The radio program host said,

"All ingredients in this product have been scientifically tested and clinically proven to cure cancer."

Max wants to increase his intake of vitamin C without taking a dietary supplement. When he shops for food, he reads Nutrition Facts labels. Which of the following kinds of information will help him choose foods that are the richest sources of vitamin C?

% DVs

According to the MyPlate guidelines, fruits and vegetables should account for about ________ of the food on a person's plate.

1/2

According to the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, added sugar intake should be limited to less than ________ % of total daily calories.

10

According to the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, most healthy people should limit their daily sodium intake to less than ________ mg/day.

2300

A nutrition scientist wants to develop a nutritionally complete formula diet for adults who are healthy but need to avoid solid food for awhile. Based on this information, she is likely to refer to ________ when developing the new formula.

DRI's

Which of the following statements about Dumping Syndrome is false?

Dumping Syndrome results in chyme staying in the stomach too long, rather than moving into the small intestine.

For several years, Corey has suffered from intermittent abdominal pain along with bouts of diarrhea and constipation. According to Corey, his "bad guts" worsen whenever he is "stressed out" or eats certain foods, especially raw fruit and baked beans. His doctor has determined that his intestinal tract is not inflamed. Based on this information, Corey probably has

IBS

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

In order for a dietary supplement to be on the market, all research studies on the supplement must show a beneficial effect on health.

Which of the following statements is true?

Nutrient-deficiency diseases develop when diets lack essential nutrients.

Which of the following statements is false?

Peristalsis occurs when villi absorb fat.

Which of the following menu items has ingredients that represent all MyPlate food groups?

Salad made with hard-cooked eggs, grapes, leaf lettuce, cooked pasta, and cheddar cheese

Which of the following statements is true?

Scientific studies to investigate the same question can have different findings.

A medical researcher reads an article in Today's Health-Conscious Woman magazine about the benefits of using the phytochemical capsaicin to treat knee pain. She asks 10 people with arthritic knees to rub a cream that contains the phytochemical on their knee joints for 2 weeks. At the end of the 2 weeks, the researcher asks the subjects whether their knee pain improved, stayed about the same, or worsened during the treatment period. After collecting responses from the people, the researcher reports the results of her study during a popular TV show that is hosted by a doctor. Based on this information, which of the following statements is true?

The researcher did not divide the subjects of her study into control and treatment groups.

To establish a nutrient's RDA, nutrition scientists add ________ of the nutrient to its EAR.

a margin of safety amount

The condition in which a person cannot taste any food is called

ageusia.

an estimated average requirement (EAR) is the

amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of 50% of healthy people in a particular population.

A primary function of the digestive system is the

breakdown of food into nutrients

A researcher wants to identify lifestyle factors that increase the risk of stomach cancer in men. His study design involves enrolling 250 adult men who have stomach cancer, and 250 men who are cancer-free, but have similar characteristics and backgrounds as the men who have stomach cancer. The researcher collects and analyzes information about each participant's lifestyle. Based on this information, what kind of study is the researcher conducting?

case control study

having a control group enables researchers to

compare findings of the control group with those of the experimental group.

________ are small pouches that form in the inner lining of the large intestine.

diverticula

Risk factors for constipation include all of the following EXCEPT

drinking too much water

Which of the following is NOT a biological or physiological factor that influences a person's food choices?

emotional stress level

A refined grain product that has iron, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and folic acid added to replace amounts lost during processing has been

enriched

Active transport requires energy, but not a specific transporter.

false

Which of the following topics is one of the five overarching guidelines of the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans?

follow a healthy eating pattern across a lifespan

An adult stomach is about the size of a ________.

football

Most Americans purchase less than recommended amounts of

fruits

The ________ is important for transporting absorbed nutrients from the GI tract to the liver.

hepatic portal vein

Leonard has a disease that causes his lacteals to become blocked. Based on this information, his

intestinal tract does not absorb much fat.

which of the following is a micronutrient?

iron

A group of registered dietitian nutritionists is planning to conduct a scientific study to investigate the effects of eating honey on behavior in school-aged children. To start, the researchers will

make observations

Umami is one of the six basic tastes and it means ________.

meaty

Which of the following kinds of studies would be the best to use when designing a scientific investigation to determine whether there is an association between consuming diets low in calcium during adolescence and developing osteoporosis (bone disease) in older adulthood?

observational study

Over a 2-year period, a team of scientists records the eating behaviors and physical activity patterns of a group of healthy 8-year-old children to determine whether these factors are associated with weight gain. This study is an example of a(n) ________ study.

prospective

Scientists enroll 500 healthy adults in a study and collect dietary and other lifestyle information about the group. After 6 years, the scientists determine that study participants who ate at least 5 servings of fruits and vegetables daily were less likely to develop high blood pressure than participants who ate fewer than 5 servings of these foods daily. This study is an example of a(n) ________ study.

prospective

A group of scientists suspects that certain dietary practices are partially responsible for different rates of hypertension among adults of different ethnic/racial groups. To test their hypothesis, the researchers examine data concerning the different population groups' hypertension rates and their past dietary practices. This research is a ________ study.

retrospective

studying nutrition is important to

select the appropriate mix of nutrients for proper body functioning.

chyme is the

semisolid liquid formed by the partial digestion of food in the stomach.

Salivary glands secrete amylase, an enzyme that enables a minor amount of ________ to be digested in the mouth.

starch

A nutrient requirement is the smallest amount of a nutrient that maintains a defined level of nutritional health.

true

Today, Sean only ate three sandwiches made with whole-grain buns, 3 slices of cheese, and 10 ounces of roast beef. He also drank 3 cups of orange juice. According to MyPlate, he ate nothing from the food group that includes

vegetables

Which of the following vitamins is not produced by the microflora in the large intestine?

vitamin C

Which of the following substances is a nutrient that does NOT supply any energy for the human body?

vitamin D

According to the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, saturated fat intake should be limited to less than ________% of total daily calories.

10

A serving of food contains 15 g carbohydrate, 3 g protein, 5 g fat, 5 mg vitamin C, and 100 mL water. Based on this information, a serving of this food supplies

117 kcals

In the United States, consumers eat more ________ than recommended.

cheese

Which of the following is an example of mechanical digestion in the GI tract?

chewing up food into smaller pieces

Which of the following sources of oils would be recommended as part of a healthy diet?

avocado

Per serving, which of the following foods is the most energy-dense?

4 oz chocolate doughnut

Which of the following is NOT true about water?

Water is necessary for immune function.

Goblet cells produce

mucus

Approximately how many grams of carbohydrate are in a sugar-sweetened beverage that supplies 200 kcals and contains no fiber, fat, protein, or alcohol?

50g

Which of the following describe a conditionally essential nutrient?

A nutrient that becomes essential due to a metabolic disorder or serious disease (e.g. kidney or liver disease). A nutrient that may be made in the body, but in amounts that are inadequate. A nutrient that is normally nonessential, but becomes essential under certain conditions.

Which of the following statements is true?

A scientist's professional affiliations and sources of financial support may influence his or her research findings.

which of the following stsements is true?

In the United States, poor eating habits contribute to some of the ten leading causes of death.

which of the following is an example of positive correlation?

When a group of 6-year-old children increase their physical activity level to 60 minutes a day, the children's muscle mass increases.

Scientists who investigate lifestyle factors that influence the prevalence of obesity among different population groups are conducting a(n) ________ study.

epidemiological

Amanda is a three-year old who has a condition that is characterized by the inability of her pancreas to produce cholecystokinin. Based on this information, she

has difficulty digesting food

Which of the following conditions or diseases is a leading diet-related cause of death in the United States?

heart disease

The ________ helps form feces by absorbing excess water from chyme.

large intestine

The process of digesting food begins in the

mouth

The ________ sphincter is located between the stomach and small intestine.

pyloric

The process of adding vitamins A and D to milk is called fortification.

true

Which of the following microbes is associated with the development of most stomach ulcers?

H.pylori

Coretta has severe chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). To reduce her likelihood of developing heartburn, her physician recommended that she

lose excess body fat

The innermost layer of the wall of the GI tract is the

mucosa

Which of the following actions is one of the five overarching guidelines of Dietary Guidelines for Americans (2015-2020 version)?

shift to healthier food and beverage choices

About 50% of digestion occurs in the ____________.

small intestine

an essential nutrient

must be supplied by the diet

The second place of digestion occurs in the ____________.

stomach

what is an example of inverse correlation

When members of a population increase their consumption of milk and milk products, their risk for bone fractures decreases.

Yolanda is eating a peanut butter and jelly sandwich for lunch. She has taken a bite of the sandwich and begun chewing the sticky sandwich. Once the bite of sandwich has been chewed, moistened, and mixed with saliva, it is called

a bolus

Marcus has an infection that causes a temporary loss of villi. Based on this information, you would expect Marcus to ________ while he has this illness

lose weight rapidly

You are planning a party for a group of college students. Some of the students follow the dietary practices of the Jewish, Islamic, and Mormon religions. Which of the following menu items would be acceptable to everyone at the party?

meatless bean dip

Which of the following organs produces and secretes enzymes that are essential for proper digestion?

pancreas

The ________ cells of the gastric glands synthesize and release intrinsic factor, which is necessary for vitamin B12 absorption.

parietal

Which of the following foods is both energy and nutrient-dense?

peanut butter

If the epiglottis is not fully closed, food enters the trachea, blocking the windpipe which may cause choking or aspiration.

true

Peristalsis is an involuntary response.

true

A group of scientists conducts a scientific study to investigate dietary factors that influence the development of breast cancer. Which of the following activities is NOT likely to be a component of their research efforts?

posting findings at the main researchers personal website

A group of 50 adult male humans were in a clinical study to determine how much niacin is toxic. During the first 2 weeks of the study, members of the group consumed only a formula diet that was nutritionally complete, except it contained 24 mg niacin, which is 1.5 times the RDA for niacin (males). At that point in the study, all members reported feeling fine, and they could function normally. During the next week, they were given a formula that contained 48 mg niacin. Within a few days of consuming this formula, 90% of the participants reported feeling ill, and they complained of having upset stomachs and flushing (redness) on their faces. At that point, researchers gave the subjects a formula that contained 16 mg niacin. After a week of consuming the new formula, all participants reported feeling well again. Based on this information, the researchers concluded that the

UL for niacin was between 24 and 48 mg/day.

Researchers are conducting a study to determine the effects of vitamin C on the human immune system. The study involves providing pills that contain vitamin C to one group of human subjects, and pills that do not contain vitamin C or other active ingredients to another group of people. The pills that do not contain the vitamin are

placebos

For lunch today Quentin ate a turkey sandwich on whole wheat bread, a small bag of pretzels, and an apple. He also drank a 20-fluid ounce orange-flavored sports drink. Which component of his lunch would be considered a source of empty calories?

sports drinks

Live microorganisms that help control the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the large intestine are known as prebiotics.

false

Zack takes 500 mg of vitamin C daily. He advises his friends to take vitamin C supplements because, he claims, the vitamin protects him from cold viruses. His claim about the usefulness of the vitamin is an ________.

anecdote

Phil is a participant in a study designed to examine the effects of taking a dietary supplement on muscle tissue development. Phil suspects he is in the experimental group, because he is certain his muscles are bigger and stronger as a result of taking the product supplied by the researchers. When the study is completed, Phil learns that he did not receive the dietary supplement. Phil thinks the researchers made a mistake—he is certain his muscle mass increased while he took the supplement. According to this information, Phil's belief that his physical condition improved while he participated in the study is an example of ________.

the placebo effect

which of the following is an example of inverse correlation?

As a population's fruit intake increases, the percentage of persons with hypertension decreases.