Nutrition Test 3
What does CVA stand for and what does it mean?
CVA stands for cerebrovascular accident which means stroke.
Compare and contrast HDL-C and LDL-C
3) Compare and contrast HDL-C and LDL-C. HDL-C (high density lipoprotein cholesterol) is the form of cholesterol referred to as "good cholesterol" because it is high in protein content and allows transfer of cholesterol out of the bloodstream. LDL-C (low density lipoprotein cholesterol) is the form of cholesterol referred to as "bad cholesterol" because it consists of low levels of protein in its composition and his associated with heart disease.
Define arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis and explain how they may be related.
Arteriosclerosis is the term used to describe the hardening of the arteries. One form of arteriosclerosis is atherosclerosis which is a complex disease of the arteries. Atherosclerosis occurs what the passageways through the arteries become roughened and clogged with fatty deposits and blood is unable to flow freely.
Identify at least 10 risk factors for CVD? Explain how each contributes to CVD.
Elevated LDL-C - high levels of LDL-C induce atherosclerosis Cigarette smoking Hypertension Low HDL-C Family history of premature CHD CVD in male first degree relative younger than 55 years CVD in female first degree relative younger than 65 years Age (men - 45 years of age or older, women - 55 years of age or older) Diabetes Multiple metabolic risk factors (insulin resistance or metabolic syndrome) Obesity
What is the difference between hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia and dyslipidemia?
Hypercholesterolemia refers to elevated total cholesterol level but us usually a result of high serum LDL-C. Hyperlipidemia is the term that describes a combination of high levels of LDL-C and triglycerides. Dyslipidemia refers to low levels of HDL-C but usually coexists with elevated triglycerides.
What is hypertension and how does it related to CVD?
Hypertension is the term used to describe high blood pressure. An individual is considered to have high blood pressure if it is over 120/80. High blood pressure damages blood vessels and lining of arteries and contributes to all forms of heart disease as well as renal disease.
What contributing factors can lead to hypertension?
It has been recognized that the endothelial lining affects blood pressure. Nitric oxide regulates the vascular tone produced in the endothelial layer. Altered nitric oxide metabolism leads to vasoconstriction (constriction of blood vessels) which promotes high blood pressure. Also low birth weights have been related to adult hypertension as well as metabolic syndrome. Magnesium deficiency is also a primary cause of hypertension.
Why is licorice so dangerous for someone who is hypertensive?
Large intake of licorice has been related to hypertension due to altered cortisol-related hormonal levels.
Why are nuts so beneficial for someone with CVD?
Nuts are beneficial for someone with CVD because they contain monosaturated fats. They have been related to lowering cholesterol and lowering oxidized LDL concentrations.
What is the DASH diet?
The DASH diet (the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) is an eating plan that promotes increased amounts of potassium through high intake of fruit, vegetables, fish, and nuts, use of low-fat dairy products, and reduced levels of total and saturated fat, along with lower sodium intake.
What are the other names for heart disease?
The other names for heart disease are cardiovascular disease, coronary artery disease, and coronary heart disease.
What is thrombosis and how may it be related to atherosclerosis?
Thrombosis is the formation of clots. Clots can be stationary if they are attached to the walls of blood vessels but can also dislodge and plug a smaller blood vessel. When this occurs, blood is unable to flow freely. Atherosclerosis is thought to be cause of coronary thrombosis.