OB Exam

______ refers to inconsistencies between the emotions people feel and the emotions they project. a. Collective efficacy B. Emotional dissonance C. Social loafing D. Positivity offset E. Self-concordance

B. Emotional dissonance Emotional dissonance is defined as the inconsistency between the emotions people feel and the emotions they project.

With reference to the four sources of self-efficacy as proposed by Albert Bandura, verbal persuasion involves becoming more confident ________. because you have gained relevant experience with the particular task or job because you see someone else doing the particular task or job because someone convinces you that you have the skills necessary to be successful because you are rewarded for performing a similar task well because you get energized or "psyched up" to perform the particular task or job

because someone convinces you that you have the skills necessary to be successful

An area of study that analyzes how people behave when confronted with ethical dilemmas is ________. the halo effect behavioral ethics hindsight bias positivity offset selective perception

behavioral ethics

True or False ? Teams and traditional departments have the same level of flexibility and responsiveness to external changes.

false

True or False? Content theories of motivation try to explain how people persist in pursuing their goals.

false

True or false ? Individuals who normally function in action teams are unlikely to share mental models.

false

True or false ? Whatever it takes, we need to have cohesive teams, as team cohesion always yields positive team outcomes.

false

True or false? Two colleagues who bond over similarities of growing up in a French-speaking locality can be said to have deep-level similarities rather than surface-level similarities.

false

True or false? Using teams makes sense when the assignment involves independent tasks.

false

True or False? According to the path-goal theory, directive leadership is likely to be welcomed and accepted by employees with high ability or considerable experience.

false --> One of the predictions of the path-goal theory is that directive leadership is likely to be perceived as redundant among employees with high ability or considerable experience.

The conflict-handling techniques are characterized by two dimensions, cooperativeness and assertiveness. Cooperativeness indicates the degree to which ________. one party attempts to satisfy his or her own concerns one party attempts to suppress the conflict the parties attempt to find a win-win solution one party attempts to satisfy the other party's concerns the parties are willing to involve a third party in conflict resolution

one party attempts to satisfy the other party's concerns

True or False Personal contacts with beneficiaries is a required component of relational job design.

False

With reference to the communication process, the ________ is the one to whom the message is directed, who must first translate the symbols into understandable form. creator receiver encoder sender transmitter

receiver

Which of the following communication channels provides the lowest information richness? online group discussions face-to-face conversations telephone conversations voice mail reports and bulletins

reports and bulletins

True or False? Motivation is defined as the processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.

true

True or false The structures and measures of intellectual abilities generalize across cultures.

true

True or false? A climate of trust among team members is a contextual factor relating to team effectiveness.

true

True or false? A variable-pay program bases a portion of an employee's pay on some individual and/or organizational measure of performance.

true

True or false? Unlike power, leadership requires some degree of goal compatibility.

true

true or false Improving recruiting practices and making selection systems more transparent are ways of preventing target groups from being marginalized.

true

true or false In general, older employees have lower rates of avoidable absence than do younger employees. However, they have equal rates of unavoidable absence, such as sickness absences.

true

true or false? Impaired hearing, rheumatoid arthritis, and insomnia are all examples of hidden disabilities.

true

Which of the following statements is true regarding the rational decision-making model? It takes into consideration the limited information-processing capability of individuals. It involves constructing simplified models without capturing all their complexity. It deals with satisficing decisions by seeking solutions that are satisfactory and sufficient. It assumes that an individual is able to identify all relevant options in an unbiased manner. It is an unconscious decision-making process created from distilled experience.

It assumes that an individual is able to identify all relevant options in an unbiased manner.

Individuals who report unethical practices by their employer to outsiders are known as ________. change agents boundary spanners early adopters whistle-blowers free riders

whistle-blowers

ilton Rokeach organized values into two categories: ________ values and ________ values. A. instrumental; terminal B. fluid; stable C.flexible; essential D. unique; general E. flexible; enduring

A. instrumental; terminal

True or False? Compared to Maslow's hierarchy, the needs described in McClelland's theory of needs are more akin to motivating factors than strict needs for survival.

true

True or False? Feedback influences self-efficacy.

true

True or False A self-regulation strategy that involves striving for goals through advancement and accomplishment is the prevention focus.

false

Manuel is a manager for a manufacturing company in which managers are expected to fully document all decisions and in which it is important to provide detailed data to support any recommendations. Also, out-of-the-box thinking is dissuaded. Which characteristic of organizational culture describes this aspect of Manuel's job? Low team orientation High aggressiveness Low adaptability Low outcome orientation High people orientation

Low adaptability --> Adaptability describes the degree to which employees are encouraged to be innovative and take risks. Manuel's company wants full research documentation, seems reluctant to take risks, and has a low risk-taking culture.

True or False? Expectancy theory predicts employees will exert a high level of effort if they perceive a strong relationship between effort and performance, performance and rewards, and rewards and satisfaction of personal goals.

True

True or False? Trait theories of leadership most accurately predict the emergence and appearance of leadership.

True Traits do a better job predicting the emergence of leaders and the appearance of leadership than actually distinguishing between effective and ineffective leaders.

______ involves a detailed consideration of evidence and information relying on facts, figures, and logic. Controlled processing Serial processing Parallel processing Selective processing Automatic processing

--> Controlled processing requires effort and energy.

Name two biases and give examples of how they would affect creativity.

A manager could hinder creativity by engaging in overconfidence bias. A creative person in an office where the manager is confident that his decisions are always correct would be less inclined to offer ideas. In addition, a manager that often engages in confirmation bias would only be looking for answers that support his ideas, and a creative person would be less inclined to participate or offer ideas.

Which of the following is the best example of the use of intimidation? A. Anya's boss, Kira, sets difficult targets and hints that Anya may lose her job if she doesn't meet them. B. Jill's manager, Steve, rarely considers her business ideas, but he consistently praises the contributions of Jill's colleague, Emily. C. Natasha's colleagues often make jokes using cultural or ethnic stereotypes. D. Although Kathleen had spent a longer time in the organization, her colleague Gary was promoted to a management position. C. Jane's colleagues recently forgot to invite her to a team lunch, a fact that caused her great distress.

A. Anya's boss, Kira, sets difficult targets and hints that Anya may lose her job if she doesn't meet them.

With reference to the Big Five Model, which of the following is a difference between highly agreeable and less agreeable people? A. Highly agreeable people tend to do better in interpersonally oriented jobs than less agreeable people. B. Highly agreeable people are less compliant and less rule abiding than less agreeable people. C.Highly agreeable people tend to be less satisfied in their jobs than less agreeable people. D. Highly agreeable people engage in less organization citizenship behavior than less agreeable people. E. Highly agreeable people have more tendency to engage in organizational deviance than less agreeable people.

A. Highly agreeable people tend to do better in interpersonally oriented jobs than less agreeable people

Green Planet, an environmental organization, recently opened an office in Indonesia. The organization is currently looking for employees to staff a deforestation project in the country. They need to recruit individuals who understand the intricacies of Jakarta's culture and the mindset of the locals and are fluent in the local language. Which of the following are they most likely to consider while they recruit for these positions? A. race B. age C. beliefs D. gender E. length of service

A. race

For a person to be recognized as having a high degree of political skill, he or she must have the ________. Ability to recognize that power in an organization does not translate into success Ability to submit to the demands made by others at all times Ability to influence others to enhance their own objectives Ability to respect and consider the needs of others first

Ability to influence others to enhance their own objectives

Which of the following is an example of externally caused behavior? An employee postpones a meeting because he overslept. An employee is late to work because of a punctured tire. An employee was fired because he violated a company policy. An employee was promoted when he achieved more than the assigned objectives. An employee closed a sale with an important corporate client because of his excellent negotiation skills.

An employee is late to work because of a punctured tire. --> externally caused behavior is what we imagine the situation forced the individual to do. For instance, if an employee is late for work, and you attribute his arriving late to an automobile accident or a flat tire, then you are making an external attribution. SaveSave your answer

Which of the following is an example of internally caused behavior? An employee was late for a team meeting because of a heavy downpour. An employee was laid off because the company was attempting to cut costs by laying off employees. An employee was fired from work because he violated a company policy. An employee could not attend an interview because of a delayed flight. An employee could not come to work because he met with an accident.

An employee was fired from work because he violated a company policy. --> internally caused behaviors are those we believe to be under the personal control of the individual.

Which individual is least likely to accept and adapt easily to change? An employee who is emotionally stable. An employee who has high core self-evaluations. An employee who is willing to take risks. An employee who prefers predictability. An employee who is flexible in her behavior.

An employee who prefers predictability. --> Research suggests the ability to accept and adapt easily to change is related to personality-some people are simply more receptive to change. Individuals who are emotionally stable, have high core self-evaluations, are willing to take risks, and are flexible in their behavior are prime candidates.

Which of the following does the heredity approach state? An individual's personality is determined by the social background one is brought up in. An individual's personality is determined by molecular structure of the genes. An individual's personality is influenced by the economic settings he/she is surrounded by. A person's personality traits are created by the company he/she keeps i.e., his/her friends and family. A person's personality traits are largely influenced by global trends and characteristics.

An individual's personality is determined by molecular structure of the genes. Heredity refers to factors determined at conception. The heredity approach argues that the ultimate explanation of an individual's personality is the molecular structure of the genes, located in the chromosomes.

Stacey was at work when Ann, her sister, called to confirm their dinner plan the following weekend at their Aunt Hilda's farmhouse. Stacey said she would call Joe, her husband, and get back to her. However, when Stacey called her back, Ann could not hear most of what she said because Jennifer, Ann's daughter, was crying loudly in the background. Who is the first sender in this scenario? Joe Stacey Jennifer Ann Hilda correct

Ann --> the sender initiates a message by encoding a thought. Here, Ann initiates the communication by calling her sister to ask a question and this makes her the first sender.

_______ explains the ways in which we judge people differently, depending on the meaning we assign to a given behavior. Attribution theory Equity theory Object relations theory Attachment theory Cultural schema theory

Attribution theory ---> Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual's behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused. Determination however, depends largely on three factors, namely, distinctiveness, consensus, and consistency.

A collectivist Chinese manager is most likely to use which of the following techniques for conflict management? Direct confrontation Authoritative command Avoiding Pressurizing

Avoiding --> To preserve peaceful relationships, collectivists will avoid direct expression of conflicts, preferring to use more indirect methods for resolving differences of opinion. Whereas U.S. managers are more likely to use competing tactics in the face of conflicts, compromising and avoiding are the most preferred methods of conflict management in China

The degree to which a person identifies with his or her job, actively participates in it, and considers his or her performance as being important to self-worth is ________. A. job satisfaction B. job involvement C. job stability D. Organizational commitment E. social embeddedness

B. job involvement

Mara is looking to send one of her team members on an international assignment to China to train a group of employees located at her company's office in Beijing. As part of the assignment, the chosen employee will have to undergo a three-week diversity training program to help him/her learn about his/her new environment. Bryan, one of Mara's colleagues, is interested in taking up the assignment. Which of the following, if true, would reduce the likelihood that Bryan will be selected? Bryan has had little exposure to Chinese culture. Bryan is proficient in Chinese. Bryan traveled to Beijing last year on a different assignment. Bryan does not cope very well in ambiguous situations. Bryan sometimes displays striking contradictions between his public persona and his private self.

Bryan does not cope very well in ambiguous situations. Of the Big Five traits, openness to experience would be most important to effectiveness in international assignments. Open people are more likely to be culturally flexible-to "go with the flow" when things are different in another country. If Bryan is uncomfortable in ambiguous situations, then he would most likely not be able to manage well in a foreign environment. If he is proficient in Chinese or has traveled to Beijing in the past, then it would only increase his chances of being selected. The fact that he has had little exposure to Chinese culture is not very relevant, as he will have to attend a diversity training program if he is chosen for the assignment. The fact that he sometimes displays striking contradictions between his public persona and his private self does not influence his chances of being selected.

Which of the following statements is true regarding perception? A. Perception of reality is independent of one's personality. B. Our perception of a target is not affected by the context of the situation in which the perception is made. C. Our perception of reality can be different from the objective reality. D. Our perception of reality is independent of our past experiences. C.We form a perception of a target by looking at it in isolation.

C. Our perception of reality can be different from the objective reality. ---> Our perception of reality is affected by our personality, past experiences, and the context of the situation in which the perception is made. We do not look at targets in isolation.

Filtering is a barrier to effective communication that takes place when ________. A. the interpretation of the message is affected by the receiver's emotion B. the information we have to work with exceeds our processing capacity C. a sender purposely manipulates information so the receiver will see it more favorably D. the receivers in the communication process selectively see and hear based on their motivations, experience, and other personal characteristics E. receivers also project their interests and expectations into communications as they decode them

C. a sender purposely manipulates information so the receiver will see it more favorably --> Filtering refers to how a sender purposely manipulates information so the receiver will see it more favorably.

Alicia Akers works as a marketing executive. She always talks in a high pitch and often draws a lot of attention wherever she is. Which of the following statements best explains the reason behind people noticing Akers? Perception of reality depends on the perceiver's past experiences. Perception of reality depends on the perceiver's personality. Characteristics of the target affect people's perception. The time at which we observe behavior affects perception. Motives and interests of the perceiver affects perception of behavior.

Characteristics of the target affect people's perception. Characteristics of the target we observe can affect perception. Loud people are more likely to be noticed in a group than quiet ones. Even extremely attractive or unattractive individuals are more likely to be noticed. Since people do not look at targets in isolation, the relationship of a target to its background influences one's perception of the target.

______ power is based on the fear of the negative results from failing to comply. Legitimate Coercive Punitive Referent

Coercive --> The coercive power base depends on fear of the negative results from failing to comply. It rests on the application, or the threat of application, of physical sanctions such as the infliction of pain, frustration through restriction of movement, or the controlling by force of basic physiological or safety needs.

Which of the following is a desirable feature of leadership? A. One-directional influence from the leader to the follower B. Coercive power and authority C. Lack of freedom D. Passivity of followers E. Coexistence of leaders and managers

Coexistence of leaders and managers

Which of the following is a desirable feature of leadership? One-directional influence from the leader to the follower Coercive power and authority Passivity of followers Coexistence of leaders and managers

Coexistence of leaders and managers --> Organizations need strong leadership and strong management for optimal effectiveness. We need leaders today to challenge the status quo, create visions of the future, and inspire organizational members to want to achieve the visions. We also need managers to formulate detailed plans, create efficient organizational structures, and oversee day-to-day operations.

______ is a conflict-handling technique in which the parties in a conflict each desire to satisfy fully the concerns of all parties. Collaborating Competing Accommodating Avoiding Compromising

Collaborating When parties in conflict each desire to fully satisfy the concerns of all parties, there is cooperation and a search for a mutually beneficial outcome. In collaborating, the parties intend to solve a problem by clarifying differences rather than by accommodating various points of view.

Which of the following statements is true with regard to communication? Communication cannot be used to motivate and control employees in an organization. Communication involves the transfer and understanding of meaning. Communication involves the mere imparting of meaning to another person or group. Perfect communication is not dependent on a channel and its richness. Perfect communication results in dissimilar mental models.

Communication involves the transfer and understanding of meaning. --> Communication must include both the transfer and the understanding of meaning. Perfect communication, if it existed, would occur when a thought or idea was transmitted so the receiver perceived exactly the same mental picture as the sender. Communication serves four major functions within a group or organization: control, motivation, emotional expression, and information.

Which of the following conflict-handling intentions involves accepting a solution that provides incomplete satisfaction of both parties' concerns? Collaborating Compromising Avoiding Competing Accommodating

Compromising --> In compromising, there is no clear winner or loser. Rather, there is a willingness to ration the object of the conflict and accept a solution that provides incomplete satisfaction of both parties' concerns.

____ is defined as a process that begins when one party perceives another party has or is about to negatively affect something the first party cares about. Problem solving Assessment Conflict Negotiation Collective bargaining

Conflict

______ has been found to be more important than other traits in the success of CEOs of private equity companies. Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Emotional stability Openness to experience

Conscientiousness Conscientiousness is the Big Five trait most consistently related to job performance. Conscientiousness in the form of persistence, attention to detail, and setting of high standards has been found to be more important than other traits for CEOs in private equity firms.

Which of the following power tactics is more effective when the audience is highly interested in the outcomes of a decision process? Ingratiation Consultation Personal appeals Exchange

Consultation --> rational persuasion, inspirational appeals, and consultation tend to be the most effective power tactics, especially when the audience is highly interested in the outcomes of a decision process.

_____ refers to the evaluation of a person's characteristics that is affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics. Halo effect Contrast effect Confirmation bias Stereotyping Anchoring bias

Contrast effect

Describe and explain the causes of creative behavior.

Creative behavior is a result of creative potential and a creative environment. Intelligence is related to creativity. Intelligence and Creativity: Smart people are more creative because they are better are solving complex problems. Personality and Creativity: Openness to experience, proactive personality, self-confidence, risk taking, tolerance and ambiguity, and perseverance are all traits of creative people. Expertise and Creativity: Expertise is the foundation for all creative work and thus is the single most important predictor of creative potential. Ethics and Creativity: Creativity is not correlated with ethicality.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the establishment of the organizational culture and its effects on the organization? Today's trend toward decentralized organizations makes it easier to establish a strong culture. In a virtual organization, a strong culture can be established quickly and easily. Employees organized in teams always show greater allegiance to the values of the organization as a whole than to their team and its values. Culture acts as a control mechanism and guides the behavior of employees. Cultures reduce the stability of the social system in an organization.

Culture acts as a control mechanism and guides the behavior of employees. --> Today's trend toward decentralized organization makes establishing a strong culture more difficult. In virtual organizations, the lack of frequent face-to-face contact makes establishing a common set of norms very difficult. When formal authority and control systems are reduced, culture's shared meaning points everyone in the same direction. However, employees organized in teams may show greater allegiance to their team and its values than to the values of the organization as a whole. Culture enhances the stability of the social system and acts as a control mechanism that guides and shapes employees' attitudes and behavior.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the establishment of the organizational culture and its effects on the organization? Today's trend toward decentralized organizations makes it easier to establish a strong culture. In a virtual organization, a strong culture can be established quickly and easily. Employees organized in teams always show greater allegiance to the values of the organization as a whole than to their team and its values. Culture acts as a control mechanism and guides the behavior of employees. Cultures reduce the stability of the social system in an organization.

Culture acts as a control mechanism and guides the behavior of employees. --> Today's trend toward decentralized organization makes establishing a strong culture more difficult. In virtual organizations, the lack of frequent face-to-face contact makes establishing a common set of norms very difficult. When formal authority and control systems are reduced, culture's shared meaning points everyone in the same direction. However, employees organized in teams may show greater allegiance to their team and its values than to the values of the organization as a whole. Culture enhances the stability of the social system and acts as a control mechanism that guides and shapes employees' attitudes and behavior.

Cameron loves her job as a data programmer, but her co-worker Blake, is very challenging. Blake often loses his temper over aspects of shared projects that neither of them can control. When discussing projects in Cameron's work station, Blake plays with her office supplies, rearranges her desk, and leaves snack and food crumbs. Worst of all , Blake always takes the portion of a project that is the easiest, leaving Cameron to work harder and longer hours. Which of the following is not an effective method for handling Cameron's problems with Blake? A. Cameron should invite Blake to lunch and directly confront him with her feelings. B. Cameron should invite Blake to coffee to clarify if there are any misunderstandings. C. Cameron should simply ignore Blake and his behavior. D. Cameron should make a point of going to Blake's work station and leaving a mess. E. Cameron should ask a manager to help divide the work load for the next project.

D. Cameron should make a point of going to Blake's work station and leaving a mess.

Levin and Co. is a group of oil refineries that has been in the news recently. The company had to stop production for over two weeks because their key supplier refused to sell them crude oil at the old prices. Even after rounds of negotiations, the supplier refused to give in to the demands of Levin and Co., and finally, the company had to acquire the raw material from the same supplier because alternative suppliers, though abundant, could not provide the quantities the company demanded at such short notice. This shows the role of ________ in increasing the power one enjoys. alternatives dependence abundance substitutability unanswered

Dependence The most important aspect of power is that it is a function of dependence. Dependence increases when the resource you control is important, scarce, or nonsubstitutable.

According to the situational leadership theory, if employees are unwilling and unable, the appropriate leadership style in this situation would be ... Participative Democratic Person-oriented Directive

Directive According to the situational leadership theory, if employees are unwilling and unable, the appropriate leadership style in this situation would be directive.

Gwyn is struggling with personal issues of control within her team. Her outbursts and underhanded nature of functioning within the team is destructive. This could be considered ________. Relationship conflict Dysfunctional conflict Dysfunctional task conflict Dyadic relationship issues Intragroup conflict

Dysfunctional conflict --> Conflict that hinders group performance is destructive or dysfunctional conflict. A highly personal struggle for control in a team that distracts from the task at hand is dysfunctional

Which of the following is desirable with regard to persuasive communication? A. increasing the degree of noise in the communication process B. manipulating information so the receiver will see it more favorably C. engaging in selective perception D. processing a lot of information even if it exceeds our capacity E. matching the type of message with the type of audience

E. matching the type of message with the type of audience It is important to match the persuasive message to the type of processing your audience is likely to use. When the audience is not especially interested in a persuasive message topic, when they are poorly informed, when they are low in need for cognition, and when information is transmitted through relatively lean channels, they'll be more likely to use automatic processing. In these cases, use messages that are more emotion-laden and associate positive images with your preferred outcome. On the other hand, when the audience is interested in a topic, when they are high in need for cognition, or when the information is transmitted through rich channels, then it is a better idea to focus on rational arguments and evidence to make your case.

Contemporary perspectives tend to differentiate types of conflict based on their ... effects being good or bad emotional impact task orientation relationship orientation

Effects --> Contemporary (coexisting) perspectives differentiate types of conflict based on their effects.

What is an advantage of bonuses over merit-based pay plan? Employees don't view bonuses as a part of their salary. Bonuses improve flexibility of the workforce. Bonuses are paid based on a formula. Bonuses improve performance of the group as a whole. Employees are rewarded for recent performance.

Employees are rewarded for recent performance.

Which is true regarding employee burnout: While it takes rather long to develop it can often be cured in short time periods. The symptoms almost exclusively mental and do not show as physical symptoms. Especially high achievers (compared to average performers) are among burnout sufferers. The main reason for job Burnout it is the lack of willingness to deal with demanding tasks. Burnout can often be cured with breaks from work, such as "sleeping over a weekend" or "taking a few days of work to clear your head".

Especially high achievers (compared to average performers) are among burnout sufferers.

The division manager at Xperience Inc. wants to replace the SAP ERP currently used in his division with Epicor ERP as it costs 30 percent less to train new staff in Epicor ERP. But this leads to a conflict with the general manager, who insists that they can simply hire only people who already know how to use SAP ERP. Which of the following, if true, weakens the general manager's objection to the replacement of SAP ERP with Epicor ERP? Currently all employees in the company are required to attend workshops on how to use SAP ERP. Once employees learn how to use an ERP system, they tend to change employers more readily than before. Experienced users of SAP ERP command much higher salaries than do prospective employees who have no experience in the use of any ERP. The average productivity of employees in the company is below the average productivity of the employees of its competitors. The high costs of updates and upgrades make Epicor ERP more expensive to maintain than SAP ERP.

Experienced users of SAP ERP command much higher salaries than do prospective employees who have no experience in the use of any ERP. --> The general manager's objection is based on avoiding training costs altogether. But if hiring experienced users of SAP ERP is significantly more costly than hiring otherwise qualified people who would have to be trained to use Epicor ERP, the objection is weakened. Hence, the fact that experienced users of SAP ERP command much higher salaries weakens it. The fact that the high costs of updates and upgrades make Epicor ERP more expensive to maintain than SAP ERP argues independently against replacing SAP ERP with Epicor ERP and thus is also incorrect. The rest of the options do not provide any information relevant to an evaluation of SAP ERP as compared with Epicor ERP.

Which of the following Big Five personality traits has been identified as the most important trait in effective leaders? Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Emotional stability

Extraversion --> A comprehensive review of leadership literature, when organized around the Big Five, has found extraversion to be the most important trait of effective leaders but more strongly related to leader emergence than to leader effectiveness. Conscientiousness and openness to experience also showed strong relationships to leadership, though not quite as strong as extraversion.

Which of the following Big Five personality traits has been identified as the most important trait in effective leaders? Conscientiousness Openness Extraversion Agreeableness Emotional stability

Extraversion --> Conscientiousness and openness to experience also showed strong relationships to leadership, though not quite as strong as extraversion.

TRUE OR FALSE A new employee is more likely than a senior manager who has been with the organization for a long time to act as an impediment to change in an organization?

FALSE --> Politics suggests the impetus for change is more likely to come from outside change agents, employees new to the organization (who have less invested in the status quo), or managers slightly removed from the main power structure. Managers who have spent a long time with an organization and who have achieved a senior position in the hierarchy are often major impediments to change. For them, change can be a very real threat to their status and positio

True or False? McClelland's theory of needs has received little research support, particularly when cultural dimensions are considered.

False

true or false? Crossed arms convey a feeling of approachability

False We act out our state of being with nonverbal language. We can smile to project trustworthiness, uncross our arms to appear approachable, and stand to signal authority.

Which of the following is an example of an individual source of resistance to change? Limited focus of change Product orientation Fear of the unknown Structural inertia Employee orientation

Fear of the unknown --> Individual sources of resistance to change are habit, security, economic factors, fear of the unknown, and selective information processing.

Fony Corp., headquartered in China, is a leading manufacturer of electronic devices and solutions intended for professional markets. The company is considering upgrading the technology currently being used at Fony's manufacturing facility, located in Guangdong, that specializes in producing lithium-ion batteries, which are used to power laptops, cameras, cell phones, and other similar gadgets. The new technology is expected to increase efficiency levels and will also allow for greater adherence to quality standards. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument that Fony Corp. should upgrade its technology? The market for consumer electronics such as laptops, cameras, cell phones, and other similar gadgets is in the late maturity stage. Fony will be able to recover the cost of the new technology within eight years. Fony's main client account is at risk after the client had to recall nearly 2 million notebooks owing to defective batteries. The existing technology is currently functioning at the optimal level and the cost of maintenance is minimal. Fony last upgraded its technology six years ago and it has an adequate budget to fund the acquisition.

Fony's main client account is at risk after the client had to recall nearly 2 million notebooks owing to defective batteries. ---> If Fony's future as a supplier to a primary client is under threat due to its production of defective batteries, then this would most strengthen the argument to upgrade its technology. Given the new technology will ensure better quality, this option would be the most compelling argument. If the market for consumer electronics is in the late maturity stage, then this would weaken the argument. The fact that Fony will be able to recover the cost of the new technology within eight years neither strengthens nor weakens the argument. If the existing technology is functioning at the optimal level and the cost of maintenance is minimal, then this weakens the argument. The argument is not strengthened by the fact that Fony last upgraded its technology six years ago and has an adequate budget to fund the acquisition.

Which of the following is a differentiating factor between power and leadership? Control Influence Ability Goal compatibility

Goal compatibility Power does not require goal compatibility, merely dependence. Leadership, on the other hand, requires some congruence between the goals of the leader and those being led.

________refers to the tendency of people to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic. Confirmation bias Self-serving bias Randomness error Halo effect Hindsight bias

Halo effect When we draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic, such as intelligence, sociability, or appearance, a halo effect is operating. A single trait is allowed to influence the overall impression of the person being judged.

Which of the following statements is true regarding power? A is said to have power over B if B controls something that A desires The greater A's dependence on B, the greater A's power in the relationship If A has the capacity to influence the behavior of B, then A is said to have power over B A can have power over B only if A is B's leader A can have power over B only when A and B have similar goals

If A has the capacity to influence the behavior of B, then A is said to have power over B ---> The most important aspect of power is that it is a function of dependence. The greater B's dependence on A, the greater A's power in the relationship.

Which of the following statements is true regarding random socialization? Random socialization tries to strip away certain characteristics of the recruit. Random socialization is carried out per a fixed time schedule. In random socialization, new employees are left on their own to figure things out. Random socialization involves socializing the newcomers in groups. Specific orientation and classroom training programs are examples of random socialization.

In random socialization, new employees are left on their own to figure things out. --> In random socialization, role models are deliberately withheld. New employees are left on their own to figure things out.

Which of the following statements is true regarding team composition? A team's performance is merely the summation of its individual members' abilities. High-ability teams find it hard to adapt to changing situations. Agreeableness is the only personality dimension that aids the ability to work in groups. In successful teams, members should be selected to ensure all the various roles are filled. A high-ability team will function well irrespective of the deficits in the abilities of the leader.

In successful teams, members should be selected to ensure all the various roles are filled.

_______is an unconscious process created from distilled experience. Process consultation Action research Intuitive decision making Active selection Emotional intelligence

Intuitive decision making --> Intuitive decision making occurs outside conscious thought, relies on holistic associations, is fast, and engages in emotions.

Appreciative inquiry (AI) is an organizational development technique. Which of the following statements is true regarding appreciative inquiry? It tries to identify discrepancies among member perceptions and solve these differences. It uses high-interaction group activities to increase trust and openness among team members, improve coordinative efforts, and increase team performance. It involves an outside consultant who helps the manager to analyze processes within his or her unit and identify what to improve and how. It consists of four steps including discovery, dreaming, design, and destiny. It seeks to change groups' attitudes, stereotypes, and perceptions about each other.

It consists of four steps including discovery, dreaming, design, and destiny. --> AI focuses on an organization's successes rather than its problems. The AI process consists of four steps-discovery, dreaming, design, and destiny-often played out in a large-group meeting over a two- or three-day time period and overseen by a trained change age

What is the major problem with the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator as a measure of personality? It has an excess of classifications, which tends to confuse a person. It forces a person to be categorized as either one type or another. It does not have a clear demarcation between different personality types. It tends to overemphasize intuitive traits over analytical traits. It indicates results related exclusively to job performance.

It forces a person to be categorized as either one type or another. For instance, if one is not introverted or extraverted, there is no in-between, though in reality people can be both extraverted and introverted to some degree

Which of the following is true about intuitive decision making? It is a slow process of decision making. It is devoid of emotions. It is the most rational way of making a decision. It occurs within conscious thought. It involves making decisions based on distilled experience.

It involves making decisions based on distilled experience.

Johanna Murray, a climate campaigner at The National Footprint Foundation, is known in her organization to be a campaigner of caliber and high performance. She has strong networks with the Ministry of Environment and allies with several environmental organizations in the country. Over the years, she has gained substantial knowledge on the issue of climate change. However, recently when she prepared a consolidated report on a conference she attended on climate change, it reflected major loopholes and limited information from the conference. Which of the following, if true, substantiates that Johanna had anchoring bias? Johanna was moved by the arguments put forth by the first speaker. Johanna participated actively in the interactive session conducted at the end. The speakers at the conference consisted of renowned environmental scientists and activists. Johanna has attended several conferences where the panel consisted of eminent scientists. Johanna was shocked by the startling facts shown during the concluding session.

Johanna was moved by the arguments put forth by the first speaker. --> A tendency to fixate on initial information, from which one then fails to adequately adjust for subsequent information, refers to anchoring bias. If Johanna were moved by the arguments put forward by the first speaker, then this supports the argument that she had anchoring bias because this may have led her to prepare a report which had limited information and focused on initial parts of the conference. If Johanna participated actively in the interactive session conducted at the end, then this works against the argument. It is irrelevant to the argument that the speakers at the conference consisted of renowned environmental scientists and activists. If Johanna has attended several conferences where the panel consisted of eminent scientists, it works against the argument because it indicates that she is used to attending similar conferences and not overwhelmed by the presence of eminent scientists. Hence, this weakens the argument. Johanna being shocked by the startling facts shown during the concluding session weakens the argument as it shows that she did not fixate only on the information presented at the beginning of the conferenc

Which of the following is something that often differentiates power from leadership? Lack of dependence of followers Use of positive styles over negative tactics Downward influence of leader on followers Lack of goal compatibility between leaders and followers Lack of control on behavior of followers

Lack of goal compatibility between leaders and followers ---> Power does not require goal compatibility, merely dependence. Leadership, on the other hand, requires some congruence between the goals of the leader and those being led.

Which of the following is a unique advantage of lateral communication? Lateral communication helps in the transmission of ideas and information. Lateral communication occurring with management's knowledge and support can be beneficial even if it does not follow the formal vertical structure. Lateral communication facilitates emotional expression, enhances motivation, and helps the organization control its employees effectively. Lateral communication facilitates coordination at the intradepartmental level. Lateral communication works quickly as it does not follow the stages of the communication process.

Lateral communication occurring with management's knowledge and support can be beneficial even if it does not follow the formal vertical structure.

In the context of behavioral dimensions of leadership identified in the Ohio State Studies, initiating structure refers to the extent to which...: Leader engages in participative management Leader is accepting of and respects individual differences among various team members Leader is likely to define and organize his or her role and those of employees in the search for goal attainment Leader initiates efforts to communicate personally with employees

Leader is likely to define and organize his or her role and those of employees in the search for goal attainment --> As a behavioral dimension of leaders, initiating structure is the extent to which a leader is likely to define and structure his or her role and those of employees in the search for goal attainment. It includes behavior that attempts to organize work, work relationships, and goals.

The least preferred co-worker (LPC) questionnaire is used to measure whether... The followers are able and willing Leader is task- or relationship-oriented The members are in the ingroup or out-group Employees prefer servant leadership over situational leadership

Leader is task- or relationship-oriented ---> Fiedler believes a key factor in leadership success is the individual's basic leadership style. He created the least preferred co-worker (LPC) questionnaire to identify that style by measuring whether a person is task- or relationship-oriented.

Which of the following statements is true regarding legitimate power? Legitimate power develops out of admiration of another and a desire to be like that person Celebrities who endorse products in commercials wield legitimate power over people Legitimate power comes from an individual's unique characteristics Legitimate power is broader than the power to coerce and reward

Legitimate power is broader than the power to coerce and reward --> In formal groups and organizations, probably the most common access to one or more of the power bases is through legitimate power. It represents the formal authority to control and use organizational resources based on structural position in the organization. Legitimate power is broader than the power to coerce and reward.

Which of the following statements is true with regard to nonverbal communication? Nonverbal communication has a high degree of potential distortion. E-mails and memos are examples of nonverbal communication. The importance of nonverbal cues is low as they have no fixed meanings. Level of interest and the perceived status between a sender and a receiver can be studied through body language. Messages received through oral and nonverbal communication cannot be contradictory to each other.

Level of interest and the perceived status between a sender and a receiver can be studied through body language. --> the two most important messages body language conveys are (1) the extent to which we like another and are interested in his or her views and (2) the perceived status between a sender and receiver.

The main contingency theories of leadership except: Fiedler Hersey-Blanchard Path-goal theory McClelland's theory

McClelland's theory

Laura Simpson, a campaign manager at a child rights organization in Jakarta, planned a marathon for celebrities to raise money for underprivileged children. Though all arrangements for the event had been made, a few days before the event she realized that on the same day there was a political rally happening in the city which would block access to the route on which the marathon was supposed to be undertaken. In such a situation, what is Simpson, who suffers from self-serving bias, most likely to say? I did not do sufficient research on public events in the city. My colleagues did not inform me about the rally. The director had warned me of this. I should have known better. I should have weighed feasibility options for the event. I should have established better contacts to know about this update.

My colleagues did not inform me about the rally. Self-serving bias places the blame for failure on external factors such as bad luck or unproductive co-workers rather than taking personal responsibility for the failure.

The ________ is a personality assessment consisting of 100 questions where respondents are classified as extraverted or introverted, sensing or intuitive, thinking or feeling, and judging or perceiving. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Birkman Method Karolinska Scales of Personality Keirsey Temperament Sorter Taylor-Johnson Temperament Analysis

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Which of the following is a factor present in a target which may affect a person's perception? attitude motive interest novelty experience

Novelty (the quality of being new, original, or unusual) Factors present in a target which may affect perception are novelty, motion, sound, size, background, proximity, and similarity.

Explain how stereotyping can cause problems for some managers when making ethical decisions. Provide an example.

One of the criterion of ethical decision making is to focus on individual rights. Thus, the use of stereotyping would affect the ethical decision-making process. The focus on rights calls on individuals to make decisions consistent with fundamental liberties and privileges as set forth in documents like the Bill of Rights. An emphasis on rights in decision making means respecting and protecting the basic rights of individuals. If a manager engages in stereotyping, for example, believing that all women are less productive than men, he may be inclined to base organizational decisions on this stereotype. When an important project or promotion comes up, the manager would always be inclined to reward men over women.

_____ refers to the shared perceptions organizational members have about their organization and work environment. Organizational climate Institutionalization Microcosm Groupthink Organizational apprehension

Organizational climate --> This aspect of culture is like team spirit at the organizational level.

Which of the following theories of leadership is based on situational variables? Attribution theory Trait theories Charismatic leadership theory Path-goal theory Behavioral theories

Path-goal theory --> Numerous studies have shown that predicting leadership success is more complex than isolating a few traits or behaviors, since leadership styles that are effective in very bad times or in very good times do not necessarily translate into long-term success. This idea led researchers to change their focus from trait and behavior theories to situational influences on leadership styles, or contingency theories. The path-goal theory is one of the contingency theories.

Which of the following characteristics of an organization's culture indicates the degree to which management decisions take into consideration the effect of outcomes on employees within the organization? Attention to detail Outcome orientation Team orientation People/costumer orientation Stability

People/costumer orientation --> People/customer orientation indicates the degree to which management decisions take into consideration the effect of outcomes on people within the organization.

______is the process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. Sensation Impression Apprehension Attribution Perception

Perception Perception is defined as a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. People's behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, and not on reality itself. What a person perceives can be substantially different from objective reality.

Psychological safety climate are: Perceptions of taking a risk, and responses to other teammates taking that risk Perceptions that the environment is safe and no harm could occur in the team Perceptions that one could be embarrassed or punished if a mistake is admitted Perceptions that offering a new idea is always to be beneficial for the team All of the above

Perceptions of taking a risk, and responses to other teammates taking that risk

Which of the following power tactics uses warnings and threats and is typically the least effective of all the power tactics? Coalitions Exchange Pressure Rational persuasion

Pressure --> Pressure tends to backfire and is typically the least effective of the nine tactics.

Which of the following stressors is likely to produce less strain than the other stressors? Confusion over job responsibilities Office politics Lack of unity of command Red tape Pressure to complete tasks

Pressure to complete tasks --> Pressure to complete tasks is a challenge stressor whereas red tape, office politics, lack of unity of command, and confusion over job responsibilities are hindrance stressors. Although research is just starting to accumulate, early evidence suggests challenge stressors produce less strain than hindrance stressors.

When your work group disagrees, the disagreements usually concern how the group's work should be accomplished. The type of conflict experienced by your group is known as a ________ conflict. task relationship process traditional reactive

Process --> process conflict relates to how the work gets done.

______ has a focus on prosocial motivation and is especially important for organizations with corporate social responsibility. Relational job design Job rotation Flextime The job characteristics model Telecommuting

Relational job design

________ power represents the compliance that is achieved based on the ability to distribute positive benefits that others view as valuable Legitimate Coercive Reward Reflective

Reward --> The opposite of coercive power is reward power, with which people comply because it produces positive benefits; someone who can distribute rewards others view as valuable will have power over them. These rewards can be either financial, such as controlling pay rates, or nonfinancial, including recognition or promotions.

What bias indicates the tendency of an individual to attribute his or her own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors. Status quo Self-serving Distinction Congruence Anchoring

Self-serving individuals and organizations tend to attribute their own successes to internal factors such as ability or effort and place the blame for failure on external factors such as bad luck or unproductive co-workers. This is known as a self-serving bias.

Which of the following theoretical approaches in the study of leadership focuses on followers' readiness as a determinant of effective leadership? Big Five personality model Behavioral theories Laissez-faire leadership Situational leadership theory

Situational leadership theory --> Situational leadership theory (SLT) focuses on the followers. It says successful leadership depends on selecting the right leadership style contingent on the followers' readiness, or the extent to which they are willing and able to accomplish a specific task.

______ illustrates a process loss from using teams. Organizational demography Role conflict Social loafing Multitasking Profit-sharing

Social loafing

_______ is a process that helps new employees adapt to the prevailing organizational culture. Satisficing Reciprocal interdependence Socialization Formalization Social loafing

Socialization ---> No matter how good a job the organization does in recruiting and selection, new employees are not fully indoctrinated in the organization's culture and can disrupt beliefs and customs already in place. The process that helps new employees adapt to the prevailing culture is socialization.

______ is a dynamic condition in which an individual is confronted with an opportunity, demand, or resource related to what the individual desires and for which the outcome is perceived to be both uncertain and important. Change Stress Innovation Stimulation Creativity

Stress --> Stress is a dynamic condition in which an individual is confronted with an opportunity, demand, or resource related to what the individual desires and for which the outcome is perceived to be both uncertain and important.

Conditions that can create conflicts can be classified into three categories. Which of the following is one of these three categories that includes variables such as jurisdictional clarity, member-goal compatibility, and leadership styles? Communication Structure Personal variables Group interactions Process variables

Structure Conflicts related to structure result from variables such as size, degree of specialization in the tasks assigned to group members, jurisdictional clarity, member-goal compatibility, leadership styles, reward systems, and the degree of dependence between groups.

Communication in high-context cultures is characterized by an emphasis on ________. directness explicit and precise documentation trust legalized contracts over oral ones direct modes of conflict resolution

TRUST --> Communication in high-context cultures implies considerably more trust by both parties. Oral agreements imply strong commitments in high-context cultures. In low-context cultures, enforceable contracts tend to be in writing, precisely worded, and highly legalistic. Similarly, low-context cultures value directness.

Which of the following situational dimensions identified by Fiedler relates to the degree to which job assignments are regimented, that is, structured or unstructured? Task significance Task structure Task complexity Task orientation

Task structure Fiedler identified three contingency or situational dimensions in which certain types of leaders might excel or fail, including 1. leader-member relations, 2. task structure 3. position power. Task structure is the degree to which job assignments are regimented (that is, structured or unstructured). Leaders who are task-oriented, Fiedler proposes, perform best when the situation is very favorable or very unfavorable.

The ________ is a personality assessment consisting of 100 questions where respondents are classified as extraverted or introverted, sensing or intuitive, thinking or feeling, and judging or perceiving. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Birkman Method Karolinska Scales of Personality Keirsey Temperament Sorter Taylor-Johnson Temperament Analysis

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is the most widely used personality assessment instrument in the world. It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they usually feel or act in particular situations. Respondents are classified as extraverted.

Conservationists have had a perpetual conflict with the government of the United States over the fast and rampant depletion of Earth's natural resources. They argue that the United States must reduce its consumption level significantly to rectify this problem. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the conservationists' argument? The United States has been conserving forests for several years Most countries have not taken any measures to reduce their consumption levels of natural resources There are several countries that have more requirements for resources than the United States The United States accounts for one-third of the total world resource consumption New resource deposits are constantly being discovered

The United States accounts for one-third of the total world resource consumption --> the fact that the United States has been conserving forests for several years has nothing to do with the conservationists' argument. Neither does the fact that there are several countries that have more requirements for resources than the United States nor the fact that new deposits are being discovered. The fact that most countries have not taken any measures to reduce the consumption level does not provide support for the conclusion. The fact that the United States consumes one-third of all resources used in the world supports the conclusion as the United States cannot increase consumption to more than one-third of the world's resources or they risk depleting Earth's resources even faster.

Leadership is best defined as : The ability to merely project one's abilities in the lack of actual accomplishments The ability to reduce the dependence of team members on each other The ability to induce the team members to focus on individual goals rather than collective goals The ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals

The ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals --> Leaders can emerge from within a group as well as by formal appointment.

Which of the following is an example of upward communication? Jennifer has just received an outstanding performance rating as a part of the yearly appraisals. Sherry is holding a project initiation meeting with her team to familiarize them with the guidelines and requirements. The assembly line workers have conducted a signature campaign asking for the revision of the old pay scales. The management has recently given a copy of the new safety policies that the employees must abide by in their daily work. The heads of the different departments of Carver Inc. have met to discuss their plans for the coming year.

The assembly line workers have conducted a signature campaign asking for the revision of the old pay scales.

Employee burnout describes a syndrome that consists of complete energy exhaustion with substantial negative influences on work performance and even daily functioning. Which of the following statements does Depersonalization best describe. The emotional and physical feeling of tiredness. The believe that one won't cope even facing rather minor tasks. The doubt of one's work purpose or the general purpose in life. The cynical view that others don't understand and don't care. The complete lack of economic resources to quit one's job. incorrect

The cynical view that others don't understand and don't care. --> Depersonalization refers to development of dehumanized and cynical attitudes toward people who are recipients of one's services

Treesa Mayering recently began her first job at a PR firm called Pro as a copywriter. Her job involves creating scripts for press releases, advertisements, and other media events. She has been working under the guidance of Will Preston, the senior copywriter. Treesa, who has no prior experience in this job, had worked on scripts for advertisements and online brochures alone when she was asked to work on a press release for the first time. Will reviewed Treesa's script and sent her an e-mail full of detailed corrections, which she promptly implemented. However, when Will looked at the script later, he felt that it did not represent a significant improvement of her first draft. Which of the following, if true, would best explain this outcome? The feedback provided by Will was not elaborate and comprehensive enough. Treesa took a lot of time to implement Will's corrections and revise her script. Treesa was hired because she demonstrated considerable analytical and creative thinking skills in her pre-employment tests. Will routinely e-mailed feedback on scripts for advertisements, online brochures, and press releases to his team members. Will believed that Treesa's understanding of his e-mailed feedback would be accurate.

The feedback provided by Will was not elaborate and comprehensive enough. ----> The fact that the feedback provided by Will was not elaborate and comprehensive enough does explain this outcome as his choice of communication channel was not rich enough to convey the message he intended to communicate. The fact that Treesa took a lot of time to implement Will's corrections and revise her script does not explain this outcome. The fact that Treesa was hired because she demonstrated considerable analytical and creative thinking skills in her pre-employment tests does not explain this outcome. The fact that Will routinely e-mailed feedback on scripts does not explain this outcome. The fact that Will believed that Treesa's understanding of his e-mailed feedback would be accurate is an assumption that does not completely explain this outcome.

When the middle-level manager of the production department at Wilson Works was laid off, many employees who worked under him became apprehensive about their job security. They were aware of the current trend toward laying off employees in the economy. The termination of their manager combined with the fact that their division had performed only moderately well in the last two quarters led the employees to believe that they were at a high risk of losing their jobs as well. Which of the following, if true, would weaken the argument that the production manager should hold face-to-face meetings to assure the employees in the production division? The employees have serious concerns over job security. Rumors had spread about impending layoffs at Wilson Works. The middle-level manager supervised over five hundred employees. Wilson Works has a strong formal communication network in place. The company has no fixed policy with regard to rightsizing employees.

The middle-level manager supervised over five hundred employees.

Which of the following statements represents a strategy that is desirable for making effective teams? Combining people with extremely high and extremely low abilities helps make a balanced team. Individuals should ideally have one role in a team as multiple roles reduce their effectiveness and efficiency. Diversity should be avoided as diverse teams involve a lot of conflict in day-to-day functioning. If a natural work unit is larger, its size must be maintained for the nature of the job requires large teams. The preference of individual members to work as a part of groups must be considered when forming teams.

The preference of individual members to work as a part of groups must be considered when forming teams.

Which of the following statements is true regarding oral communication? It is tangible and verifiable . It can be stored for an indefinite period. The sender can quickly obtain feedback from the receiver. As compared to written communication, it is more likely to be well thought out, logical, and clear. In the case of oral communication, the possibility of distortion of the message decreases.

The sender can quickly obtain feedback from the receiver.

Which of the following statements is true with regard to the path-goal theory of leadership? The theory considers leadership to be a set of attributes ascribed to leaders by followers The theory proposes only a passive and supportive role for leaders The theory considers removing obstacles to be a component of effective leadership The theory proposes that leaders must work closely with followers throughout The path-goal theory represents a laissez-faire approach to leadership

The theory considers removing obstacles to be a component of effective leadership --> the theory proposes that the leader's job is to provide followers with the information, support, or other resources necessary to achieve their goals. The term path-goal implies effective leaders clarify followers' paths to their work goals and make the journey easier by reducing roadblocks.

Explain the three components of creativity.

The three-component model of creativity proposes that individual creativity essentially requires expertise, creative-thinking skills, and intrinsic task motivation. a) Expertise is the foundation for all creative work. The potential for creativity is enhanced when individuals have abilities, knowledge, proficiencies, and similar expertise in their field of endeavor. b) The second component is creative-thinking skills. This encompasses personality characteristics associated with creativity, the ability to use analogies, as well as the talent to see the familiar in a different light. c) The final component is intrinsic task motivation. This is the desire to work on something because it is interesting, involving, exciting, satisfying, or personally challenging. This motivational component is what turns creativity potential into actual creative ideas. It determines the extent to which individuals fully engage their expertise and creative skills.

The leader-participation model focuses on .... The personality traits of leaders The presence of charisma in the leader The way decisions are made by the leader The mere projection of successful leadership by the leader

The way decisions are made by the leader The leader-participation model argues that the way the leader makes decisions is as important as what she or he decides. Victor Vroom and Phillip Yetton's leader-participation model relates leadership behavior and participation in decision making.

Why is Maslow's theory criticized? A. The concept of self-actualization was unfounded. b. There is little evidence that needs are structured or operate in the way it describes. c. The esteem need is a more powerful motivator than self-actualization. d. Its terminology tends to alienate those to whom it is applied. e. It does not adequately describe how an organization can satisfy higher-order needs.

There is little evidence that needs are structured or operate in the way it describes.

Which of the following is most likely to be a drawback of highly conscientious people according to the Big Five model? They engage in numerous risky behaviors, such as smoking and drinking. They tend to indulge in irresponsible behavior and be disorganized. They can be too deliberate and perfectionistic. They focus on learning instead of performing a job efficiently. They excessively emphasize being creative.

They can be too deliberate and perfectionistic. Like any trait, conscientiousness has pitfalls. Extremely conscientious individuals can be too deliberate and perfectionistic, resulting in diminished happiness and performance, which includes task performance, safety performance, and OCB. They may also become too focused on their own work to help others in the organization. Finally, they are often less creative, especially artistically.

Trevor Guerney is a manager who believes that those who are to be affected by a change must be involved in the change. Consequently, he always ensures that his subordinates have the knowledge of what is happening around them, and he often holds meetings to obtain employee opinion and suggestions before making any decision that would apply to them. Similarly, Trevor's team proactively approaches him with problems and potential solutions as they know he will not respond by criticizing them. From the information provided in the scenario, we can say that ________. Trevor's leadership is primarily task-oriented Trevor's team has a low degree of trust propensity Trevor's team requires more directive leadership Trevor's team has positive leader-member relations Trevor's team is unsatisfied with his power position

Trevor's team has positive leader-member relations --> Fiedler identified three contingency or situational dimensions to leadership success, including leader-member relations, task structure, and position power. Leader-member relations is the degree of confidence, trust, and respect members have in their leader.

True or false? A work team's success is impacted as much by what is happening "outside" the team as it is by what is happening "inside."

True

True or false? Effective teams tend to be small.

True

True or false? Relationship conflict is negatively correlated with team performance, while task conflict has an inverted U relationship with team performance.

True

True or false? If you want a college degree and have to pass a certain course to get it, and your current instructor is the only faculty member in the college who teaches the course, she has power over you.

True --> A person can have power over you only if he or she controls something you desire. If you want a college degree and have to pass a certain course to get it, and your current instructor is the only faculty member in the college who teaches the course, she has power over you because your alternatives are highly limited and you place a high degree of importance on the outcome.

True or false Organizations are increasingly adjusting their processes and positioning their products as environment friendly and sustainable in order to increase their appeal to consumers. This is a response to changes in social trends.

True --> Social trends don't remain static. Consumers now meet and share information in chat rooms and blogs. Companies must continually adjust product and marketing strategies to be sensitive to changing social trends. Consumers, employees, and organizational leaders are more sensitive to environmental concerns. "Green" practices are quickly becoming expected rather than optional.

True and False Dale Fisher is the manager of one branch of a retail chain. He often speaks with his customer service attendants about the value they bring to the company and encourages them to continue doing so. He knows that this approach of enhancing the worth of these executives and shaping their aspirations to do well is a more effective approach than using warnings and ultimatums. Dale is using the power tactic of an inspirational appeal here.

True --> inspirational appeals represent a power tactic that involves developing emotional commitment by appealing to a target's values, needs, hopes, and aspirations

What is the difference between videoconferencing and conference calling?

Videoconferencing permits employees and clients to conduct real-time meetings with people at different locations. Live audio and video images let us see, hear, and talk with each other without being physically in the same location. Conference calling is generally limited to telephone exchanges where some people may gather around one speaker phone, and others call in through a secure line. There may be some shared files or videos everyone can see on their computers. Both modes are used selectively, according to the application.

Extremely attractive or unattractive individuals are most likely to be noticed in a group. Which of the following statements best describes the reason behind this? Our perception of reality depends on our past experiences. Our perception of reality depends on our personality. We don't look at targets in isolation. The time at which we see an object can influence our perception of the object. Our motives and expectations affect our perception of a target.

We don't look at targets in isolation. Characteristics of the target we observe can affect what we perceive. Loud people are more likely to be noticed in a group than quiet ones. So, too, are extremely attractive or unattractive individuals. Because we don't look at targets in isolation, the relationship of a target to its background influences our perception of the target.

Which of the following is true about how we speak of peoples' personalities? We tend to use the same small set of adjectives to describe how people act. A recent survey revealed a succinct set of 112 adjectives to describe people they know. We tend to use many adjectives to describe how people act and seem to think. A recent survey revealed just 211 adjectives to describe people they know. We tend to describe personality traits using approximately 55 adjectives.

We tend to use many adjectives to describe how people act and seem to think. When we speak of someone's personality, we use many adjectives to describe how they act and seem to think; in fact, participants in a recent study used 624 distinct adjectives to describe people they knew.

Which of the following accurately differentiates between work groups and work teams? Work groups are used by top-management employees, while work teams are used by lower-level workers. Work groups are used for functions relating to areas of the external environment, while work teams are exclusively used for departmental problems and issues. Work groups involve members who have complementary skills, while work teams use employees who have random and varied skills. Work teams generate a potential for an organization to generate greater outputs with no increase in inputs, while work groups cannot perform this function. Work teams represent the mere accumulation of individual efforts, while work groups generate a positive synergy within the organization.

Work teams generate a potential for an organization to generate greater outputs with no increase in inputs, while work groups cannot perform this function.

Communicating through e-mail provides ________. host of nonverbal cues to understand the message better the best means to convey negative information a cheaper alternative to the conventional communication through letters a secure communication link that nobody else can access an option to hold real-time meetings with people in different locations

a cheaper alternative to the conventional communication through letters --> E-mail is not the best way to communicate negative messages. It's time-consuming nature, limited possibility to express emotions, and privacy concerns are other drawbacks.

avier has two passions, his profession, he is an engineer and the environment, in fact he is affiliated to Green Peace and collaborates with many projects of this organization. He has just received a very attractive job offer, in economic, scientific and future terms. It is for a nuclear power plant in France. We can expect Juan to... a. Accept it and change his attitude by introducing dissonant elements in his analysis. b. Not accept it because it goes against his values. c. The behavioral component of his attitude corresponds to it and he does not accept it. d. All of them are possible.

a. Accept it and change his attitude by introducing dissonant elements in his analysis.

_____are caused by a specific event, are very brief, and are accompanied by distinct facial expressions. a. Emotions b. Perceptions c. Attitudes d. Moods e. Reactions

a. Emotions

________ refers to an overall factor of intelligence as suggested by the positive correlations among specific intellectual ability dimensions. a. General mental ability b. Malleable intelligence c. Extelligence d. The Flynn effect e. Virtual memory

a. General mental ability

Which of the following is a generic term that covers a broad range of feelings that people experience? a. affect b. knowledge c. insight d. attention e. cognition

a. affect

Which of the following is one of the five essentially universal (basic) emotions agreed on by a majority of researchers? a. anger b. shame c. apathy d. indifference e. distress

a. anger

Mrs. Jonas believes strongly that it is important that worker's rights be respected, and that one of the more important ways of doing this is to ensure that all workers be properly documented. She is supervising a contracting company that is building a new warehouse for her company. While doing this she discovers that many of the workers employed by the contractor are undocumented aliens working for well below minimum wage. Mrs. Jonas is likely experiencing ________. a. cognitive dissonance b. unresolved anger c. ethical evasion d.uncertainty avoidance e. social pressure

a. cognitive dissonance

According to the attribution theory, ________ is one of the three main factors which attempt to determine an individual's behavior. a. distinctiveness b. perverseness c. flexibleness d. resilience e. timorousness

a. distinctiveness

According to the concept of ________, decisions are made solely on the basis of their outcomes, ideally to provide the greatest good for the greatest number. a. utilitarianism b. selective perception c. self-fulfilling prophecy d. halo effect e. contrast effect

a. utilitarianism According to the ethical yardstick of utilitarianism, decisions are made to provide the greatest good for the greatest number. In this system, decisions are made solely on the basis of their outcomes.

Emotions such as relaxation, serenity, and calmness comprise the ________ mood dimension. a. low positive b. neutral affect c. low negative affect d high positive affect e high negative affect

a.low positive

A party who seeks to appease an opponent may be willing to place the opponent's interests above his or her own, sacrificing to maintain the relationship. We refer to this conflict-handling intention as ________. collaborating avoiding compromising competing accommodating

accommodating

Macy does not like a few of the standard operating procedures adapted for the new project. However, she discussed the items with the team and told them that she realized she was in the minority and that she would adapt the new procedures to maintain smooth operations within the team. This type of conflict-handling intention is called ________. negotiating accommodating collaborating compromising competing

accommodating A party who seeks to appease an opponent may be willing to place the opponent's interests above his or her own, sacrificing to maintain the relationship. We refer to this conflict-handling intention as accommodating. Supporting someone else's opinion despite your reservations about it, for example, is accommodating.

Which dimension of the Big Five model refers to an individual's propensity to defer to others? conscientiousness agreeableness extraversion openness to experience emotional stability

agreeableness The agreeableness dimension refers to an individual's propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.

A relatively superficial consideration of evidence and information making use of heuristics is defined as serial processing depth processing parallel processing controlled processing automatic processing

automatic processing --> Automatic processing is a relatively superficial consideration of evidence and information making use of heuristics. Automatic processing takes little time and low effort.

Abigail Jones is a sales executive at Orbit Bank in Brussels. She is the best performer on her team and often gets the highest number of corporate accounts for the company. However, she feels that she does not get sufficient credit for her hard work. During lunch, she says to her colleague, "I have been getting the largest accounts for the bank for the past eight months. Yet, my manager never acknowledges the kind of effort I put in to get these accounts." Which component of attitude is being demonstrated by Jones? a. Positive component. b. Cognitive component. c. Affective component. d. Behavioral component.

b. Cognitive component.

_____ is moderately correlated with organizational citizenship behavior. a. Emotional contagion. b. Job satisfaction. c. Absenteeism. d. Turnover rate. e. Cognitive dissonance.

b. Job satisfaction.

Answer to the following statement: "Behavior always comes from attitudes." a. True. b. No, sometimes it can also be the other way around. c. It has nothing to do with it. d. Behavior is correlated with experience.

b. No, sometimes it can also be the other way around.

Gina Sanchez, an architect in California, is renovating an old school building and turning it into a retail and entertainment space. She must decide how the existing layout can be redesigned and modified to best suit the new uses. Which of the following dimensions of intelligence will most help Gina reimagine the existing building? a. haptic perception b. spatial visualization c. memory d. inductive reasoning e. deductive reasoning

b. spatial visualization

A process of making decisions by constructing simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity is known as ________. optimal decision making intuitive decision making bounded rationality active selection incremental decision making

bounded rationality The human mind cannot formulate and solve complex problems with full rationality. Thus, they operate within the confines of bounded rationality. The process of making decisions by constructing simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity is known as bounded rationality.

Robert Springer woke up in the morning and felt a sense of joy and peace as he got ready for work. At work, though challenges came his way, he tackled them without getting stressed about them. This feeling lasted for several days that week. What is one of the reasons that Springer's feeling can be categorized as a mood and not as an emotion? a. It is more intense than emotions. b. It is brought about by a specific event. c. It is prolonged in nature. d. It is a positive feeling. e. It is indicated by a facial expression.

c. It is prolonged in nature.

Which of the following is true about the correlation between salary and job satisfaction? a. pay is not related to job satisfaction for employees in underdeveloped countries. b. Salary and perks do not have a role in overall happiness of employees from poor countries. c. Pay does not play a critical role in job satisfaction when an individual reaches a level of comfortable living. d. Financial perks and benefits always create job satisfaction irrespective of standards of living. e. High salary level always creates organizational commitment.

c. Pay does not play a critical role in job satisfaction when an individual reaches a level of comfortable living.

When individuals observe another person's behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. Which of the following attempts to explain this phenomenon? a. Pygmalion effect b. emotional dissonance c. attribution theory d. two-factor theory e. framing effect

c. attribution theory We judge people differently, depending on the meaning we attribute to a given behavior. Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual's behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused.

Mark believes that his manager is a good person and will work things out if Mark just gives him time to do so. Mark is dealing with his dissatisfaction through ________. a. exit b. voice c. loyalty d. neglect e. acceptance

c. loyalty

Of the following attitudes, the best predictor of turnover is ________. a. pay b. supervision c. organizational commitment d. cognitive dissonance e affective dissonance

c. organizational commitment

Bryan Eusebius has a positive attitude toward his organization. He feels the management treats all employees fairly in matters concerning rewards, is understanding toward their needs and requirements, and allows them to have a voice in decisions. Bryan's attitude toward his organization is indicative of ________. a. emotional contagion b. positivity offset c. perceived organizational support d. cognitive dissonance e. self-concordance

c. perceived organizational support

With reference to the communication process, the ________ is the medium through which the message travels. an incorrect answer the correct answer an incorrect answer feedback noise encoder channel decoder

channel The channel is the medium through which the message travels.

With reference to the team effectiveness model, which of the following is one of the key components of an effective team, included under the category of contextual factors? team efficacy climate of trust common purpose social loafing specific goals

climate of trust

In the last one week, May and Phyllis have been putting in extra hours at work so that the project assigned to them is completed on time. Though the manager was due to assign two more people to this project, he had not done so and, instead, was emphasizing to employees the importance of adhering to the needs of the department in regard to workload. As a result, May and Phyllis, who had double their routine workload, complained to the division manager. May was promptly suspended from work for complaining about her immediate supervisor. This scenario describes ________ power. reward legitimate coercive expert referent

coercive The coercive power base depends on fear of the negative results from failing to comply. At the organizational level, A has coercive power over B if A can dismiss, suspend, or demote B, assuming B values his or her job

A strong culture should increase employee loyalty because it results in ________. a highly centralized organization narrow spans of control cohesiveness and organizational commitment a highly formalized organization an outcome-oriented organization

cohesiveness and organizational commitment --> A strong culture should increase employee loyalty because it demonstrates high agreement about what the organization represents. Such unanimity of purpose builds cohesiveness, loyalty, and organizational commitment.

Self-determination theory proposes that in addition to being driven by a need for autonomy, people seek ways to achieve ________. competence and positive connections high rewards recognition and status career growth power and control

competence and positive connections

When one person seeks to satisfy his or her own interests regardless of the impact on the other parties to the conflict, that person is using the conflict-handling intention of ________. competing avoiding accommodating compromising collaborating

competing --> When one person seeks to satisfy his or her own interests regardless of the impact on the other parties to the conflict, that person is competing.

According to the attribution theory, if everyone who faces a similar situation responds in the same way, we can say the behavior shows ________. distinctiveness tractability consensus consistency manageability

consensus

If a person responds to a particular situation in the same way over a long time period, then the attribution theory states that the behavior demonstrates ________. distinctiveness consensus consistency discontinuity traceability

consistency

Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual's behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused. That determination, however, depends largely on three factors. Which of the following is one of these three factors? traceability consistency verifiability relatedness affect intensity

consistency Determination however, depends largely on three factors, distinctiveness, consensus, and consistency.

During team meetings, Amber Downing always notices that Rhona Law tends to ask many questions and suggest ideas at each discussion. However, Law stands out in the meetings only because she is the only one making suggestions. If both of them were part of team meetings where almost all members made suggestions and asked questions, Law would not have drawn as much attention from Downing. Which of the following factors has most likely influenced Downing's perception of Law? expectation interest past experience context motive

context A number of factors operate to shape and sometimes distort perception. These factors can reside in the perceiver, in the object or target being perceived, or in the context of the situation in which the perception is made.

Before buying her new phone, Gina listed the various requirements her new phone must meet. As a wedding planner, much of her work revolves around using e-mail to forward pictures of locations, designs, and food arrangements that she could categorize by themes and prices. She requires a phone with high storage capacity, speedy Internet, and easy-to-use methods to organize and save content. After listing these requirements, she fixed a budget and began surveying phones online. She also obtained information from friends. In a week's time, Gina had shortlisted three models that suited her needs and was ready to make the final choice. Gina used ________ to arrive at this decision. superficial processing heuristic processing controlled processing selective processing automatic processing

controlled processing --> Controlled processing requires effort and energy but helps an individual make better decisions. This is the type of processing Gina used to select the phone she had to buy.

The business head at Solaris Services was alarmed by the finding of a recent survey conducted in-house which revealed that most employees were dissatisfied with their work. He holds a meeting with various department heads to identify ways to stem the brewing discontent. One manager suggests providing employees with greater training opportunities. What assumption is the manager making? a. Employees feel that their efforts are not being adequately recognized by the management . b. Employees are highly skilled and value economic rewards over and above opportunities for growth. c. Employees are stifled by the degree of centralized control and bureaucracy within the organization. d. Employees feel that their employer does not value them enough to make investments in them. e. employees feel excluded from organizational issues that have an influence on them.

d. Employees feel that their employer does not value them enough to make investments in them.

Ramiro has been a forklift driver for the local grocery store for six years. He earns $32,000 a year. He works with a nice crew. He plays softball with his coworkers on the weekends. They also volunteer together at the local food bank during the holidays, and socialize with their families at summer picnics. Ramiro is highly satisfied with his job. Which of the following is the most probable cause of Ramiro's high job satisfaction? a. Pay. b.Promotion. c. High stress. d. Social context. e. Work itself.

d. Social context

Which of the following is the best method for measuring job satisfaction? a. A single global rating system of 1 to 5 (highly satisfied to highly dissatisfied). b. The summation of satisfaction of various job facets to reveal an overall score. c. Job satisfaction is too broad of a term and there is no good way to measure it. d. The single global rating system and the job facets score are equally accurate. e. The length of time an employee stays on the job and is engaged.

d. The single global rating system and the job facets score are equally accurate.

Which of the following is true about emotions? a. They are experienced over several days or months. b. They are never caused by specific events. c. They are less intense than moods. d. They are critical to rational thinking. e. They are less fleeting than moods.

d. They are critical to rational thinking Emotions are critical to rational thinking. It is important to have the ability to experience emotions in order to be rational. Our emotions provide important information about how we understand the world around us.

Which of the following statements represents the cognitive component of attitude? a. I have decided to inform my supervisor that I will be quitting my job. b. I intend to work during the weekend to meet the month's deadline. c. I feel upset about having to work during Christmas. d. This job is not giving me an opportunity to explore my skills.

d. This job is not giving me an opportunity to explore my skills.

Anna Madison works as a receptionist at a fashion magazine. One morning, her boss walks into the office and yells at her, telling her that the front office is a mess and she needs to clean it immediately. After her boss leaves the room, Madison goes to the front office and violently slams trash into the bin. Which of the following best describes Madison's anger? a. a recognition b. an insight c. a mood d. an emotion e. a perception

d. an emotion

Which of the following best represents deep-level similarity? A. colleagues who both come from the same neighborhood in Alabama b. employees who are college graduates with a degree in business management c. employees who speak Spanish and share similar religious beliefs d. employees who seek challenges in assignments and like to work collaboratively e. employees in their mid-thirties with 10 years' work experience in the publishing industry

d. employees who seek challenges in assignments and like to work collaboratively

Carlos is upset because his boss gave him work to finish over the weekend. It is Friday. Which of the following is most likely to help Carlos lift his spirits? a. watching TV with his friends b. playing a video game at home c. attending a meeting d. going to a party with his friends e. attending a training session

d. going to a party with his friends Social activities increase positive mood. Activities that are physical (skiing or hiking with friends), informal (going to a party), or epicurean (eating with others) are more strongly associated with increases in positive mood than events that are formal (attending a meeting) or sedentary (watching TV or playing video games with friends).

The practice of modifying one's true feelings based on display rules is known as ________. surface acting deep acting social loafing behavioral contagion collective efficacy

deep acting Deep acting refers to the practice of modifying one's true feelings based on display rules.

What is the first step in the rational decision-making model? developing alternatives defining the problem identifying the decision criteria weighing the decision criteria evaluating the alternatives

defining the problem The rational decision-making model follows a six-step process. The steps are 1) Defining the problem; 2) Identifying the decision criteria; 3) Allocating weights to the criteria; 4) Developing the alternatives; 5) Evaluating the alternatives; and 6) Selecting the best alternative.

Which of the following is not one of the five most prevalent climate categories making up the ethical dimensions of organization culture? instrumental caring dependence law and code rules

dependence ---> Researchers have developed the ethical climate theory and the ethical climate index to categorize and measure the ethical dimensions of organizational cultures. Of the nine identified climate categories, five are found to be most prevalent in organizations: instrumental, caring, independence, law and code, and rules. Each explains the general mindset, expectations, and values of the managers and employees in relationship to their organization.

Power is a function of... goal congruency realization dependence altruism

dependence. --> Power is a function of dependence. Leaders use power as a means of attaining group goals. Power does not require goal compatibility, just dependence. Leadership, on the other hand, requires some congruence between the goals of the leader and those being led. For a power situation to exist, one person or group needs to have control over resources the other person or group values.

Anne Warner, a climate campaigner at an environmental organization, is in charge of implementing a campaign activity where she needs to increase the use of renewable energy in the villages of Vietnam. For her project, she uses the rational decision-making model to implement activities. She has just completed identifying an appropriate criteria for decision making and has allocated weights to the criteria. Which of the following is Warner most likely to undertake next according to the model? develop options of wind, solar, and hydro energy analyze the problems of the project determine goals of the project select hydro energy as the best option weigh advantages between solar and wind energy

develop options of wind, solar, and hydro energy The rational decision-making model follows a six-step process. The steps are 1) Defining the problem; 2) Identifying the decision criteria; 3) Allocating weights to the criteria; 4) Developing the alternatives; 5) Evaluating the alternatives; and 6) Selecting the best alternative.

Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual's behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused. That determination, however, depends largely on three factors. Which of the following is one of these three factors? traceability distinctiveness verifiability relatedness affect intensity

distinctiveness

With reference to the attribution theory, which of the following terms indicates the extent to which an individual displays different behaviors in different situations? flexibility integrity consensus consistency distinctiveness

distinctiveness

Which of the following describes the halo effect? attributing our own successes to internal factors and failures to external factors judging someone on the basis of our perception of the group to which he or she belongs interpreting a person's behavior in comparison to others recently encountered drawing a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic underestimating the influence of external factors when making judgments about people

drawing a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic

Mike and Keith are on the same team; they work well with other people in the same team but don't get along with each other. This type of conflict can best be described as ________. intragroup bilateral intergroup dyadic dual

dyadic Dyadic conflict takes place between two people. Intragroup conflict occurs within a group or team. Intergroup conflict is conflict between groups or teams.

Sheila works for a manufacturer of styrofoam trays for school lunches. Last year her son come home from school and told her that the trays she makes go straight to the landfill where they sit for hundreds of years without ever biodegrading. Although this information bothers Sheila, she does not look for another job because she enjoys her very high salary. Which dissonance moderating factor is illustrated by this example? a. Dissonance is reduced because of the sense of control by the individual. b. Dissonance is reduced because of the importance to the individual. c. There is no dissonance moderating factor in the example. d. Dissonance is increased because of the sense of control by the individual e. High dissonance is tolerated because of a high reward.

e. High dissonance is tolerated because of a high reward.

Katherine Connor started her day with a cup of coffee while reading the newspaper. However, something about the day makes her feel low. When she reaches the office, she feels upset and distracted from work although she cannot pinpoint a reason for feeling this way. She continues to feel upset and distracted through the rest of the day. Which of the following is she most likely to be experiencing? a. a response b a reaction c. a counteraction d. an attitude e. a mood

e. a mood moods are cognitive in nature and their cause is often general and unclear. They last longer than emotions-for several hours or days.

Compared to people who have a negative core self-evaluation, people who have a positive core self-evaluation ________. a. are less satisfied with their jobs b. see their work as less challenging c. see their work as less fulfilling d. are less likely to gravitate toward challenging jobs e. are less likely to give up when confronting difficulties

e. are less likely to give up when confronting difficulties

Janice is spending the summer working as an intern writing copy for a local firm. Today Janice's senior editor sent back some of Janice's work covered in red ink corrections. Up until now, all of Janice's work had been corrected in green or blue ink. Janice is upset and worried that her senior editor doesn't like her. Which component of an attitude is not represented in the previous scenario? a. the positive component b. the cognitive component c. the affective component d. the negative component e. the behavior component

e. the behavior component

When attempting to communicate a written message persuasively, it is desirable that ________. a. the receiver has an information overload b. the sender has a high need for cognition c. the sender has used phrases and jargon to clarify the meaning of the message d. the receiver and the sender can view each other's nonverbal cues e. the receiver is in a positive mood

e. the receiver is in a positive mood --> One may interpret the same message differently when he or she is angry or distraught than when he or she is happy. People in negative moods are more likely to scrutinize messages in greater detail, whereas those in positive moods tend to accept communications at face value.

Trait theories most accurately predict ________. distinguishing features of an effective leader differences between an effective and an ineffective leader success of a leader roles to be played by the leader emergence of a leader

emergence of a leader --> traits are more accurate in predicting the emergence of leaders and the appearance of leadership than actually distinguishing between effective and ineffective leaders.

Johanna Godfrey works as a guest relations executive at a five-star deluxe hotel in Washington. During her job, she needs to greet and smile at guests irrespective of her state of mind. In addition, when any guest faces problems, she needs to be calm and composed and help resolve issues. This shows that Johanna's job requires ________. emotional labor cognitive dissonance self-concordance positivity offset social loafing

emotional labor emotional labor is defined as a situation in which an employee expresses organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions at work, meaning that his/her job demands a certain set of emotional responses regardless of true feelings.

Norah Baines is one of the most devoted teachers at Oakwood Academy. She has been working with the institution for seven years and is expecting a promotion soon. However, Norah's candidacy for this promotion is passed over in favor of another less experienced male employee due to, in Norah's view, her plans to start a family soon. Consequently, Norah expresses her concerns and even complains to other teachers and expresses her frustration and disappointment. Norah's communication falls into the ________ aspect of communication. management feedback facilitation emotional sharing informal

emotional sharing --> The work group is a primary source of social interaction for many employees. Communication within the group is a fundamental mechanism by which members show satisfaction and frustration. Communication, therefore, provides for the emotional sharing of feelings and fulfillment of social needs.

Detail orientation is one of the six primary characteristics that capture the essence of an organization's culture. It indicates the degree to which ________. employees are encouraged to be innovative and take risks management focuses on results or outcomes rather than on the techniques and processes used to achieve them management decisions take into consideration the effect of outcomes on people within the organization work activities are organized around teams rather than individuals employees are expected to exhibit precision, analysis, and attention to detail

employees are expected to exhibit precision, analysis, and attention to detail correct

During the ________ stage, a new employee compares his or her expectations with the realities in the organization. prearrival encounter metamorphosis post-arrival post-encounter

encounter

Higgins has recently joined a new law firm expecting to participate in exciting environmental law cases and cutting-edge research. After one month at the firm, he still hasn't been assigned a case and spends most of his time filing standardized appeals for title disputes with insurance companies. In which stage of the socialization process is Higgins? prearrival encounter metamorphosis post-encounter post-arrival

encounter --> On entry into the organization, the new member enters the encounter stage and confronts the possibility that expectations about the job, co-workers, the boss, and the organization in general may differ from reality. Higgins is in the encounter stage.

Political uncertainties, economic uncertainties, and technological change are examples of the ________ factors of potential stress. structural environmental organizational personal social

environmental --> there are three main types of environmental uncertainty or stress: economic, political, and technological.

Top management has a major impact on the organization's culture by ________. establishing norms that filter down through the organization ensuring a proper match of personal and organizational values socializing new applicants in the pre-hiring phase providing a framework for metamorphosis of new hires properly rewarding employees' initiatives

establishing norms that filter down through the organization --> The actions of top management also have a major impact on the organization's culture. Through words and behavior, senior executives establish norms that filter through the organization about, for instance, whether risk taking is desirable, how much freedom managers should give employees, what is appropriate dress, and what actions pay off in terms of pay raises, promotions, and other rewards. SaveSave your answer

Monica Walden feels that people who use plastic bags are insensitive toward the environment. She believes that people have a certain obligation toward their environment and should take it upon themselves to protect and preserve it. Which of the following factors has most likely influenced Walden's perception of plastic bag users? location time characteristic of the target expectation context

expectation A number of factors operate to shape and sometimes distort perception. These factors can reside in the perceiver, in the object or target being perceived, or in the context of the situation in which the perception is made.

Which of the following is a component of the three-component model of creativity? expertise logical thinking skills extrinsic task motivation intuition analytical skills

expertise Expertise is the foundation for all creative work. The potential for creativity is enhanced when individuals have abilities, knowledge, proficiencies, and similar expertise in their field of endeavor.

Which of the following communication channels provides the highest information richness? e-mail face-to-face conversations online group discussions voice mail memos and letters

face-to-face conversations --> Rich communication channels can (1) handle multiple cues simultaneously, (2) facilitate rapid feedback, and (3) be very personal. Face-to-face conversation scores highest in channel richness because it transmits the most information per communication episode.

True or False John Dunker is one of the best firefighters in his squad, and he recently received an award for his outstanding performance. From this information, it may be concluded that John's job has low task significance.

false

True or False? The major advantage of flextime is that it can be used for all categories of jobs.

false

True or false There is a strong correlation between intelligence and job satisfaction.

false

True or false ? For creating good team players, an organization's reward system must be reworked to encourage competitive efforts rather than cooperative ones.

false

True or false? A team's last meeting before submitting a finished project is usually characterized by a great deal of inactivity.

false

True or false? Effective teams have members who believe in the team's capabilities, despite not necessarily committed to a common plan.

false

True or false? If teams have the wrong mental models there will be an associated increase of conflict that will boost team performance.

false

true or false? Unfair discrimination involves noticing and being aware of individual characteristics among people in a group.

false

True or False Change is not as inevitable for companies as it is for individuals.

false --> Change is just as inevitable for companies as it is for individuals, and each company will have its own way of responding to changes and strategizing future changes. Taking away the maps and switching to compasses is not something all global corporations can do, but maybe someday that will change, too.

True or false? In high-context cultures, directness is valued more than trust.

false --> Communication in high-context cultures implies considerably more trust by both parties. On the other hand, low-context cultures value directness.

True OR False? Conflict is uniformly good or bad

false --> In the past, researchers tended to argue about whether conflict was uniformly good or bad. Such simplistic views eventually gave way to approaches that recognized that not all conflicts are the same and that different types of conflict have different effects.

True or false Companies with dominant market share are less susceptible to the forces of change than smaller businesses.

false --> No company today is in a particularly stable environment. Even those with dominant market share must change, sometimes radically

True or false? Relationship conflicts are almost always functional.

false --> Studies demonstrate that relationship conflicts are almost always dysfunctional. It appears that the friction and interpersonal hostilities inherent in relationship conflicts increase personality clashes and decrease mutual understanding, which hinders the completion of organizational tasks.

true or false? When writing e-mails, text language is generally considered acceptable

false --> The benefits of e-mail messages are obvious: they can be written, edited, sent, and stored quickly and cheaply. When writing e-mails, give a greeting/salutation, keep sentences, paragraphs, and thoughts short, however, don't be curt. Don't use text language. Check your spelling, and when people write back, reply within 24 hours.

True or False? People from collectivistic countries tend to see power in personalized terms and as a legitimate means of advancing their personal ends, while those in individualistic countries see power in social terms and as a legitimate means of helping others.

false --> people from individualistic countries tend to see power in personalized terms and as a legitimate means of advancing their personal ends, while those in collectivistic countries see power in social terms and as a legitimate means of helping others

True or false? Automatic processing requires a detailed consideration of evidence and information relying on facts, figures, and logic.

false Controlled processing requires a detailed consideration of evidence and information relying on facts, figures, and logic. Automatic processing is a relatively superficial consideration of evidence and information making use of heuristics.

true or false: A focus on utilitarianism creates an environment that hinders productivity and efficiency.

false This view dominates business decision making. It is consistent with goals such as efficiency, productivity, and high profits.

true or false? Men make better decisions than women.

false Who makes better decisions, men or women? It depends on the situation. When the situation isn't stressful, decision making by men and women is about equal in quality. In stressful situations, it appears that men become more egocentric and make more risky decisions, while women become more empathetic and their decision making improves.

true or false: As compared to observer-ratings surveys, self-reporting surveys are a better predictor of success on the job.

false — Research suggests that observer-ratings surveys are a better predictor of success on the job.

Jordan is a sales officer who has been underperforming over the last three months. At the last monthly operations cycle meeting, he was given a warning. As the time for the next meeting draws close, Jordan fears his boss reprimanding him. Two days before the meeting, Jordan informs his manager that he has confirmed six deals in the last few days, one of which involves multiple orders for their machines. He, however, skips the detail that these are the only six orders he has been able to obtain in the whole month. Which one of the barriers to effective communication is depicted here? silence language information overload grapevine filtering

filtering

The determination of the behavioral patterns and assumptions through which the group approaches the project is a function of the ________ phase in the punctuated-equilibrium model. performing inertia equilibrium transition first meeting

first meeting

When communicating with people from a different culture, how can you reduce misinterpretations?

five steps to improve communication with people from a different culture: 1) Know yourself. 2) Foster a climate of mutual respect, fairness, and democracy. 3) State facts, not your interpretation. 4) Consider the other person's viewpoint. 5) Proactively maintain the identity of the group.

Johanna Springer, who works as a sales executive at Pascal's Bank, is upset at the way her manager, Emma Womack, always calls her in for one-on-one meetings to discuss her underperformance. Though Springer makes a higher number of sales calls and works longer hours than last year, her sales figures are still low. She knows that the main reason behind her underperformance is the recent economic meltdown in the country. However, her manager feels that Springer's underperformance is the result of her laid-back attitude and has nothing to do with external factors. In this situation, Womack's behavior is characterized by a(n) ________. anchoring bias contrast effect fundamental attribution error self-fulfilling prophecy Pygmalion effect

fundamental attribution error The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others is referred to as the fundamental attribution error.

William Davies, a guest relations executive at a five-star deluxe hotel, regularly interacts with bureaucrats, politicians, celebrities, and other prosperous individuals. He feels that all rich people are kind, hardworking, and friendly. Which of the following best characterizes Davies' perception? confirmation bias self-serving bias randomness error halo effect hindsight bias

halo effect A single trait of being RICH is allowed to influence the overall impression of the person being judged. SaveSave your answer

In light of the Ohio State Studies, this indicates that Nellie, as a leader, is ________. task oriented high in consideration low in trust propensity low in relationship orientation production oriented

high in consideration --> Consideration is the extent to which a person's job relationships are characterized by mutual trust, respect for employees' ideas, and regard for their feelings. A leader high in consideration helps employees with personal problems, is friendly and approachable, treats all employees as equals, and expresses appreciation and support.

Janice Yoder works in an environmental campaigning organization and often needs to interact with a large team for project implementation activities. However, she always finds it difficult to work as a part of a team. She always seems to have major disagreements with team members which lead to antagonistic relations between them. Though she has moved from one team to another, her relations with colleagues always seem to be hostile and cold. How would the attribution theory describe this behavior? low on consensus high on reliability high on adaptability high on consistency low on distinctiveness

high on consistency --> consistency in a person's actions means that the person responds the same way over time to the same situation. Yoder has had hostile relationships with colleagues over a long period of time. Thus, her behavior shows consistency.

The selection process helps sustain the organization's culture by ________. establishing and enforcing norms hiring candidates who fit well within the organization socializing the new employees developing performance evaluation criteria rewarding conformity

hiring candidates who fit well within the organization

The selection process helps sustain the organization's culture by ________. establishing and enforcing norms hiring candidates who fit well within the organization socializing the new employees developing performance evaluation criteria rewarding conformity

hiring candidates who fit well within the organization --> The selection process helps sustain the organization's culture by hiring candidates who fit well within the organization. Selection also provides information to applicants. Those who perceive a conflict between their values and those of the organization can remove themselves from the applicant pool.

David Myers is of the opinion that people who drive SUVs are rash drivers. He feels that people driving SUVs do not respect road rules and always violate traffic regulations. What personal factor is most likely to be affecting Myers´ perception of SUV drivers? his financial background his expectations his interest his motive his personality

his expectations ---> Myers expects all SUV drivers to be dangerous. His expectations are what color his perception. The example doesn't explain why he expects this, although it could be from a previous bad experience.

Synergy Inc. has recently assigned some of its best employees to form a cross-functional team and complete a project from a new client. Many of the employees on this team are apprehensive about the structure and dynamics of how they will function as a group and accomplish this goal. To energize the employees, their immediate manager is holding a meeting with them next week where he will provide them some additional training in strategies and methods that may work well for the team. The manager's initiative to hold this meeting fulfills the ________ function of communication. filtering information emotional expression control informal

information --> Communication serves four major functions within a group or organization: control, motivation, emotional sharing, and information. The final function of communication is to facilitate decision making. Communication provides the information individuals and groups need to make decisions by transmitting the data needed to identify and evaluate choices.

The ________ element of motivation describes how hard a person tries. intelligence experience direction intensity persistence

intensity

When we rank an individual's values in order of their ________, we obtain the person's value system. intensity content context fluidity flexibility

intensity A value system is defined as a hierarchy based on a ranking of an individual's values in terms of their intensity.

Which of the following is a factor present in a perceiver which may affect perception? interest similarity sound proximity background

interest --> Factors present in a perceiver which may affect perception are attitudes, motives, interests, experience, and expectations.

Phyllis Stintson needs to decide whether to start a campaign against deforestation in Indonesia. Though her research team has provided substantial information on the high feasibility of the project, Stintson does not go ahead with the project. If Stintson made her decision by drawing unconscious references from several different experiences in the past, her decision is most likely influenced by which of the following? optimization intuition fundamental attribution error framing effect anchoring bias

intuition --> intuition is a highly complex and highly developed form of reasoning that is based on years of experience and learning. The key to using intuition in decision making is neither to abandon nor to rely solely on intuition, but to supplement it with evidence and good judgment.

Written communication such as letter writing is characterized by ________. a high degree of potential distortion the speed of transmission and feedback the availability of nonverbal cues its lasting nature minimal time required for transmission and feedback

its lasting nature --> letter writing can be used to great effect in business, adding a personal touch to a communication or, alternatively, creating a lasting document to signal an official commitment. Both the sender and receiver have a record of the communication, and the message can be stored for an indefinite period

Which of the following alternative work arrangements enables the organization to draw on the talents of more than one individual in a given job? telecommuting flextime gainsharing profit sharing job sharing

job sharing

Reuben Williams, the marketing manager for F and B Industries, is frustrated. He feels that the production division repeatedly lets his division down. Although the latest marketing strategy announced that a new product would be available in the market by July, the production division was unable to complete the production of the first batch till August. The production manager claims that manpower is short and the targets placed on the production division are unreasonably high. To resolve this deadlock, they will be meeting soon. This meeting is an example of ________ communication. lateral grapevine diagonal upward downward

lateral

Communication that takes place among members of work groups at the same level is known as ________ communication. diagonal grapevine upward lateral downward

lateral --> When communication takes place among members of the same work group, members of work groups at the same level, managers at the same level, or any other horizontally equivalent workers, it is described as lateral communication.

A(n) ________ climate requires managers and employees to use an external, standardized moral compass such as a professional code of conduct for norms. independence rules law and code caring instrumental

law and code --> A law and code climate requires managers and employees to use an external, standardized moral compass such as a professional code of conduct for norms.

According to the attribution theory, if a behavior scores ________, we tend to attribute it to external causes. Attribution theory Equity theory Object relations theory Attachment theory Cultural schema theory low on distinctiveness low on adaptability low on consistency high on stability low on consensus

low on consistency Consistency indicates that the person responds the same way over time. The less consistent the behavior, the more we are inclined to attribute it to external causes.

Which of the following is an example of an uplifting event according to the affective events theory? meeting a project milestone being passed over for a promotion colleagues refusing to carry their share of work receiving conflicting directions from different managers receiving a gift from a colleague on a birthday

meeting a project milestone The affective events theory recognizes that emotions are a response to an event in the work environment. This environment creates work events that can be hassles, uplifting events, or both. Uplifting events include meeting a goal, getting support from a colleague, and receiving recognition for an accomplishment.

The emotional sharing function of communication involves ________. A. managers motivating employees by setting specific goals B. management communicating company policies to employees C. managers training employees in decision-making strategies D. members of the organization following their job descriptions E. members of the organization showing their satisfaction and frustrations

members of the organization showing their satisfaction and frustrations --> The work group is a primary source of social interaction for many employees. Communication within the group is a fundamental mechanism by which members show their satisfaction and frustrations. Communication, therefore, provides for the emotional sharing of feelings and fulfillment of social needs.

The ________ is the actual physical product of the sender's encoding. channel filter message noise medium

message

During the socialization process, to work out any problems discovered during the encounter stage, the new member changes or goes through the ________ stage. post-arrival metamorphosis post-encounter analysis evaluation

metamorphosis

The process of socialization consists of three stages. Which of the following is one of these three stages? metamorphosis pre-encounter evaluation post-arrival post-encounter

metamorphosis --> We can think of socialization as a process with three stages: prearrival, encounter, and metamorphosis. This process has an impact on the new employee's work productivity, commitment to the organization's objectives, and eventual decision to stay with the organization.

Which of the following mood dimensions is a pure marker of high negative affect? a. depression b. relaxation c. fatigue d. boredom e. nervousness

nervousness

Which of the following forms of communication is characterized by the use of only body movements, intonations, facial expressions, and physical distance to communicate? written communication downward communication nonverbal communication lateral communication upward communication

nonverbal communication

Stage II of the conflict process deals with the conflict being ________. perceived and felt apparent and experienced expressed and resolved analyzed internalized

perceived and felt --> The potential for opposition or incompatibility becomes actualized in the second stage. Because a conflict is a perceived conflict does not mean it is personalized. It is at the felt conflict level, when individuals become emotionally involved, that parties experience anxiety, tension, frustration, or hostility.

When two people witness something at the same time and in the same situation yet interpret it differently, factors that operate to shape their perceptions reside in the ________. perceivers target timing context situation

perceivers Since the time and situation are the same, the factors that operate to shape perception must be in the perceivers themselves. Personal characteristics that can affect perception include perceiver attitudes, personality, motives, interests, past experiences, and expectations.

Which of the following is an instrumental value according to Milton Rokeach? economic success social recognition personal discipline world peace meaning in life

personal discipline ---> Instrumental values refer to preferable modes of behavior, or means of achieving the terminal values. Personal discipline is an instrumental value and all other options are terminal values.

Which of the following modes of communication does not fall under the concept of nonverbal communication? physical distance personal e-mails intonations facial expressions body movement

personal e-mails --> Nonverbal communication deals with body movements, the intonations or emphasis we give to words, facial expressions, and the physical distance between the sender and receiver.

In the context of Fiedler's model, the situational dimension termed ________ relates to the degree of influence a leader has over important variables such as hiring, firing, discipline, promotions, and salary increases task structure leader-member exchange position power initiating structure leader-member relations

position power --> In the context of Fiedler's model, the situational dimension termed position power relates to the degree of influence a leader has over power variables such as hiring, firing, discipline, promotions, and salary increas

Before communication can take place, a ________ is required. filter channel receiver purpose decoder

purpose --> Before communication can take place, it needs a purpose, a message to be conveyed between a sender and a receiver. The key parts of the communication process are (1) the sender, (2) encoding, (3) the message, (4) the channel, (5) decoding, (6) the receiver, (7) noise, and (8) feedback.

Which of the following is a decision-making model that describes how individuals should behave in order to maximize some outcome? rational decision-making model flexible decision-making model distributive decision-making model associative decision-making model integrative decision-making model

rational decision-making model --> It relies on a number of assumptions, including that the decision maker has complete information, is able to identify all the relevant options in an unbiased manner, and chooses the option with the highest utility.

A team that has a good plan but is also willing to adjust its master plan and adapt when conditions call for it demonstrates high ________, an important variable in successful team processes. goal specificity goal congruence conformity diversity reflexivity

reflexivity

As a regional sales officer, one of Brandon's job responsibilities is to process the yearly appraisal forms of his subordinates and provide them with increments, bonuses, or benefits based on their performance that year. This job responsibility directly reflects his ________. active power expert power referent power reward power

reward power --> the opposite of coercive power is reward power, with which people comply because it produces positive benefits; someone who can distribute rewards others view as valuable will have power over them. These rewards can be either financial, such as controlling pay rates, or nonfinancial, including recognition and promotions.

Emily Boyce, a project manager at an insurance firm, regularly satisfices while making decisions. She often comes across complicated problems which would take a long time to resolve. Due to the pressing deadlines, she often meets project goals by satisficing a large number of her decisions. Which of the following is Boyce most likely to do? seek complete information while making decisions search for solutions that are reasonable identify all possible options to solutions analyze each alternative in an unbiased manner choose the optimal solution to each problem

search for solutions that are reasonable

With reference to decision making, which of the following does satisficing involve? weighing each criteria before making a decision seeking solutions that are satisfactory and sufficient scrutinizing and evaluating each alternative in detail selecting the best option with the highest utility finding optimal solutions to problems

seeking solutions that are satisfactory and sufficient The limited information-processing capability of human beings makes it impossible to assimilate and understand all the information necessary to optimize. In addition, many problems likely do not have an optimal solution because they are too complicated to be broken down into the parameters of the rational decision-making model. Hence, people satisfice, that is, they seek solutions that are satisfactory and sufficient.

The ________ process helps candidates learn about the organization, and if employees perceive a conflict between their values and those of the organization, they can remove themselves from the applicant pool. orientation training performance evaluation selection institutionalization

selection ---> Selection is a two-way street, allowing employers or applicants to avoid a mismatch and sustaining an organization's culture by selecting out those who might attack or undermine its core values.

When receivers of communication process the information based on their needs, motivations, experience, background, and other personal characteristics, they are engaging in ________. communication apprehension deliberative processing selective perception controlled processing filtering

selective perception ----> The receivers in the communication process selectively see and hear based on their needs, motivations, experience, background, and other personal characteristics. This is called selective perception. Receivers also project their interests and expectations into communications as they decode them.

Individuals engage in ________ because it is impossible for them to assimilate everything they see and can take in only certain stimuli selective perception cognitive dissonance self-serving bias emotional labor self-fulfilling prophecy

selective perception Any characteristic that makes a person, an object, or an event stand out will increase the probability we will perceive it. Since we can't observe everything going on about us, we engage in selective perception.

You are more likely to notice a car like your own due to ________. stereotyping self-serving bias halo effect selective perception contrast effect

selective perception Because we cannot assimilate all that we observe, we take in bits and pieces. But we don't choose randomly; rather, we select according to our interests, background, experience, and attitudes. This is known as selective perception.

Individuals and organizations tend to attribute their own successes to internal factors such as ability or effort and place the blame for failure on external factors such as bad luck or unproductive co-workers. This is known as a an incorrect answer the correct answer an incorrect answer impact anchoring confirmation distinction self-serving

self-serving

Rhonda May was transferred to London three months back to oversee the opening of a new branch of the retail chain she worked for. Rhonda, who had never been to London, adjusted well with her British colleagues but received quizzical looks from many of her British colleagues every morning in the initial weeks in London. After asking one of her subordinates to explain what caused her colleagues to look at her in that strange way, she discovered the reason. When her British colleagues greeted her by saying, "How are you today?" every morning, she typically replied by saying "I'm good," while Britishers typically say, "I'm well" in response to this greeting. This is because "I'm good" can have multiple meanings like "I'm not a bad person" or "I'm suitable," while "I'm well" only gives a sense of mental and physical well-being. Rhonda then realized how subtly cultural barriers can operate. From the information provided in the scenario, this is an example of barriers caused by ________. tone differences semantics and connotations intolerance toward other cultures situational and physical cues power distance

semantics and connotations --> Barriers between cultures can be caused by many factors. Here, semantics and connotation differences seem to be causing the miscommunication. Barriers caused by semantics reflect that words mean different things to different people, particularly people from different national cultures. Barriers caused by word connotations are a result of the fact that words imply different things in different languages.

In a communication process, the ________ initiates a message by encoding a thought. receiver decoder transmitter sender receptor

sender --> In a communication process, the sender initiates a message by encoding a thought.

When formal authority and control systems are reduced, the ________ provided by a strong culture ensure(s) that everyone is pointed in the same direction. rules and regulations shared meaning rituals socialization rigid hierarchy

shared meaning --> Today's trend toward decentralized organizations makes culture more important than ever. When formal authority and control systems are reduced, culture's shared meaning points everyone in the same direction.

Which of the following series of dimensions of the job characteristics model (JCM) combine to create meaningful work? autonomy, task identity, and feedback skill variety, autonomy, and task significance skill variety, autonomy, and feedback feedback, task identity, and task significance skill variety, task identity, and task significance

skill variety, task identity, and task significance

Organizations are increasingly adjusting their processes and positioning their products as environment friendly and sustainable in order to increase their appeal to consumers. This is a response to changes in ________. demographic trends social trends cultural trends legal requirements nature of the workforce

social trends --> Social trends don't remain static. Consumers now meet and share information in chat rooms and blogs. Companies must continually adjust product and marketing strategies to be sensitive to changing social trends. Consumers, employees, and organizational leaders are more sensitive to environmental concerns. "Green" practices are quickly becoming expected rather than optional.

Low-context cultures primarily rely on ________ in communicating with others. formal titles spoken and written words situational cues status differences nonverbal cues

spoken and written words --> In high-context cultures, people rely heavily on nonverbal and subtle situational cues in communicating with others, and a person's official status, place in society, and reputation carry considerable weight. What is not said may be more significant than what is said. In contrast, in low-context cultures, people rely essentially on spoken and written words to convey meaning; body language and formal titles are secondary.

Which of the following terms refers to the practice of hiding feelings and foregoing emotional expressions in response to display rules surface acting anchoring bias active camouflage bandwagon effect framing effect

surface acting

Conflict that relates to the content and goals of work is called ________ conflict. job task relationship process communication

task Task conflict relates to the content and goals of the work. Low to moderate levels of task conflict stimulate discussion of ideas. Task conflict is related to positive outcomes only when all members share the same goals and have high levels of trust.

According to goal-setting theory, goals are more likely to have a stronger impact on performance when ________. goals have long time frames for completion tasks are complex rather than simple tasks are novel rather than well learned goals are easy rather than difficult tasks are independent rather than interdependent

tasks are independent rather than interdependent

According to the team effectiveness model, which of the following is a process variable that influences the effectiveness of a team? leadership and structure team efficacy member flexibility performance evaluation and reward systems abilities of members

team efficacy

Dependence would be low when ________. the goods have substitutes the goods have low accessibility the goods in question are scarce the products are important

the goods have substitutes --> Dependence increases when the resource you control is important, scarce, or nonsubstitutable. The fewer viable substitutes for a resource, the more power control over that resource provides.

Erika wants to become the head of the HR department. Although the role comes with a generous salary hike and will put her in charge of several subordinates, she is mainly pursuing this position because she believes she can do the job better than anyone else and wants people to know this. According to McClelland's theory of needs, which of the following needs is Erika primarily driven by in this case? the need for stability the need for achievement the need for security the need for affiliation the need for power

the need for achievement

Virtual teams are characterized by ________ in comparison to teams which interact face-to-face. low popularity among companies the use of computers to interact low sharing of unique information low need for supervision low need for publicizing throughout the organization

the use of computers to interact

Whether people use automatic or controlled processing for reacting to a persuasive message is often a function of ________. time their level of interest in it heuristics effort availability of research

their level of interest in it --> One of the best predictors of whether people will use an automatic or controlled process for reacting to a persuasive message is their level of interest in it. Interest levels reflect the impact the decision is going to have on your life.

People are likely to use automatic processing when ________. their subject knowledge of the issue is high their interest level in the issue is high their usage of heuristics related to the issue is high their need for cognition is high their reliance on logics and facts to make a decision is high

their usage of heuristics related to the issue is high *heuristics are mental shortcuts that can facilitate problem-solving and probability judgment Automatic processing is a relatively superficial consideration of evidence and information making use of heuristics. Automatic processing takes little time and low effort. Automatic processing is used when interest level, prior knowledge, and need for cognition are low.

Which of the following is a factor present in a situation which may affect a person's perception? similarity size expectation time experience

time Factors present in a situation which may affect perception are work setting, social setting, and time.

True or False Cross-functional teams consist of employees from about the same hierarchical level, but from different work areas, who come together to accomplish a task.

true

True or False Employee involvement and participation (EIP) is a process that uses employees' input to increase their commitment to organizational success.

true

True or False Interpersonal justice refers to an individual's perception of the degree to which he or she is treated with dignity, concern, and respect.

true

True or False Jobs with high autonomy give workers a feeling of personal responsibility for the results.

true

True or False Research suggests that financial incentives may be more motivating in the short-run, but in the long-run, non-financial incentives work best.

true

True or False? People who pursue goals for intrinsic reasons are more likely to attain their goals and are happy even if they do not.

true

True or false A positive diversity climate in an organization refers to an environment of inclusiveness and an acceptance of diversity.

true

True or false An individual's involvement with, satisfaction with, and enthusiasm for the work he or she does is known as employee engagement.

true

True or false Resistance to change can be positive if it leads to open discussion and debate.

true

True or false? Managers can identify influencers (highly networked people trusted by their coworkers) by noting which individuals are small talkers (those who regularly communicate about insignificant, unrelated issues).

true

True or false? Studies show that teams tend to experience a transition precisely halfway between a first meeting and the official deadline. Which also implies that conflict on teams do not necessarily need to be understood as negative and harming performance.

true

True or false? conscientiousness and openness to experience are two personality dimensions of the Big Five personality model that predict better performance in teams.

true

True or false? Communication that flows from one level of a group or organization to a lower level is called downward communication.

true

True or false? For a power situation to exist, one person or group needs to have control over resources the other person or group values

true

true or false Regardless of the composition of a team, team members' differences can be leveraged to achieve superior performance. In doing so, emphasizing higher-level similarities among members and cross-cutting their roles are an effective combination of diversity management strategies.

true

True or false: Research on rumination offers insights into gender differences in decision making.

true --> Rumination refers to reflecting at length. In terms of decision making, it means overthinking problems. Twenty years of study find women spend much more time than men analyzing the past, present, and future. They're more likely to overanalyze problems before making a decision and to rehash a decision once made. This can lead to more careful consideration of problems and choices. However, it can make problems harder to solve, increase regret over past decisions, and increase depression. Women are nearly twice as likely as men to develop depression.

True or false? The situational leadership theory focuses on follower readiness to determine the appropriate leadership behavior.

true --> Situational leadership theory (SLT) focuses on the followers. It says successful leadership depends on selecting the right leadership style contingent on the followers' readiness, or the extent to which they are willing and able to accomplish a specific task.

True or False? Sustainability refers to practices that can be maintained over very long periods of time because the tools or structure that support the practices are not damaged in the process.

true --> Social sustainability practices address the ways social systems are affected by an organization's actions over time, and in turn, how changing social systems may affect the organization.

True or False? The need for cognition is a personality trait of individuals who are most likely to be persuaded by evidence and facts.

true --> The need for cognition is a personality trait of individuals who are most likely to be persuaded by evidence and facts. Those who are lower in need for cognition are more likely to use automatic processing strategies, relying on intuition and emotion to guide their evaluation of persuasive messages

T or F An organization's reward system influences decision makers by suggesting which choices have better personal payoffs.

true If the organization rewards risk aversion, managers are more likely to make conservative decisions.

TRUR OR FALSE? An individual's cultural background can influence the selection of problems, the depth of analysis, the importance placed on logic and rationality, and whether organizational decisions should be made autocratically by an individual manner or collectively in groups.

true The cultural background of a decision maker can influence the selection of problems, the depth of analysis, the importance placed on logic and rationality, and whether organizational decisions should be made autocratically by an individual manner or collectively in groups.

Select an option True or False Women are more likely than men to overanalyze problems before making a decision and to rehash a decision once made.

true Twenty years of study find women spend much more time than men analyzing the past, present, and future.

T or F? An individual's value system is obtained by ranking the person's values in terms of their intensity.

true Values represent basic convictions that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence. An individual's value system is obtained by ranking the person's values in terms of their intensity.

True or false? A routine message can be delivered by a low richness channel as efficiently as a high richness channel.

true --> The choice of channel depends on whether the message is routine. Routine messages tend to be straightforward and have minimal ambiguity; channels low in richness can carry them efficiently.

The conflict-handling intention of accommodating is ________. assertive and uncooperative assertive and cooperative unassertive and uncooperative unassertive and cooperative reflective and assertive

unassertive and cooperative --> Accommodating intentions are unassertive and cooperative.

Communication that flows to a higher level in the group or organization is called ________. intrapersonal communication downward communication upward communication lateral communication horizontal communication

upward communication Upward communication flows to a higher level in the group or organization. It's used to provide feedback to higher-ups, inform them of progress toward goals, and relay current problems

Which of the following techniques is recommended to eliminate language that acts as a barrier to communication? use of phrases and corporate lingo use of acronyms and abbreviations use of technical language or jargon use of uniform language use of silence

use of uniform language When we're communicating in the same language, words mean different things to different people. Using jargon, phrases, slang, words from corporate lingo are undesirable. As far as possible, we must try to make use of uniform language to minimize communication difficulties.

Genepa Corporation manufactures home appliances and other electronic products. Genepa is planning to introduce a new refrigerator model. The marketing manager at Genepa has developed a marketing plan for this new product and wants to communicate this plan to all the employees in the marketing department. Which of the following is most likely to be the best form of communication for communicating this plan? nonverbal communication oral communication written communication grapevine communication lateral communication

written communication